不同施肥处理对土壤活性有机碳和甲烷排放的影响

通过采集田间试验区连续3a施入有机肥的稻田耕层土壤,分析土壤中微生物量碳(MBC)、水溶性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)和可矿化有机碳(readily mineralizable carbon,RMC)等活性有机碳的含量,稻田甲烷(CH_4)的排放通量,探讨施用有机肥的土壤活性有机碳变化及与CH_4排放的关系。研究结果显示:(1)施有机肥对土壤中的活性有机碳均有一定的促进作用。3a不同施肥处理土壤中DOC、ROC、MBC和RMC的平均含量分别为383.6、2501.2、640.4 mg/kg和291.7 mg/kg。3a施猪粪(猪粪+化肥,PM)、鸡粪(鸡粪+化肥,CM)和稻草(稻草+化肥,RS)的DOC的含量分别比化肥(CF)处理增加5.6%、6.7%和19.3%,ROC的含量分别比CF增加6.6%、8.4%和9.8%;MBC含量分别比CF增加5.1%、14.8%和21.5%,RMC增加6.8%、22.0%和33.9%。不同施肥处理的稻田土壤活性有机碳为分蘖期高于成熟期。(2)施肥处理显著增加稻田CH_4排放,CH_4分蘖期的排放通量是成熟期的143倍,3a PM、CM和RS处理的CH_4排放分别比CF处理增加37.0%(P0.05)、92.7%(P0.05)和99.4%(P0.05)。(3)不同施肥处理的DOC、ROC、MBC和RMC含量与CH_4排放通量均存在显著正相关关系,ROC与CH_4排放的相关系数最高,为0.754(P0.01),且4种有机碳间关系密切。稻田分蘖期土壤中的活性有机碳与稻田CH_4排放呈显著正相关关系。(4)综合分析,在4种有机碳中,土壤中ROC和MBC的含量直接影响CH_4排放。     

红壤侵蚀地不同人工恢复林对土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳的影响

土壤有机碳尤其是活性有机碳可快速反映土壤肥力和土壤质量的恢复程度。研究了南方红壤侵蚀地3种典型人工恢复林(马尾松与阔叶复层林(Pinus massoniana-broadleaved multiple layer forest(PB))、木荷与马尾松混交林(Schima superba-Pinus massoniana mixed forest(SP))、阔叶混交林(broad-leaved mixed forest(BF)))土壤(0—60 cm)总有机碳和不同活性有机碳的垂直分布特征及其差异。结果表明:不同恢复林分土壤总有机碳(SOC)含量和有机碳储量均表现为PBSPBF,均随土层深度的增加而逐渐降低;土壤表层有机碳富集系数为0.49—0.55,表明表层土壤具有较高的有机碳恢复水平和保持强度。不同林分土壤易氧化有机碳(ROC)、水溶性有机碳(DOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量变化范围为0.92—9.17 g/kg、535.89—800.46 mg/kg和27.24—261.31 mg/kg,且均随土层深度的增加而降低,土壤活性有机碳含量总体以BF较高。土壤活性有机碳分配比例以ROC/SOC最高,DOC/SOC次之,MBC/SOC最低,且随土层深度的增加,ROC/SOC的值呈逐渐降低趋势,DOC/SOC的值却呈逐渐升高趋势,MBC/SOC(微生物熵)则变化规律不明显;不同林分间土壤活性有机碳分配比例以BF最高,表明阔叶混交林更有利于活性碳的积累。因此,对于红壤侵蚀地森林恢复初期,可适当密植和立体种植,以提高土壤碳储量和土壤肥力,并在马尾松等先锋树种林分中补植阔叶树种,以增加土壤活性有机碳含量,从而有利于退化生态系统土壤速效养分和土壤功能的快速恢复。     

Long-term tillage effects on soil organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon in a purple paddy soil of Southwest China

The impact of conservation tillage practices on soil carbon has been of great interest in recent years. Conservation tillage might have the potential to enhance soil carbon accumulation and alter the depth distribution of soil carbon compared to conventional tillage based systems. Changes in the soil organic carbon (SOC) as influenced by tillage, are more noticeable under long-term rather than short-term tillage practices. The objective of this study was to determine the impacts of long-term tillage on SOC and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) status after 19 years of four tillage treatments in a Hydragric Anthrosol. In this experiment four tillage systems included conventional tillage with rotation of rice and winter fallow system (CTF), conventional tillage with rotation of rice and rape system (CTR), no-till and ridge culture with rotation of rice and rape system (NT) and tillage and ridge culture with rotation of rice and rape system (TR). Soils were sampled in the spring of 2009 and sectioned into 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, 40–50 and 50–60 cm depth, respectively.Tillage effect on SOC was observed, and SOC concentrations were much larger under NT than the other three tillage methods in all soil depths from 0 to 60 cm. The mean SOC concentration at 0–60 cm soil depth followed the sequence: NT (22.74 g kg^?1) > CTF (14.57 g kg^?1) > TR (13.10 g kg^?1) > CTR (11.92 g kg^?1). SOC concentrations under NT were significantly higher than TR and CTR (P < 0.01), and higher than CTF treatment (P < 0.05). The SOC storage was calculated on equivalent soil mass basis. Results showed that the highest SOC storage at 0–60 cm depth presented in NT, which was 158.52 Mg C ha^?1, followed by CTF (106.74 Mg C ha^?1), TR (93.11 Mg C ha^?1) and CTR (88.60 Mg C ha^?1). Compared with conventional tillage (CTF), the total SOC storage in NT increased by 48.51%, but decreased by 16.99% and 12.77% under CTR and TR treatments, respectively. The effect of tillage on DOC was significant at 0–10 cm soil layer, and DOC concentration was much higher under CTF than the other three treatments (P < 0.01). Throughout 0–60 cm soil depth, DOC concentrations were 32.92, 32.63, 26.79 and 22.10 mg kg^?1 under NT, CTF, CTR and TR, and the differences among the four treatments were not significant (P > 0.05). In conclusion, NT increased SOC concentration and storage compared to conventional tillage operation but not for DOC.     

土壤有机碳和外源添加碳对水稻土土体呼吸的影响

土体呼吸输出碳来源于土壤固有有机碳和外源添加碳,而以往关于不同施肥措施对水稻土碳排放的研究少有区分碳的来源。本试验利用一个长达30年的水稻土定位试验,在保证原有定位试验继续正常开展的前提下变更部分施肥处理,得到继续施用高量有机肥(HOM)、施用常量有机肥30年后改施高量有机肥(N-H)、继续施用常量有机肥(NOM)、施用化肥30年后改施常量有机肥(C-N)、施用高量有机肥30年后改施化肥(H-C)、施用常量有机肥30年后改施化肥(N-C)、继续施用化肥(CF)等7种施肥处理。通过观测早稻生长期间原有施肥和改施肥处理土体CO2排放通量(FCO2),研究不同后续施肥对水稻土FCO2的影响,以期探讨土壤原始有机碳和外源添加碳对土壤FCO2的影响。结果表明:7种不同施肥处理土体CO2平均排放通量(F珔CO2)分别为85.34、69.10、51.27、49.15、14.89、12.92和11.59 mg C.m-2.h-1;对施用无机肥料和常量有机肥料的土体而言,土壤本身有机碳含量对F珔CO2无显著影响,但对施用高量有机肥的土体而言,土壤本身的高有机碳含量会增强F珔CO2;CO2排放通量(Y)与添加外源碳量(x)之间符合指数方程:Y=13.33e1.719 x(R2=0.967,n=21),施入的外源有机碳对土体FCO2产生极显著影响;当季外源添加碳以CO2-C矿化分解释放的碳占其总碳量的14%左右,且该分解率受土壤有机碳含量和有机物料添加量的影响较小。     

Effects of grassland conversion to cropland and forest on soil organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon in the farming-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia

Effects of grassland conversion to cropland and forest on soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the farming-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia were investigated by direct field sampling. SOC content and DOC content in soil decreased after grassland were shifted to forest or cropland, in the sequence of grassland soil > forest soil > cropland soil. SOC stock declined by 18% after grassland shifted from to forest. Reclamation of cropland for 10 years, 15 years and 20 years lost SOC in 0–30 cm soil layer, by 34%, 14% and 18%, respectively, compared with that of grassland. DOC in 3 soil layers was within 21.1–26.5 mg/L in grassland, 12.1–14.6 mg/L in forest soil, and 8.0–14.0 mg/L in cropland soil. Correlation analysis indicated that SOC content and DOC content were positively dependent on total nitrogen content (p < 0.05), but negatively on bulk density or land use type (p < 0.05). DOC was positively correlated SOC (p < 0.01). Moreover, SOC content could be quantitatively described by a linear combination of land use types (p = 0.000, r² = 0.712), and DOC content by a linear combination of two soil-related variables, land use types and SOC (p = 0.000, r² = 0.861).     

Nitrogen increases soil organic carbon accrual and alters its functionality

Nitrogen (N) availability has been considered as a critical factor for the cycling and storage of soil organic carbon (SOC), but effects of N enrichment on the SOC pool appear highly variable. Given the complex nature of the SOC pool, recent frameworks suggest that separating this pool into different functional components, for example, particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC), is of great importance for understanding and predicting SOC dynamics. Importantly, little is known about how these N-induced changes in SOC components (e.g., changes in the ratios among these fractions) would affect the functionality of the SOC pool, given the differences in nutrient density, resistance to disturbance, and turnover time between POC and MAOC pool. Here, we conducted a global meta-analysis of 803 paired observations from 98 published studies to assess the effect of N addition on these SOC components, and the ratios among these fractions. We found that N addition, on average, significantly increased POC and MAOC pools by 16.4% and 3.7%, respectively. In contrast, both the ratios of MAOC to SOC and MAOC to POC were remarkably decreased by N enrichment (4.1% and 10.1%, respectively). Increases in the POC pool were positively correlated with changes in aboveground plant biomass and with hydrolytic enzymes. However, the positive responses of MAOC to N enrichment were correlated with increases in microbial biomass. Our results suggest that although reactive N deposition could facilitate soil C sequestration to some extent, it might decrease the nutrient density, turnover time, and resistance to disturbance of the SOC pool. Our study provides mechanistic insights into the effects of N enrichment on the SOC pool and its functionality at global scale, which is pivotal for understanding soil C dynamics especially in future scenarios with more frequent and severe perturbations.     

喀斯特山区土地利用对土壤团聚体有机碳和活性有机碳特征的影响

通过选取喀斯特山区火龙果园、草丛、花椒林、乔木林和灌草丛为研究对象,对其土壤团聚有机碳和团聚体活性有机碳分布与积累特征进行研究,结果表明:各土地利用方式下的团聚体组成均以＞0.5 mm团聚体为主,其含量可占团聚体总量的82.57％-94.79％;各粒级团聚体中有机碳和活性有机碳的含量均以乔木林最高,花椒林和火龙果园相对居中,而以草丛和灌草丛较低,随土壤团聚体粒径降低,有机碳和活性有机碳的峰值基本出现在＜0.25 mm粒级团聚体,但该粒径对土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的贡献率却不足6％和4％;土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的累积均受5-1 mm团聚体中有机碳和活性有机碳含量增加的影响,该粒级团聚体对有机碳和活性有机碳的贡献率也分别达28.70％-49.47％和34.13％-47.47％,可将5-1 mm粒径团聚体作为喀斯特山区的土壤有机碳固定的特征团聚体;土壤团聚体活性有机碳含量与土壤团聚体总有机碳含量呈极显著正相关关系(r=O.8768),表明团聚体活性有机碳可以作为衡量喀斯特山区土壤团聚体有机碳动态的一个敏感性指标.     

秸秆还田对土壤有机碳不同活性组分储量及分配的影响

通过田间试验,研究了不同秸秆还田模式下土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和矿物结合有机碳(MOC)储量及其在总有机碳(TOC)中的分配比例.结果表明: 相对于翻压还田(WR),小麦秸秆覆盖还田(WM)0～20 cm耕层TOC和MOC储量显著降低,降幅为4.1%和9.7%,DOC和POC储量显著提高,增幅为207.7%和11.9%;20～40 cm犁底层TOC和POC储量显著提高.玉米秸秆覆盖还田(MM)与MR相比,犁底层TOC和MOC储量显著提高,增幅为13.6%和14.6%.小麦-玉米秸秆均覆盖还田(WM-MM)相对于均翻压还田(WR-MR),耕层TOC和MOC储量显著降低,降幅为8.5%和10.3%.玉米秸秆还田耕层TOC和POC储量显著高于小麦秸秆还田.与对照(秸秆不还田)相比,6种还田模式耕层TOC储量增幅为5.2%～18.0%,差异达显著水平;除WM和MM模式外,犁底层TOC储量显著降低(降幅8.0%～11.5%).6种还田模式下土壤耕层DOC储量及DOC/TOC比值显著降低,在WM和WM-MM还田模式下耕层POC储量显著提高、POC/TOC比值增大,WR模式的耕层MOC储量显著提高、MOC/TOC比值增大,其余3种模式耕层POC和MOC储量均显著提高.秸秆覆盖还田有利于土壤有机碳活性组分积累,翻压还田有利于较稳定性有机碳组分积累.在提高关中地区农田TOC储量方面,玉米秸秆还田好于小麦秸秆还田、小麦-玉米秸秆翻压还田好于覆盖还田.     

Acidity controls on dissolved organic carbon mobility in organic soils

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in surface waters have increased across much of Europe and North America, with implications for the terrestrial carbon balance, aquatic ecosystem functioning, water treatment costs and human health. Over the past decade, many hypotheses have been put forward to explain this phenomenon, from changing climate and land management to eutrophication and acid deposition. Resolution of this debate has been hindered by a reliance on correlative analyses of time series data, and a lack of robust experimental testing of proposed mechanisms. In a 4 year, four‐site replicated field experiment involving both acidifying and deacidifying treatments, we tested the hypothesis that DOC leaching was previously suppressed by high levels of soil acidity in peat and organo‐mineral soils, and therefore that observed DOC increases a consequence of decreasing soil acidity. We observed a consistent, positive relationship between DOC and acidity change at all sites. Responses were described by similar hyperbolic relationships between standardized changes in DOC and hydrogen ion concentrations at all sites, suggesting potentially general applicability. These relationships explained a substantial proportion of observed changes in peak DOC concentrations in nearby monitoring streams, and application to a UK‐wide upland soil pH dataset suggests that recovery from acidification alone could have led to soil solution DOC increases in the range 46–126% by habitat type since 1978. Our findings raise the possibility that changing soil acidity may have wider impacts on ecosystem carbon balances. Decreasing sulphur deposition may be accelerating terrestrial carbon loss, and returning surface waters to a natural, high‐DOC condition.     

土壤非保护性有机碳对荒漠草原沙漠化的响应

沙化草地的恢复与重建是干旱半干旱区生态建设的重要内容,分析荒漠草原沙漠化过程中土壤非保护性有机碳分配比例的变异规律对于探讨沙化草地恢复机制具有重要的理论价值。以干旱、半干旱地区荒漠草原不同沙化阶段的土壤为研究对象,分析土壤粗颗粒有机碳、细颗粒有机碳、轻组有机碳含量和分配比例的分布特征、土壤非保护性有机碳转化为保护性有机碳的速率。结果表明:荒漠草原发生逆向演替后,土壤细颗粒有碳含量和分配比例表现为固定沙地荒漠草地半固定沙地流动沙地;粗颗粒有机碳含量表现为荒漠草地半固定沙地流动沙地固定沙地,粗颗粒有机碳分配比例表现为流动沙地半固定沙地荒漠草地固定沙地;轻组有机碳含量和分配比例递减。颗粒有机碳、轻组有机碳、土壤有机碳对草地沙漠化的敏感性不同,颗粒有机碳较轻组有机碳和土壤有机碳敏感性强,其中细颗粒有机碳较粗颗粒有机碳敏感性强。随着草地沙漠化程度的增强土壤非保护性有机碳分配比例呈下降趋势,表明草地沙漠化降低土壤质量。荒漠草地退化至流动沙地土壤非保护性有机碳转化为保护性有机碳的速率整体呈上升趋势。     

垦殖对新疆绿洲农田土壤有机碳组分及团聚体稳定性的影响

土壤有机碳是土壤质量变化的重要指标,土壤活性有机碳组分在土壤质量变化方面发挥重要作用。采用有机碳分组技术,研究了干旱荒漠区自然土壤开垦对绿洲农田土壤有机碳活性组分及团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明:低有机碳含量的自然土壤垦殖后,有利于干旱荒漠区绿洲棉田土壤有机碳的积累,且垦殖(0-5a)增加显著,年均增加在0.65gkg-1以上,上升幅度为76%-286%,5a后维持在相对平衡的水平;土壤活性有机碳、轻组有机碳在垦殖0-5a显著增加,平均增加72%和99%,5a后下降;颗粒有机碳则表现出垦殖0-10a明显增加,增加在275%以上,10a后下降;土壤水稳性团聚体含量随垦殖年限的延长显著增加,0-20a内较自然土壤提高了75%。垦殖可能是干旱区绿洲农田潜在碳汇的重要影响因素;但随垦殖年限延长,土壤有机碳活性组分下降,土壤质量又存在一定的退化风险。     

长期施肥对水稻土颗粒有机碳和矿物结合态有机碳的影响

在23a的田间定位试验区,研究了长期施肥对水稻土颗粒有机碳和矿物结合态有机碳的影响.结果表明,在不施肥(CK)、无机肥(NPK)、有机肥(猪粪 紫云英绿肥)(OM)和无机肥与有机肥配施(NPKM)处理中,A层游离态和闭蓄态颗粒有机物含量比P层高,随着土层的加深呈下降的趋势;而矿物态有机物呈相反的趋势.增施有机肥(NPKM,OM处理)有利于提高土壤中游离态和闭蓄态颗粒有机物及其有机碳的含量以及占土壤有机碳的比例.团聚体中颗粒有机物占土壤团聚体重量的比例及颗粒有机物的有机碳含量均随着团聚体粒径的减小而明显增加.增施有机肥显著提高了团聚体特别是微团聚体(<0.25mm)中颗粒有机物及其有机碳的含量.团聚体中颗粒有机物的有机碳含量显著高于容积土壤中颗粒有机物的有机碳含量.这些结果表明微团聚体对颗粒有机物具有富集和保护作用. 和闭蓄态颗粒有机物含量比P层高,随着土层的加深呈下降的趋势;而矿物态有机物呈相反的趋势.增施有机肥(NPKM,OM处理)有利于提高土壤中游离态和闭蓄态颗粒有机物及其有机碳的含量以及占土壤有机碳的比例.团聚体中颗粒有机物占土壤团聚体重量的比例及颗粒有机物的有机碳含量均随着团聚体粒径的减小而明显增加. 施有机肥显著提高了团聚体特别是微团聚体(<0.25mm)中颗粒有机物及其有机碳的含量.团聚体中颗粒有机物的有机碳含量显著高于容积土壤中颗粒有机物的有机碳含量.这些结果表明微团聚体对颗粒有机物具有富集和保护作用. 和闭蓄态颗粒有机物含量比P层高,随着土层的加深呈下降的趋势;而矿物态有机物呈相反的趋势.增施有机肥     

高寒草原土壤有机碳及土壤碳库管理指数的变化

高寒草原对高寒生态系统的稳定具有重大意义。为探明高寒草原土壤有机碳（SOC）、土壤活性有机碳（ASOC）变化,以及草地退化对土壤碳库稳定性的影响,对藏北高原正常、轻度和严重退化高寒草原表层（0-10 cm）、亚表层（10-20 cm）土壤进行了初步研究。结果表明：（1）轻度、严重退化草地各土层SOC、ASOC均呈不同程度的下降。其中,退化草地SOC的降幅均以表层最大,且各土层降幅均随草地退化加剧而下降;退化草地ASOC的降幅则均以亚表层最大,但各土层ASOC的降幅随草地退化加剧而提高。（2）正常草地、轻度和严重退化草地表层ASOC比率分别为16.8%、21.3%、16.6%,亚表层分别为21.8%、18.1%和16.0%;土壤碳库活度与ASOC比率的变化趋势完全一致。因此,轻度退化草地SOC的不稳定性主要体现在表层土壤。（3）退化草地表层、亚表层碳库管理指数（CMI）均呈显著下降,但表层降幅相对较低;与严重退化草地比,轻度退化草地不同土层CMI明显提高。（4）高寒草原环境中,正常草地、轻度和严重退化草地各土层SOC、ASOC间则均呈一定程度的负相关,表明土壤微生物对SOC、ASOC的影响和作用可能不同。     

滇南喀斯特断陷盆地土地利用方式对土壤有机碳及其活性组分的影响

土地利用方式是影响土壤有机碳库的重要因素,为探究喀斯特断陷盆地土壤有机碳库对土地利用方式及环境因素的响应,以滇南喀斯特地区5种典型土地利用方式(耕地、草地、灌丛、人工林、天然林)为研究对象,分析不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳(SOC)及活性有机碳(LOC)组分,即可溶性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化性有机碳(EOC)及微生物量碳(MBC)的含量、储量及分配比例在土壤垂直剖面(0-60 cm)的变化特征。结果表明：5种土地利用方式的SOC含量随土层深度的增加逐渐降低,其储量依次为灌丛(191.77 t/hm²)、草地(166.86 t/hm²)、耕地(142.47 t/hm²)、人工林(134.31 t/hm²)和天然林(102.62 t/hm²);EOC和MBC的平均含量及储量均以草地及灌丛最高、人工林及天然林次之,二者在土壤垂直剖面上与SOC含量的变化特征一致,但EOC和MBC含量在土层间的下降幅度大于SOC;土地利用方式和土层深度对DOC无显著影响(P>0.05);活性有机碳的分配比例受土地利用方式及土层深度的显著影响(P<0.01),其中人工林的EOC/SOC和MBC/SOC显著低于草地、灌丛及天然林。通径分析指出SOC和EOC主要受C/P比、全磷、砂粒和交换性钙的影响,砂粒和C/P比是影响MBC的主要因子。研究阐明在喀斯特断陷盆地地区EOC和MBC对土地利用方式的响应比SOC更敏感。另外,今后在土壤碳库的研究中应更多关注土壤磷和物理结构对其的影响。     

降水变率对森林土壤有机碳组分与分布格局的影响

2006年12月-2008年6月,通过加倍降水、自然降水和去除降水3种处理的人工控制试验,研究了降水变率改变对南亚热带不同演替阶段的季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和马尾松针叶林土壤有机碳组分与空间分布格局的影响.结果表明：在3种降水强度条件下,相同森林类型的同一层次土壤总有机碳（TOC）含量差异不显著（P>0.05）;去除降水处理下土壤表层（0～10 cm）颗粒有机碳（POC）和轻组有机碳(LFOC)含量有明显的积累趋势,加倍降水和自然降水处理下增加了POC、LFOC向下层土壤（10～20 cm、20～30 cm、30～50 cm）的运输;去除降水处理下,马尾松林土壤易氧化有机碳（ROC）含量显著高于降水处理（P<0.05）;演替早期森林土壤的POC、ROC、LFOC占总有机碳的比例大于演替后期土壤,不利于土壤有机碳的存埋.森林土壤总有机碳含量变化缓慢,而其活性有机碳组分（POC、LFOC、ROC）对降水变率改变的响应更敏感.     

双季稻田冬季种植模式对土壤有机碳和碳库管理指数的影响

为探讨冬季覆盖作物还田对稻田土壤碳库的影响,通过冬季种植油菜、紫云英、黑麦草、马铃薯,并以冬闲为对照进行大田试验,测定了不同冬季作物模式下早稻和晚稻的土壤有机碳、活性有机碳含量,并计算了稳态碳、碳库活度、活度指数、碳库指数和土壤碳库管理指数.结果表明:冬季作物还田增加了土壤有机碳含量,早稻和晚稻后的土壤有机碳含量比对照分别提高了1%～8%和3%～18%;油菜、黑麦草和紫云英还田均促进了土壤活性有机碳含量的增加,早稻后增加16.2%～84.2%,晚稻后增加24.4%～28.1%;冬季作物还田增加了土壤碳库管理指数,增加幅度为1.4%～41.8%.综上所述,冬种作物还田有利于提高土壤的固碳效应,并提升土壤质量,以种植黑麦草、紫云英的综合效果较佳.     

不同植茶年限土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布特征

作为土壤结构的基本单元和土壤肥力的重要组成部分,土壤团聚体对土壤的物理、化学和生物特性均有重要影响。试验选取了雅安市名山区中峰乡生态茶园区12—15a、20—22a、30—33a和50a的茶园,研究其土壤团聚体及其有机碳总量、储量和活性组分的分布特征,探究植茶年限对土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响。结果表明:(1)研究区土壤以2 mm粒级团聚体为主,约为70%—80%,且在0—20 cm土层植茶20—22a土壤团聚体含量最高;(2)茶园土壤团聚体有机碳含量随团聚体粒级的减小而增加,最大值出现在0.25 mm粒级团聚体,且在植茶50a时达最高值,0—20 cm土层团聚体有机碳含量均高于20—40 cm,土壤团聚体水溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳随植茶年限的延长呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,植茶30—33a时含量最高,且小粒级团聚体水溶性有机碳含量较高而微生物量碳较低;(3)土壤团聚体对有机碳的贡献率约有70%来自2 mm粒级团聚体,团聚体有机碳储量随植茶年限延长呈增加的趋势,不同植茶年限0—20 cm土层各粒级团聚体有机碳储量均高于20—40 cm土层,且以0.25 mm粒级团聚体有机碳储量最高。研究结果在一定程度上揭示了不同植茶年限土壤团聚体及其有机碳的分布特征,可为改善区域土壤质量及实施退耕还茶工程提供理论指导。     

桃园生草对土壤有机碳及活性碳库组分的影响

果园生草是解决传统清耕引起的水土流失、土壤有机质减少、土壤肥力下降和果品品质变劣的果园地面管理措施之一。阐明不同牧草种类对土壤有机碳及其活性组分的影响是实现果园土壤生态管理、促进有机果品生产技术体系完善和果园土壤质量提高过程中亟待解决的问题。通过研究桃园人工种植黑麦草和毛苕子对土壤总有机碳(TOC)及其活性组分(微生物量碳(MBC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)、重组有机碳(HFOC)以及团聚体有机碳)的影响,探明豆科牧草与禾本科牧草种植对桃园土壤有机碳及其组分的影响及其差异。结果表明:与清耕对照(CK)相比,种植黑麦草后土壤TOC、MBC和WSOC分别提高了5.13%、76.4%和18.1%,种植毛苕子土壤LFOC提高了11.3%,土壤HFOC降低了13.2%,但对土壤TOC、MBC和WSOC未产生显著影响。此外,黑麦草显著提高土壤较大粒级(74μm)团聚体有机碳含量,而毛苕子则显著降低土壤较小粒级(2000μm)团聚体有机碳含量。对提高TOC而言,在桃园种植禾本科牧草黑麦草优于豆科牧草毛苕子。土壤MBC、WSOC、LFOC以及HFOC可以作为指示桃园土壤质量提高与否、表征土壤有机碳变化的敏感指标。     

土壤有机碳分组方法及其在农田生态系统研究中的应用

农田土壤有机碳成分复杂,活性有机碳对管理措施具有敏感性,而惰性有机碳具有固碳作用.碳分组技术主要包括物理技术、化学技术和生物学技术.物理分组的依据是密度、粒径大小和空间分布,可分离出有机碳的活性组分和惰性组分.化学分组基于土壤有机碳在各种提取剂中的溶解性、水解性和化学反应性从而分离出各种组分:溶解性有机碳是生物可代谢有机碳,包括有机酸、酚类和糖类等;酸水解方法可将有机碳分成活性和惰性成分;利用KMnO4模拟酶氧化可分离出活性碳和非活性碳.利用生物技术可测定出微生物生物量碳和潜在可矿化碳.在不同农田管理措施下,有机碳组分的化学组成和库容会发生不同变化,对土壤有机碳沉积速率产生不同影响.为了探明土壤有机碳组分与碳沉积之间的定性或定量关系,今后应该加强对各种分组方法的标准化研究,探索不同分组方法的整合应用,针对不同农田管理措施,总结出适合的有机碳分组方法或联合分组方法.     

土壤溶解性有机碳在陆地生态系统碳循环中的作用

土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)是有机碳库的活跃组分,在陆地生态系统碳循环中发挥重要作用.本文从碳循环重要性着手,综述了土壤DOC在土壤碳固持与温室气体排放中的作用;结合我国的现实情况(如土壤酸化、气候变暖等),探讨了土壤DOC的相关影响因素如土壤性质、环境因素、人为活动对土壤DOC的影响及作用机制,对进一步理解土壤DOC在陆地生态系统碳循环与温室气体减排中的作用具有重要意义.