四川南充地区棕背伯劳繁殖期鸣声的初步研究

2008年3～8月,对四川南充地区棕背伯劳繁殖期鸣声进行了初步的研究.研究期间共记录到430次棕背伯劳的鸣声.根据对其行为和鸣声波谱图、语谱图特点的分析,繁殖期棕背伯劳的鸣声可分为:占区、驱逐、求偶、幼鸟乞食、召唤和应答6种叫声,对棕背伯劳繁殖期鸣声的特点进行了分析讨论.     

白颊噪鹛四川亚种繁殖期鸣声声谱分析

2008年3～10月,在四川省南充市郊通过声谱分析对白颊噪鹛四川亚种Garrulax sannio oblectans繁殖期的鸣声与行为做了初步研究.其鸣声类型具有占区、驱赶、雌雄应答、求偶、交配、乞食、召唤、报警、惊叫及集群觅食等鸣声.其鸣声大多由短的重复的单音节、双音节和多音节鸣声组成.鸣声音节中最常见为单音节鸣声,最少的为多音节鸣声.     

灰胸薮鹛繁殖行为初报

2009年春季在四川省屏山县老君山自然保护区对灰胸薮鹛Liocichla omeiensis繁殖行为进行了观察.灰胸薮鹛胆小畏人,喜藏匿于茂密灌丛中活动、鸣叫.4月中旬进入繁殖期后雄鸟占区鸣唱逐渐增加,5月中旬占区鸣唱达到高峰,5月下旬逐渐减少,进入育雏期.在山顶茂密方竹丛中找到1巢,对其进行了2个全天观察,雌、雄鸟共同喂雏,亲鸟均会暖雏,但雄鸟暖雏较雌鸟少.亲鸟吃掉幼鸟粪便及食物残渣,以保持巢的清洁.亲鸟喂给幼鸟食物以昆虫和小型蛾类为主,在巢期为15天.     

笼养条件下灰头斑翅鹛的鸣声研究

2005年10月～2006年9月录制了灰头斑翅鹛繁殖期和非繁殖期的16种鸣声,其中雄鸟鸣声有14种,包括: 3种休息时鸣声,3种跳跃、飞行时鸣声,1 种报警鸣声,1种求救鸣声,1 种营救鸣声,1种恫吓鸣声及4种鸣唱.雌鸟鸣声有10种,包括: 3种休息时鸣声,3种跳跃、飞行时鸣声,1 种报警鸣声,1种求救鸣声,1 种营救鸣声,1种恫吓鸣声.灰头斑翅鹛的鸣声简单,其鸣叫为单音节或者单音节的重复,鸣唱均为单音节的重复.用北京阳宸公司的VS-99语音工作站对录制的鸣声进行了声谱分析并绘制出鸣声的语谱图.研究发现灰头斑翅鹛对录音回放有应答反应.     

峨眉山灰胸薮鹛冬季栖息地特征

对于特有珍稀鸟类的保护而言,了解其对特定栖息地的要求至关重要。灰胸薮鹛(Liocichla omeiensis)是我国西南山地一种特有的画眉科(Timaliidae)珍稀鸟类。2010~2013年冬季,采用样线法和样方法,在四川峨眉山对灰胸薮鹛的冬季栖息地特征进行了调查。沿山间公路、山脊或林中小径布设观察样线。样线共计26条,总长70 km。观察发现,灰胸薮鹛主要在常绿阔叶林林缘地带活动,海拔范围约500~1 300 m。共设置47个利用样方和25个对照样方。χ²检验的结果表明,灰胸薮鹛主要选择阳坡。与对照样方的差异性检验显示,灰胸薮鹛喜好利用海拔较低、乔木数量较少、乔木胸径较小、乔木均高较低、乔木盖度较小、灌木盖度较大、竹子均高较高、竹子盖度较大、草本盖度较大、藤本植物较丰富、植被总盖度较大和距林缘距离较小的生境。逐步判别分析结果表明,灌木盖度、草本盖度、竹子盖度和距林缘距离是区分利用样方与对照样方的关键因子,判别准确率达87.5%。灰胸薮鹛对冬季栖息地的选择主要与食物和隐蔽条件有关。     

红嘴山鸦青藏亚种鸣声的初步探讨

2006 年10月,在四川省若尔盖县铁布自然保护区,对红嘴山鸦鸣声进行了记录并将其主要鸣声进行了声谱分析.非繁殖期红嘴山鸦具有联络、呼唤、应答、报警、惊叫和集群觅食鸣声6种叫声,其中联络和报警声最为常见,呼应声和应答声是一个连续的过程;获得了联络、呼唤、应答、报警、惊叫和集群觅食鸣声6种叫声的语谱图及其频谱特征.初步探讨了红嘴山鸦的鸣声与其相应行为之间的关系.     

笼养状态下棕噪鹛华南亚种鸣声的初步研究

2005年10月至2006年6月对从四川省洪雅县野外捕获的10只(4♀,6♂)棕噪鹛华南亚种(Garrulax poecilorhynchus berthemy)的鸣声进行了记录并对主要鸣声进行了声谱分析。其鸣声复杂多变,可分为单声鸣叫、双声鸣叫、鸣唱和效鸣4类。研究中获得了6种单声鸣叫、3种双声鸣叫、7种鸣唱和1种效鸣的语谱图及其频谱特征。棕噪鹛雌、雄个体的鸣唱声有明显的差异,雄鸟的5种鸣唱中有3种是繁殖期所特有的。文中还对棕噪鹛鸣声的生物学意义进行了讨论。     

崖沙燕繁殖期雄鸟的鸣叫行为

2003年3月～2004年4月在南充市郊的嘉陵江边记录了崖沙燕(Riparia riparia)繁殖期雄鸟的呜叫。声谱分析结果表明,崖沙燕繁殖期有8种呜叫(恫吓叫声、屈服叫声、求救叫声、警报叫声以及4种鸣唱声)。通过对其行为的实时观察,确定了每种呜叫的生物学意义。4种叫声是整个繁殖期的主要呜叫,而4种鸣唱声则主要出现在开春以后的集群求偶与筑巢期间。虽其鸣唱声仅有两种类型的短音节,但通过组合可形成含有多达4个或6个音节的鸣唱声。鸣唱声的持续时间分别为3184、1030、1274、1232ms。鸣唱声中的间歇时间分别占持续时间的47％、39％、50％、48％。     

丹顶鹤性活动的声行为研究

丹顶鹤繁殖期的性活动可分为雄鹤求偶、雌鹤对雄性求偶的应答、两性交配和交配完结4个阶段,其相应的鸣声模式分别为雄性的求偶鸣声、雌性对雄性求偶的应答声和两性的对鸣声、两性对唱的交配声和两性的高声合唱。4个阶段鸣声都是以基本音的主频率(PF)为主音的单音调声,前3个阶段都带数个近似fn=nf0(f0=FP)关系的低幅值谐频成分。第4个阶段带数个近似fn=nf0(f0=FP)关系的高幅值谐频成分;品质因数(Q3dB)多半为4～6,声脉冲重复频率(RFP)一般为150～180Hz,而第2阶段声的RFP一般为180～260Hz。雄性鸣声的每个单次叫声中含有的音节数较少,一般不超过4个;而雌性鸣声比较复杂。每个单次叫声中含有的音节数较多,一般都在7～8个以上;但雌雄鸣声的每个音节都是由3个声脉冲组成。雄鹤鸣唱声频率变化范围较小,而雌鹤鸣唱声频率变化形式是由低到高达到高峰后又开始下降。4个阶段的鸣声都具有较好共鸣。只有第2阶段发声运动较快。而且发现雄鹤鸣唱单次鸣叫声的音节数“增多”。各阶段鸣声特性均存在差异,不同配偶间均存在显著差异,研究结果表明丹顶鹤雌雄都具有不同的鸣声,且其性活动过程中不同的鸣声行为具有较高的个体识别信号潜能。另外,求偶鸣叫声和求偶应答与对鸣声在性活动鸣声中起着决定性的作用。     

红腹锦鸡鸣声声谱分析

本文对笼养红腹锦鸡的啼叫,求偶,炫耀,恐惧,惊叫等鸣叫声进行了声谱分析,探索不同呜声特征与行为的关系,并将该雄体繁殖期的主要鸣声－蹄叫声与白腹锦鸡进行了比较。     

VOCAL REPERTOIRE OF WILD BREEDING ORANGE-WINGED PARROTS AMAZONA AMAZONICA IN AMAZONIA

ABSTRACT

The vocal repertoire of Amazona amazonica during its breeding season has been recorded from wild individuals in Santa Bárbara do Pará, Pará State, Brazil. At individual nests, we continuously recorded vocalizations and behaviour for four hours in the early morning and three hours in the late afternoon, three times a week throughout the breeding season. We identified nine vocalizations that we classified in three behavioural categories: (1) Flight call—emitted when parrots arrive in the nest area; (2) Perched contact calls—two different vocalizations, one of them related to feeding, were emitted when the pair was perched in the nest area and interacted socially between themselves or with other individuals; (3) Aggressive calls—emitted when birds were in a dangerous situation, i.e. alarm (three types of calls), agonistic contact and distress calls (two types of call). The Orange-winged Parrot is a highly social species and the complexity of its social interactions is reflected in the diversity of its vocal repertoire.     

鬼鸮甘肃亚种繁殖期叫声研究

利用叫声回放和声谱分析对莲花山自然保护区鬼甘肃亚种(Aegolius funereus beickianus)繁殖期的叫声进行了研究。共记录了领域叫声、尖叫声等6种叫声,分析了各种叫声的特征及与行为的联系。发现不同地点录制的领域叫声存在差异,但同一个体的叫声也有变化。甘肃亚种的领域叫声和欧洲的指名亚种A.f.fu-nereus及北美的亚种A.f.richardsoni相比较,单音数量少,单音长度小,频率高,但差异不大。     

Advertisement calls of Guenther’s frog Hylarana guentheri (Anura: Ranidae) during the breeding season

Acoustic signalling is the most important form of communication in anuran amphibians. Here we recorded and analysed the calls of 18 male Guenther’s frogs (Hylarana guentheri) from the wild during the breeding season. The advertisement calls of H. guentheri were composed of from a single note to five notes, with three-note calls the most recorded. All individuals produced calls around 600 Hz but calls ranged from 470 to 2600 Hz. Comparing the differences between individuals calls, we found within-male coefficients of variation (CV_w) of call intensity, the fundamental frequency, the first formant, the second formant, the third formant and the fourth formant were static (less than 5% variation), whereas those of note duration, call duration, call interval, numbers of pulses and dominant frequency were dynamic (larger than 15% variation). Comparisons of the call characteristics of H. guentheri in this study with other studies from China, Singapore and Vietnam found call characteristics varied greatly between the five different locations.     

The application of temperature data loggers for remotely monitoring the nests of Emei Shan Liocichla (Liocichla omeiensis)

Temperature data loggers (TDL) are mostly used to monitor avian incubation behavior in bird studies. In this paper we demonstrate how TDL can also be used to determine different breeding stages and nest success of the vulnerable Emei Shan Liocichla (Liocichla omeiensis). All nests that contained at least one egg were divided into two groups. Group I included six nests monitored traditionally by the observers' visits, while Group II included eight nests monitored by TDL. Group I and Group II were visited every 1-4 days and 7 days, respectively, to check nest contents and status (e.g., active vs. inactive, and the breeding process) until fledging or nest failure. The time of each observation was recorded to verify the interpretation of TDL. The data recorded by TDL were converted into line graphs of temperature against time and assessed visually. The results indicated that TDL can reliably identify different breeding stages and estimate daily nest survival rates (DSR) and total nest success. The nest success of Group II (0.3015) was higher than that of Group I (0.2387), suggesting that deployment of TDL did not negatively influence nest survival rate of Emei Shan Liocichla. In contrast to traditional nest visits, TDL minimized disturbance by observers and provided a more precise estimate of nest survival. We suggest that TDL should be used more widely in studies of the breeding ecology of rare and endangered birds.     

绿背山雀繁殖期鸣声声谱分析

2005年4～6月,在四川屏山县老君山自然保护区采用计算机声谱分析技术,对绿背山雀繁殖期护域、警告、报警、警戒和幼雏乞食的鸣声进行了初步研究。结果表明,雄性护域有3种不同音节鸣声,3种音节鸣声的MPF差异均不明显（P〉0.05）,全句持续时间差异显著（X^2=8,42〉x0.05^2,df=2,P〈0．05）;雌性护幼为2个音节的警告呜声;雌雄两性遇到危险时均发出音节不同的警戒声和报警声,其警戒声各音节持续时间差异极显著（P〈0,01）,各音节间隔时间差异不明显（P〉0.05）;幼雏乞食鸣声通常由2～3个音节重复而成。同时还探讨了不同鸣声与相应行为的关系。     

Vocal Individuality of Great Gray Owls in the Sierra Nevada

ABSTRACT The cryptic plumage and nocturnal nature of the great gray owl (Strix nebulosa) make it difficult to study in its densely forested habitat. We investigated whether the vocalizations of individual great gray owls could be distinguished and used as a tool for population survey and monitoring. We recorded 312 territorial calls produced by 14 male and 11 female great gray owls between March and July 2006 and 2007 in the Sierra Nevada range of California, USA. We recorded 19 owls on multiple occasions within a season and 8 owls between seasons. We extracted 17 frequency and 15 temporal variables from the sonograms of each call. Discriminant analysis selected 9 variables and classified 92.8% of calls to the correct individual within a season; 71.4% of calls were classified to the correct individual between seasons. Our results indicate that territorial calls could be used to monitor individual great gray owls for both short- and long-term studies. Vocal individuality could be useful as a noninvasive method to improve census estimates and yield information on site fidelity, turnover rates, seasonal movements, and behavioral traits of great gray owls.     

Individual Male Calling Pattern and Male Mating Success in the European Treefrog (Hyla arborea): Is there Evidence for Directional or Stabilizing Selection on Male Calling Behaviour?

In anurans, call properties are commonly classified based on within‐male variability as being either static or dynamic. Numerous playback experiments in the laboratory have indicated that female preferences based on dynamic call properties are usually strongly directional, while female preferences based on static call properties are often stabilizing or weakly directional. However, there are only few studies demonstrating that female preferences for high values of dynamic call properties indeed exert directional selection on male calling behaviour in natural populations. Moreover, field studies investigating whether female preferences for values of static call properties around the mean of the population lead to currently operating stabilizing selection on male calling patterns in natural populations are completely lacking. Here I investigate for two consecutive breeding seasons male calling patterns and male mating success in a population of individually marked European treefrogs (Hyla arborea), a hylid frog with prolonged breeding season and a lek mating system. Individual male calling pattern as analysed in terms of seven temporal and spectral call properties did not differ between males that survived from one breeding season to the next and those not surviving. None of the seven call properties investigated differed significantly between mated and unmated males, indicating that there is no strong directional selection on male calling behaviour in the study population. However, in one study season males that produced calls with a number of pulses around the mean of the population were significantly more likely to obtain matings than males that produced calls with a number of pulses at the low or high end of the distribution. Thus, this study provides preliminary evidence for the operation of stabilizing selection on a static call property (i.e. the number of pulses per call) in a natural population of an anuran amphibian.     

Vocal repertoire of cooperatively breeding Smooth‐billed Anis

Calls are functionally diverse signals that mediate behavior in a wide variety of contexts in both passerines and non‐passerines. However, the call‐based acoustic communication systems of non‐passerines have received less attention from investigators than those of passerines. We examined the vocal repertoire of Smooth‐billed Anis (Crotophaga ani), cooperatively breeding cuckoos that live in groups with multiple breeding pairs. We recorded calls from 22 groups over two breeding seasons at the Cabo Rojo National Wildlife Refuge in Puerto Rico. We identified 11 call types and one group vocalization, and used an automated sound measurement program to quantify their acoustic features. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) correctly classified 74.2% of calls based on these features. The vocal repertoire of Smooth‐billed Anis is larger than that reported for the three other species in the subfamily Crotophaginae. Smooth‐billed Anis have at least two alarm calls, two nest‐specific calls, and one nest defense call. We also identified one possible signal of aggressive intent, one possible appeasement signal, and two calls that may communicate identity. The relatively large vocal repertoire of Smooth‐billed Anis and association of distinct call types with different functions and contexts supports the main prediction of the social complexity hypothesis, i.e., species with more complex social systems will have more complex communication systems.     

Bioacoustic analysis of frog calls from northeast India

Mating calls of three frog species abundant in northeast IndiaRana tigerina,Rana cyanophlyctis andRana limnocharis were recorded in the fields of Assam and Meghalaya during their breeding season (July-August, 1991). The calls were analysed for their temporal and spectral characters. They were species specific, with distinct call duration and call period, number of pulses per call and interpulse interval, and dominant frequency and frequency domain. A comparison of the mating calls ofRana cyanophlyctis with those of the siblingRana ehrenbergi from Yemen showed differences in their temporal and spectral characters, supporting the suggestion that these two species are distinct species, rather than subspecies of the same species. Differences in the temporal and spectral pattern were found in the mating calls of morphologically alike specimens ofRana limnocharis, indicating that the present morphotypeRana limnocharis in northeast India is composed of several species.