不同温温条件下贮藏的3种禾本科植物花粉活力变化（简报）

测定水稻、玉米和狼尾草花粉在低温（５℃）低湿（４５％）、低温（５℃）高湿（８０％）、高温（３５℃）低湿（４５％）和高温（３５℃）高湿（９０％）４种贮藏条件下的活力表明：低温高湿下花粉活力保持的时间最长;狼尾草花粉比水稻、玉米花粉耐贮藏,在低湿高湿条件下贮藏３０ｄ后,仍有３８．３％的萌发率;狼尾草花粉中蛋白质含量较高,淀粉含量较低。     

不同温湿条件下贮藏的3种禾本科植物花粉活力变化(简报)

测定水稻、玉米和狼见草花粉在低温（5℃）低湿（45％）、低温（5℃）高湿（80％）、高温（35℃）低湿（45％）和高温（35℃）高湿（90％）4种贮藏条件下的活力表明：低温高湿下花粉活力保持的时间最长;狼尾草花粉比水稻、玉米花粉耐贮藏,在低温高湿条件下贮藏30d后,仍有38．3％的萌发率;狼尾草花粉中蛋白质含量较高,淀粉含量较低。     

水稻、玉米和狼尾草花粉低温贮藏期间激素和维生素含量及呼吸速率变化

测定了水稻、玉米和狼尾草花粉在低温(4±1℃)贮藏时内源激素(IAA、GA3、ZT和ABA)、维生素B.维生素C、维生素E、类胡萝卜素含量和呼吸速率的变化,结果表明IAA、GA3、ZT、维生素B2、维生素C、维生素E、类胡萝卜素的含量和呼吸速率在贮藏期间下降,而脱落酸的含量不断上升.与短寿命的水稻和玉米花粉相比,长寿命的狼尾草花粉的IAA和GA3含量及呼吸速率低,下降速度慢,而ABA始终保持较高水平.     

亚高温下不同空气湿度对番茄光合作用和物质积累的影响

为了研究亚高温下不同空气湿度对番茄植株光合作用及物质积累的影响,本试验利用人工气候室,在11:00—15:00平均温度为33℃的亚高温条件下,设置3个空气相对湿度处理,分别为70%～80%(高湿)、50%～60%(中湿)和不加湿的30%～40%(低湿)。结果表明:在处理25d时,高湿处理番茄叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率显著高于低湿处理,而低湿处理果实空洞率比高湿处理高18.4%(P<0.05);在33℃亚高温条件下,70%～80%的相对湿度有利于光合作用的增强和果实品质的提高。     

胡杨、灰叶胡杨花粉成分及生活力的比较研究

比较研究了胡杨,灰叶胡杨花粉的化学成分及2种花粉在不同贮藏条件下的生活力变化。结果表明;在室温,4℃冰箱内保存,灰叶胡杨花粉生活力保持的时间均比胡杨花粉生活力保持的时间长,同一个种的花粉贮藏相同时间,在4℃冰箱内贮藏的生活力比室温下贮藏的生活力强,耐贮藏的灰叶胡杨花粉水分,淀粉含量较胡杨花粉高,蛋白质,还原糖,17种游离氨基酸含量较胡杨花粉含量低。     

温湿度对松毛虫赤眼蜂种群增长的影响

在13—33℃、35％—95％R.H.范围内的7个恒温、13个温湿度组合下,测定了松毛虫赤眼蜂(Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura)的发育、存活和生殖情况。结果表明,该蜂在13—30℃(75％R.H.)范围内,卵至羽化的发育速率与温度呈逻辑斯蒂曲线关系;发育起点温度为10.1±0.03℃,有效积温常数为140.2±0.29日度;幼期存活率在26℃左右最高;成虫寿命随温度升高而缩短,生殖力以23—28℃最高;内禀增长力(r_m)随温度升高而增大,28℃时达最大,随后急剧下降,至31℃时巳为负值。低湿和高湿在低温下有使发育速率减缓,而在适温和高温下则有使发育速率加快的趋势;低温低湿和高温高湿有使幼期存活率下降的趋势;在低温、高温下,75％R.H.对成虫存活、生殖最有利,95％R.H.次之;在适温下湿度对生殖力无影响,成虫寿命在低湿下最短。33℃下,3种湿度下均未产生雌性后代。     

海州常山花粉低温贮藏及其生理生化特征研究

以海州常山花粉为研究材料,探究了贮藏方式、贮藏时间、贮藏温度及预冻方式、低温解冻方式对花粉萌发率的影响,以及-80 ℃及4 ℃低温贮藏过程中海州常山花粉保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的变化,以筛选海州常山花粉的培养方法及贮藏条件,为其杂交育种奠定基础。结果表明：（1）进行低温贮藏时,花药和散粉两种贮藏效果差异不显著;不同的预冷方式对花粉低温贮藏影响并不显著;-80 ℃贮藏条件下,37 ℃水浴解冻效果显著优于室温解冻。（2）海州常山花粉在-80 ℃低温下贮藏90 d后仍具有7.99%的萌发率,更有效的保持了花粉萌发率。（3）随着低温胁迫时间的延续,4 ℃及-80 ℃两种低温条件下贮藏的海州常山花粉超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性均呈现出先升后降的趋势。（4）4 ℃及-80 ℃两种低温贮藏的海州常山花粉可溶性糖含量及-80 ℃低温贮藏的海州常山花粉可溶性蛋白含量,随着低温胁迫时间的延续,呈现出先升后降的趋势;4 ℃低温贮藏条件下的海州常山花粉可溶性蛋白含量呈现逐渐下降的趋势。研究认为,海州常山花粉更适宜于在-80 ℃低温下长期贮藏,它可以通过提高自身的SOD、POD活性,增加可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白累积来增强抗寒性,维持自身活力。     

高温调控对黄瓜霜霉病菌侵染的影响

采取温湿度相结合的方法来研究高温处理对黄瓜霜霉病菌（Pseudoperonospora cubensis Rostov)侵染的影响,比较研究了35－50℃4个温度梯度、50％－90％5个湿度组合处理对病菌致病性的影响。同一相对湿度条件下,随着温度的上升病菌致病性降低;40－50℃的高温范围内,在同一温度下随着湿度的不断升高,受处理病菌的致病能力逐渐下降。在RH80％以上、温度40℃以上时,病菌的致病力随着处理时间的延长而变弱;45℃以下的高温高湿处理病菌超过1h,病菌基本上没有致病性。通过高温控制苗期黄瓜霜霉病的研究,确定高温高湿防治苗期黄瓜霜霉病的最佳温湿度为45℃1h(RH80%)。通过高温致死菌诱导植株抗性的研究,初步明确高温处理致死的病菌可以短期诱导植株的抗性。     

外源硅对花期高温胁迫下杂交水稻授粉结实特性的影响

以杂交中熟籼稻品种金优63、汕优63为供试材料,采用盆栽试验,在水稻生长前期连续喷施3次硅酸钠(Na₂SiO₃·9H₂O),于人工气候箱内在水稻开花期进行常温(日均温26.6 ℃,日最高温度29.4 ℃)和高温(日均温33.2 ℃,日最高温度40.1 ℃)处理5 d,研究施硅在花期高温胁迫下对杂交水稻剑叶叶绿素含量、光合性能、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、花粉活力、花药酸性转化酶活性、柱头授粉性能和结实率等的影响.结果表明: 与对照相比,施硅可显著提高高温胁迫下水稻剑叶叶绿素含量,提高净光合速率和气孔导度,减少胞间CO₂浓度,增强叶片光合作用,减少MDA含量,提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性;提高花药中可溶性酸性转化酶活性和花粉活力,增加花粉囊基部裂口宽度,提高水稻每柱头上授粉总数、萌发数、花粉萌发率和萌发数大于10粒者所占的比例,降低花粉总数小于20粒者所占的比例;使金优63、汕优63结实率的降低分别减轻13.4%、14.1%.因此,在水稻生长前期喷施外源硅,可减轻水稻在开花期结实率的降低,提高杂交水稻的抗热性.     

温度对温敏核雄性不育水稻花粉育性与花药蛋白质的影响

温度对温敏不育水稻二九青Ｓ花粉育性的影响极为明显,在３０℃高温下,其花粉接近全不育;２０℃低温下花粉不育度亦高,但不及３０℃高温下显著。与原种二九青相比,高低温均使二九青Ｓ花药可溶性蛋白质含量明显增加,低温下更为显著;蛋白质ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ图谱表明经３０℃处理的二九青Ｓ花药蛋白质组分比原种二九青少了３条谱带。安农Ｓ－１在高温下花药中无花粉发育;而花药可溶性蛋白质含量高于适温（２５℃）下;ＳＤＳ－Ｐ     

Race and Racism in America and in Anthropology

Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview . Audrey Smedley
Anthropology and Race . Eugenia Shanklin     

Degradation and conversion of somatostatin in normal and diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro

Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the portal and jugular veins of streptozotocin diabetic rats was compared with that in normal control rats. In the diabetic group, somatostatin levels in the portal (p less than 0.05) and jugular (p less than 0.01) veins were both elevated compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the degree of elevation was greater in the jugular vein than in the portal vein. To further investigate the role of the liver in the clearance of somatostatin-28 in vivo, 2 micrograms of somatostatin-28 was administered as a bolus into the external jugular vein of intact and functionally hepatectomized rats. The mean half-time of somatostatin-28 was significantly longer in intact diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.05). The functional hepatectomy did not cause a significant difference in the half-time in diabetic rats but made it longer in control rats. These results suggest that the longer half-time of somatostatin-28 in diabetic rats in vivo is due to its slower hepatic clearance. The hepatic clearance of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 was further studied in vitro using a recirculating liver perfusion method. The hepatic clearance of 1.2 nM of either somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14 was significantly lower in diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.01). This indicates that elevated plasma somatostatin levels in diabetic rats are caused at least in part by decreased hepatic clearance of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Trajectories and Constraints in Brain Evolution in Primates and Cetaceans

A negative allometric relationship between body mass (BM) and brain size (BS) can be observed for many vertebrate groups. In the past decades, researchers have proposed several hypotheses to explain this finding, but none is definitive and some are possibly not mutually exclusive. Certain species diverge markedly (positively or negatively) from the mean of the ratio BM/BS expected for a particular taxonomic group. It is possible to define encephalization quotient (EQ) as the ratio between the actual BS and the expected brain size. Several cetacean species show higher EQs compared to all primates, except modern humans. The process that led to big brains in primates and cetaceans produced different trajectories, as shown by the organizational differences observed in every encephalic district (e.g., the cortex). However, these two groups both convergently developed complex cognitive abilities. The comparative study on the trajectories through which the encephalization process has independently evolved in primates and cetaceans allows a critical appraisal of the causes, the time and the mode of quantitative and qualitative development of the brain in our species and in the hominid evolutionary lineage.     

Variation in infectivity and aggressiveness in space and time in wild host-pathogen systems: causes and consequences

Variation in host resistance and in the ability of pathogens to infect and grow (i.e. pathogenicity) is important as it provides the raw material for antagonistic (co)evolution and therefore underlies risks of disease spread, disease evolution and host shifts. Moreover, the distribution of this variation in space and time may inform us about the mode of coevolutionary selection (arms race vs. fluctuating selection dynamics) and the relative roles of G × G interactions, gene flow, selection and genetic drift in shaping coevolutionary processes. Although variation in host resistance has recently been reviewed, little is known about overall patterns in the frequency and scale of variation in pathogenicity, particularly in natural systems. Using 48 studies from 30 distinct host–pathogen systems, this review demonstrates that variation in pathogenicity is ubiquitous across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Quantitative analysis of a subset of extensively studied plant–pathogen systems shows that the magnitude of within‐population variation in pathogenicity is large relative to among‐population variation and that the distribution of pathogenicity partly mirrors the distribution of host resistance. At least part of the variation in pathogenicity found at a given spatial scale is adaptive, as evidenced by studies that have examined local adaptation at scales ranging from single hosts through metapopulations to entire continents and – to a lesser extent – by comparisons of pathogenicity with neutral genetic variation. Together, these results support coevolutionary selection through fluctuating selection dynamics. We end by outlining several promising directions for future research.     

Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in wheat and by-products in Argentina

The deoxynivalenol and nivalenol contamination in wheat and by-products obtained through milling was analized by Trucksess method slightly modified in the proportion of acetonitrile—water (3:1). Only one sample of wheat showed deoxynivalenol contamination, 1,200μg/kg. No samples obtained in different stages of the milling were contaminated with deoxynivalenol or nivalenol. In the commercial wheat flours the levels found ranged between 400 and 800μg/kg, as follows: 400μ/kg, 5 samples; 800jug/kg, 1 sample.     

Obestatin and ghrelin in obese and in pregnant women

We identified, through qPCR, receptor mRNA for a number of gut peptides in female human omental fat: the incretins, GIP and GLP-1, the orexigenic peptides PYY-Y1 and -Y2 and ghrelin, and the anorexigenic peptide obestatin. Four cohorts of women were examined: lean controls (BMI<23), obese (BMI>41), obese diabetic and term pregnant women. Human fat expressed receptor mRNAs for all six peptides. Pregnant women expressed roughly three times as much orphan GPR-39 receptor, a proposed obestatin receptor, than other women and less than half as much of the ghrelin receptor (GHSR-1a). An immunoblot probed with a GPR-39 selective antibody yielded a single band corresponding to the correct molecular weight (52 kDa) for the proposed obestatin receptor. Fluorescent immunohistochemistry of human fat employing the same antibody indicated the receptor protein was localized to the adipocyte cell membrane. The concentration of obestatin circulating in blood was measured in the same cohort of women and was significantly lower in obese and obese diabetic women compared to control.     

Electroejaculation in chimpanzees and gorillas and artificial insemination in chimpanzees

Electroejaculation was performed in 3 chimpanzees, 1 pygmy chimpanzee, and 2 gorillas with an instrument that delivers a modified sine wave current with a frequency of 24 Hz. The current stimuli were applied by a rectal probe with longitudinal electrodes. The electrical parameters varied from 6 to 12 V and from 30 to 40 mA for response of erection and lay between 8 and 18 V and between 40 and 145 mA during semen emission. Eleven chimpanzee semen samples showed the following data (x ± SD): total volume 1.9 ± 1.3 ml, volume of the liquid fraction 0.3 ± 0.2 ml, spermatozoa per ejaculate 743 ± 376 × 10⁶, sperm motility 52.7 ± 9.6%, morphologically abnormal spermatozoa 12.2 ± 7.5%. From an adult gorilla, three semen samples were collected, in each case without spermatozoa. The electrostimulation of a 6-year-old gorilla led to an erection, but not to semen emission. Three female chimpanzees were inseminated with fresh or frozen semen, each of them within three different estrous cycles. None of these inseminations led to a pregnancy.