云南稻种资源核心种质库构建及其利用前景

以6121份云南地方稻种资源为研究对象,开展了云南稻种核心种质的取样策略及技术体系研究,以及云南稻种资源多样性、籼粳6大生态群、地理分布系统及图集、优异种质系统发生规律等研究。初步建立了云南稻种资源核心种质构建体系,筛选出998份初级核心样品,表型上约代表了云南稻种资源98％的多样性,并论述了该体系的利用前景。     

水稻种质资源基础性工作研究进展

水稻种质资源的调查收集、整理编目、繁种入库、鉴定评价、繁殖更新、分发利用等研究是服务于水稻育种等科学研究的重要基础性工作。截止2010年,我国共整理编目水稻种质资源82386份,其中野生稻种、地方稻种、选育稻种、国外引进稻种、杂交稻资源、遗传材料     

广西地方稻种资源核心种质构建和遗传多样性分析

以丁颖分类体系分组原则与组内逐层聚类取样方法,对8609份广西地方栽培稻资源表型数据信息进行分析,通过对表型保留比例等评价指标的多重比较确定核心种质总体取样比例,构建出占总体样本5%(414份)的广西地方栽培稻资源初级核心种质。初级核心种质能代表总体遗传变异的89%。用34对SSR分子标记对初级核心种质进行遗传多样性分析,结果表明:广西地方栽培稻资源有较高的遗传多样性(等位基因数A为4.91,Nei’s多样性指数为0.574)。就Nei’s遗传多样性指数而言,粳稻高于籼稻,晚稻高于早稻,水稻高于陆稻,糯稻高于粘稻;来自桂中的稻种资源具有最高的遗传多样性。研究最终利用SSR数据,把414份初级核心种质压缩50%后形成209份核心种质,核心种质基因保留比例达到98%以上,有效代表了广西地方栽培稻资源多样性水平。     

湖南稻种资源主要特征特性与利用状况

对1992-2012年湖南种质库收集保存的12451份（剔除重复后）稻种资源的农艺性状和特性进行了系统整理和分析评价。结果表明：湖南种质库收集保存的稻种资源区域特色明显;不同类型稻种资源的特性各有特点;75.43%的稻种资源得到分发利用。并提出加强种质资源收集保存的目标性和系统性、提高种质资源评价的规范性和精准度、加快惠益共享平台建设步伐的建议。     

水稻种质资源芽期耐冷性的鉴定与评价

对新收集的879份水稻种质资源进行了水稻芽期耐冷性的鉴定与评价,从中筛选出芽期耐冷性极强的水稻种质资源39份,均为贵州地方粳稻品种.供试粳稻品种61.23%具有强芽期耐冷性(3级),而籼稻品种只有13.77%具有强芽期耐冷性(3级 ),粳稻品种的芽期耐冷性显著强于籼稻品种.无论籼稻,还是粳稻,贵州地方稻种的芽期耐冷性显著强于来自其他地区的品种,从贵州地方稻种中挖掘极强耐冷种质资源的潜力较大 .     

江西蔬菜种质资源调查收集与优异资源发掘

以"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"为契机,对江西省27个县(市、区)的402个村开展地方蔬菜种质资源的系统调查与收集,共收集到1817份蔬菜资源。通过对收集到的蔬菜地方品种资源的分布特点及其特异性分析,从抗病、抗逆、商品性、加工功能等不同方面筛选出10份优异地方蔬菜种质资源。通过接种鉴定评价,从本次收集的5份江西地方古老品种中筛选出高抗枯萎病的苦瓜种质资源3份。为蔬菜新品种选育和基础研究提供了丰富的物质基础及其信息。     

中国稻种资源收集、保存和更新现状

截止2003年,我国共编目稻种资源77541份,其中各种类型所占百分比大小顺序为:地方稻种(68.68%)、国外引进稻种(12.65%)、野生稻种(9.45%)、选育稻种(6.96%)、杂交稻"三系"资源(2.09%)、遗传标记材料(0.16%);在国家长期库中共保存稻种资源69133份,其中各种类型所占百分比大小顺序为:地方稻种(71.38%)、国外引进稻种(12.16%)、野生稻种(8.09%)、选育稻种(6.52%)、杂交稻"三系"资源(1.54%)、遗传标记材料(0.18%)、其他(0.12%).加强选育品种、品系、突变体的收集和保存;重视国外稻种资源的收集与引进;开展地方稻种的纯系筛选与保存;持续开展稻种资源的繁种更新;开展已筛选优异种质资源的确认和提供利用,这是今后稻种资源收集和保存工作的重要研究任务.     

广东省地方稻种品质性状表型多样性及其形成的生态因子分析

（广东省农业科学院水稻研究所,广州 510640） 摘要 为了进一步完善广东地方稻种资源的鉴定评价,并为该资源在水稻品质育种中的有效利用提供科学依据,我们以国家作物种质库编目的2974份广东地方稻种为研究对象,其9个品质性状数据为基础,研究了广东地方稻种品质性状的区域分布特点,并对总体和不同稻作区品质性状多样性进行了比较分析.同时对部分生态因子与品质性状的相关性进行了初探。结果显示,广东地方稻种资源品质性状具有丰富的多样性。其糙、精米率较高,蛋白质含量丰富多样,胶稠度的变异幅度大,直链淀粉含量适中达国标的材料偏少;中南稻作区为广东优质地方稻种的主要集中地;不同稻作区的品质性状多样性表现各异;直链淀粉含量、碱消值及胶稠度是影响广东地方稻种品质形成的主要指标;湿度和温度的地域差异是广东地方稻种稻米品质多样性的主要成因。本研究结果充分说明,广东地方稻种中具有优异品质性状资源的利用对改良现有品质的稻米品质和拓宽遗传基础具有十分重要的意义。     

云南水稻地方品种磷高效种质的筛选及生态分布规律研究

在土壤有效磷含量为0.02 mg/kg和80 mg/kg条件下,采用土壤盆栽法对云南5个稻作区的548份云南水稻地方品种核心种质进行磷高效种质的筛选和生态分布规律研究。通过考查18个相对表型性状,发现相对穗干重、相对总干重、相对地上干重对低磷反应较为敏感,可作为鉴定云南水稻地方品种核心种质磷高效材料的首选指标,并筛选出极强磷高效稻种(穗干重、总干重和地上干重的相对值均>90%的稻种)27份。平均值变量分析和差异显著性检验结果显示,滇西北高寒粳稻区和滇东北高原粳稻区稻种磷高效能力较强,南部边缘水陆稻区和滇南单双季籼稻区稻种磷高效能力强且呈现多样性分布,滇中一季籼粳稻区则相对较弱。     

陕西省旱区抗逆农作物地方种质资源调查与分析

为了收集、保存和了解陕西省旱区植物种质资源现状,对渭北旱塬和陕北地区的长武、蒲城、安塞、定边、靖边、府谷和神木等7县下辖的21个乡的63个村的农作物地方种质资源进行了系统调查、收集,共收集到农作物地方种质资源1049份。其中,粮食作物及其野生种质资源617份,果树种质资源25份,蔬菜种质资源250份,经济作物地方种质资源共157份,隶属于19科、44属、56种,其中,禾本科和豆科的属和种所占比例最多,分别为9属9种和4属11种。通过对陕西省旱区抗逆农作物种质资源利用现状进行调查和分析,对这些种质资源有效保护和利用提出建议。     

Population structure and genetic diversity in a rice core collection (Oryza sativa L.) investigated with SSR markers

The assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of a core collection would benefit to make use of these germplasm as well as applying them in association mapping. The objective of this study were to (1) examine the population structure of a rice core collection; (2) investigate the genetic diversity within and among subgroups of the rice core collection; (3) identify the extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) of the rice core collection. A rice core collection consisting of 150 varieties which was established from 2260 varieties of Ting's collection of rice germplasm were genotyped with 274 SSR markers and used in this study. Two distinct subgroups (i.e. SG 1 and SG 2) were detected within the entire population by different statistical methods, which is in accordance with the differentiation of indica and japonica rice. MCLUST analysis might be an alternative method to STRUCTURE for population structure analysis. A percentage of 26% of the total markers could detect the population structure as the whole SSR marker set did with similar precision. Gene diversity and MRD between the two subspecies varied considerably across the genome, which might be used to identify candidate genes for the traits under domestication and artificial selection of indica and japonica rice. The percentage of SSR loci pairs in significant (P<0.05) LD is 46.8% in the entire population and the ratio of linked to unlinked loci pairs in LD is 1.06. Across the entire population as well as the subgroups and sub-subgroups, LD decays with genetic distance, indicating that linkage is one main cause of LD. The results of this study would provide valuable information for association mapping using the rice core collection in future.     

Using minimum DNA marker loci for accurate population classification in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Because of the rich diversity among rice accessions grown around the world in distinct environments, traditional methods using morphology, cross compatibility and geography for classifying rice accessions according to different sub-populations have given way to use of molecular markers. Having a few robust markers that can quickly assign population structure to germplasm will facilitate making more informed choices about genetic diversity within seedbanks and breeding genepools. WHICHLOCI is a computer program that selects the best combination of loci for population assignment through empirical analysis of molecular marker data. This program has been used in surveys of plant species, for fish population assignment, and in human ancestry analysis. Using WHICHLOCI, we ranked the discriminatory power of 72 DNA markers used to genotype 1,604 accessions of the USDA rice core collection, and developed panels with a minimum number of markers for population assignment with 99% or higher accuracy. A total of 14 markers with high discriminatory power, genetic diversity, allelic frequency, and polymorphic information content were identified. A panel of just four markers, RM551, RM11, RM224 and RM44, was effective in assigning germplasm accessions to any of five sub-populations with 99.4% accuracy. Panels using only three markers were effective for assignment of rice germplasm to specific sub-populations, tropical japonica, temperate japonica, indica, aus, and aromatic. Assignment to tropical japonica, temperate japonica, or indica sub-populations was highly reliable using 3–4 markers, demonstrated by the high correlation with assignment using 72 markers. However, population assignment to aus and aromatic groups was less reliable, possibly due to the smaller representation of this material in the USDA core collection. More reference cultivars may be needed to improve population assignment to these two groups. This study demonstrated that a small number of DNA markers is effective for classification of germplasm into five sub-populations in rice. This will facilitate rapid screening of large rice germplasm banks for population assignment at a modest cost. The resulting information will be valuable to researchers to verify population classification of germplasm prior to initiating genetic studies, maximizing genetic diversity between sub-populations, or minimizing cross incompatibility while maximizing allelic diversity within specific sub-populations.     

基于遗传多样性构建金针菇的核心种质群体及分子身份证

金针菇Flammulina filiformis是我国产量最高的工厂化栽培食用菌。为提高优良工厂化栽培金针菇种质的育种效率,本研究以国内外收集的105份金针菇种质为材料,开展体细胞不亲和评价,并采用SSR分子标记的方法对所有种质进行遗传多样性分析和聚类分析。20对SSR引物在105份种质中共扩增得到209个等位基因位点,所有种质间的遗传相似系数为0.71-1.00,在遗传距离0.76处可分为5个大类群。105份金针菇种质共包含67种不同的遗传背景,野生金针菇种质比栽培种质具有更丰富的遗传多样性。基于SSR的聚类分析结果和体细胞不亲和评价结果既相互印证,又可互为借鉴。本研究构建了包含44份金针菇种质的核心种质群体,占所有供试材料的41.90%,保留了100%等位基因。核心种质群体覆盖区域广泛,最大限度地保留了原始群体的遗传多样性和表型变异,可为育种的亲本选择提供参考。进一步构建了能同时反映每份金针菇种质SSR分子标记指纹图谱、收集地区、子实体颜色和栽培性状的分子身份证编码,并转换成可视二维码,为金针菇种质的高效标识和快速溯源提供了科学依据。     

Developing a common bean core collection suitable for association mapping studies

Because of the continuous introduction of germplasm from abroad, some collections have a high number of accessions, making it difficult to explore the genetic variability present in a germplasm bank for conservation and breeding purposes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify and analyze the structure of genetic variability among 500 common bean accessions to construct a core collection. A total of 58 SSRs were used for this purpose. The polymorphism information content (PIC) in the 180 common bean accessions selected to compose the core collection ranged from 0.17 to 0.86, and the discriminatory power (DP) ranged from 0.21 to 0.90. The 500 accessions were clustered into 15 distinct groups and the 180 accessions into four distinct groups in the Structure analysis. According to analysis of molecular variance, the most divergent accessions comprised 97.2% of the observed genetic variability present within the base collection, confirming the efficiency of the selection criterion. The 180 selected accessions will be used for association mapping in future studies and could be potentially used by breeders to direct new crosses and generate elite cultivars that meet current and future global market needs.     

Abundant Within-varietal Genetic Diversity in Rice Germplasm from Yunnan Province of China Revealed by SSR Fingerprints

In order to estimate genetic diversity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm in Yunnan Province of China, 60 varieties from different regions were analyzed by microsatellite (SSR) fingerprints. Nine selected SSR primer pairs amplified a total of 55 alleles from these varieties, and high genetic diversity (0.706) was found, although it was not evenly distributed across the regions. Marked genetic variation was detected within the traditional varieties. A UPGMA dendrogram based on SSR polymorphism indicated a great variation among the rice varieties, with coefficients ranging between 0.229 and 1.000. The formation of the rice diversity pattern in Yunnan is associated with natural conditions and especially with diverse cultural demands and farming styles. Strategic conservation of rice germplasm in Yunnan is important, and this could be implemented by collecting varieties across geographic regions with sufficient individuals within the same varieties. Effective rice conservation should also consider cultural aspects during collection.     

贵州稻种资源遗传多样性研究现状与展望

贵州稻种资源遗传多样性的研究与利用已取得较大进展.主要表现在(1)收集整理了地方稻种5168份并入国家种质库长期保存,系统完成其农艺性状和特性的鉴定与评价,筛选出一批矮秆、大穗、大粒、优质、特种稻、抗病虫、抗衰以及耐冷、抗旱性突出的优异种质;(2)研究表明,品种多样性是环境对品种的选择和品种对环境的适应双向作用的环境同化产物,在贵州高原低温高湿寡照生境下形成禾类和旱稻等种质资源;(3)开展了地方稻种中细胞质雄性不育恢复源、非sd-1基因新矮源、广亲和、双(多)胚等特性有利基因资源的鉴定和筛选;(4)明确了收集品种的类型及其保存途径,建立以基础样品、活动样品和核心样品的分类数据库为基础的资源信息管理系统.对推动研究工作的深入发展等问题展开了讨论.     

A mini core subset for capturing diversity and promoting utilization of chickpea genetic resources in crop improvement

A core collection is a chosen subset of large germplasm collection that generally contains about 10% of the total accessions and represents the genetic variability of entire germplasm collection. The purpose of a core collection is to improve the use of genetic resources in crop improvement programs. In many crops the number of accessions contained in the genebank are several thousands, and a core subset consisting of 10% of total accessions would be an unwieldy proposition. In this article we have suggested a two-stage strategy to select a chickpea mini core subset consisting of only about 1% of the entire collection held in trust at ICRISAT’s genebank (16,991 accessions). This mini core subset still represents the diversity of the entire core collection. The first stage involves developing a representative core subset (about 10%) from the entire collection using all the available information on origin, geographical distribution, and characterization and evaluation data of accessions. The second stage involves evaluation of the core subset for various morphological, agronomic, and quality traits, and selecting a further subset of about 10% accessions from the core subset. At both stages standard clustering procedure was used to separate groups of similar accessions. A mini core subset consisting 211 accessions from 1,956 core subset accessions, using data on 22 morphological and agronomic traits, was selected. Newman- Keuls’ test for means, Levene’s test for variances, the chi-square test and Wilcoxon’s rank-sum non-parametric test for frequency distribution analysis for different traits indicated that the variation available in the core collection has been preserved in the mini core subset. The most important phenotypic correlations which may be under the control of coadapted gene complexes, were also preserved in the mini core. This mini core subset, due to its drastically reduced size, will prove to be a point of entry to proper exploitation of chickpea genetic resources. Received: 20 August 2000 / Accepted: 25 September 2000     

Genetic Diversity and Characterization of a Core Collection of Malus Germplasm Using Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs)

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were used to assess genetic diversity and study genetic relatedness in a large collection of Malus germplasm. A total of 164 accessions from the Malus core collection, maintained at the University of Illinois, were genotyped using apple SSR markers. Each of the accessions was genotyped using a single robust SSR marker from each of the 17 different linkage groups in Malus. Data were subjected to principal component analysis, and a dendrogram was constructed to establish genetic relatedness. As expected, this diverse core collection showed high allelic diversity; moreover, this allelic diversity was higher than that previously reported. Cluster analysis revealed the presence of four distinct clusters of accessions in this collection.     

特种稻种质资源研究进展与展望

我国从20世纪80年代开始广泛关注特种稻种质资源研究.至今以丰富的特种稻种质资源为基础,积极开展特种稻特殊性状遗传分析的同时,将常规育种与生物技术相结合,创新黑米、红米、软米、巨胚米、甜米等一系列特种稻新种质,并在水稻育种和生产上提供应用,为增加稻农收入做出了积极贡献.广泛开展特种稻资源的特殊性状鉴定和评价,筛选具有独特特性的优异种质资源,并进行基因型检测与遗传多样性分析和核心种质构建;将多个特殊性状相聚合,创新赖氨酸、微量元素、维生素等含量较高,黄酮、花青3-葡萄糖苷、生物碱等生理活性物质含量较高的水稻种质是今后我国特种稻资源研究的重要内容.