重要虫生真菌莱氏野村菌芽生孢子的形态发生

经对比,萨氏麦芽糖-酵母浸粉培养液(SMY)较适合制备莱氏野村菌Nomuraea rileyi芽生孢子。以菌株Nr09接种该培养基,在130r/min、25℃全光照下震荡培养,观察芽生孢子在不同时期发育的形态变化。结果表明,分生孢子萌发产生芽管;24h萌发率为42%,36h时达84%。芽管迅速伸长形成菌丝。在48h前芽生孢子通过菌丝顶端及分枝末端缢缩的方式形成,后期则主要通过芽生孢子继续出芽的方式大量形成,78h芽生孢子数量达到最大值。芽生孢子的形成方式可为一端、两端或多端芽殖。芽生孢子的形成过程可分为5个阶段:(I)分生孢子膨大期;(II)芽管萌发期;(III)芽管延长期;(IV)芽生孢子形成初期;(V)芽生孢子指数生长期。30h后培养液中有少量草酸钙结晶出现并逐渐增多。到84h时有31%的芽生孢子细胞内液泡聚集增大,表明芽生孢子已开始进入衰老阶段。使用指数生长期制备的Nr09芽生孢子进行几丁质酶基因转化,转化效率达79个转化子/μgDNA。     

响应面设计优化莱氏绿僵菌SZCY固体发酵培养条件及致病力测定

【背景】莱氏绿僵菌(Metarhizium rileyi)对新入侵我国的草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)具有较强的致病力和田间流行性,因此具备深入开发的价值。【目的】优化莱氏绿僵菌SZCY固态发酵培养条件,测定所产分生孢子对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的毒力,为提高该菌株分生孢子规模化生产奠定基础。【方法】采用单因素试验确定了相对适宜的固态培养基,利用Box-Behnken响应面法优化该菌株的固态培养基和发酵参数,同时评价不同条件下该菌所产分生孢子对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的毒力。【结果】去颖稻谷(rice)为莱氏绿僵菌SZCY菌株固相产孢最佳载体。培养温度、光周期及酵母浸粉含量是影响莱氏绿僵菌SZCY固态发酵产孢量的主要因素。莱氏绿僵菌SZCY固态发酵最佳工艺参数为温度22.83℃、光周期18.68 h L:5.32 h D、酵母浸粉4.98 g/100 g,在此条件下,莱氏绿僵菌在去颖稻谷固态培养基上的产孢量为5.65×10¹⁰孢子/g,用其制备浓度为10⁷孢子/mL的孢子悬浮液,对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的LT₅₀为3....     

莱氏野村菌(Nomuraea rileyi)对棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)幼虫的致病机理研究

本文利用荧光显微镜、光学显微镜及组织切片技术进行了莱氏野村菌对棉铃虫幼虫的致病过程及机理的研究。两个莱氏野村菌菌株ＥＦＤ44及ＥＦＤ38不同浓度及配方的分生孢子 ,在棉铃虫幼虫体皮上 2ｈ后开始发芽。两个菌株的分生孢子发芽方式不尽相同。真菌在侵入昆虫表皮体内前 ,菌株ＥＦＤ44及ＥＦＤ38的芽管发生了不同程度的分化。ＥＦＤ38芽管有几种分化形式 ,包括形成驸胞器结构、主芽管从孢子多处萌发、主芽管有或多或少的分枝、主芽管或分枝芽管形成楔型状等。处理后约 6ｈ ,真菌菌丝或芽管开始侵入昆虫外体皮 ,但真正成功地侵入外体皮并…     

莱氏绿僵菌对斜纹夜蛾的致病力及生理效应

【目的】测定莱氏绿僵菌Metarhizium rileyi Nr5772菌株对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura幼虫及蛹的致病能力,研究莱氏绿僵菌侵染后在寄主体内的发育及对寄主的生理效应,探讨莱氏绿僵菌的致病机制。【方法】采用浸渍法测定莱氏绿僵菌孢子对斜纹夜蛾3-6龄幼虫及蛹的致死中浓度(LC_(50))和致死中时(LT_(50))。采用微量注射法接种莱氏绿僵菌虫菌体,在不同时间后采集斜纹夜蛾幼虫血淋巴,在显微镜下检查虫菌体的数量、形态及寄主血细胞数量,并用酶标仪测定寄主血淋巴酚氧化酶(Phenoloxidase,PO)的活性。【结果】M.rileyi孢子对3龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫毒力最强,10 d后LC_(50)=3.12×10~6个孢子/mL,龄期越大,致病力越低;孢子浓度为5×10~9个/mL时,对3龄幼虫的致死速度最快,LT_(50)=4.55 d,致死速度随龄期的增大和浓度的降低逐渐减缓;M.rileyi孢子对蛹的致病力远低于对幼虫的致病力。注射接种虫菌体后,64 h内,虫菌体数量在寄主血腔中以幂函数的形式增长,寄主的血细胞数量没有明显的变化;在侵染初期(接种后44 h内),血淋巴PO活性正常;在侵染后期,虫菌体数量不再增加(55-64 h后),逐渐转化为菌丝体,并快速杀死寄主,PO活性受到抑制。【结论】莱氏绿僵菌Nr5772菌株对斜纹夜蛾幼虫有较强的致病力,应在害虫低龄期应用;莱氏绿僵菌在侵染初期对寄主血细胞和血淋巴PO无影响,后期则完全抑制PO活性。     

斜纹夜蛾幼虫感染莱氏野村菌后的抗氧化酶活性变化

【目的】研究斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura幼虫感染莱氏野村菌Nomuraea rileyi后的抗氧化防御机制。【方法】通过测定斜纹夜蛾各龄幼虫超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)等的活性,探讨染菌后不同侵染阶段,幼虫抗氧化酶活性的变化趋势和不同接种方法对抗氧化酶活性的影响。【结果】在斜纹夜蛾染菌幼虫和未接种幼虫(对照)中均未测出POD活性;各龄幼虫在接种莱氏野村菌后SOD和CAT活性显著高于对照,但随着侵染过程的进行,2-3龄幼虫的SOD和CAT活性在16 h左右达峰值后迅速降低,而4-5龄幼虫SOD和CAT活性自染菌初期增强后,变化较平缓,至60-72 h后才低于对照。喷雾法与浸蘸法接种后,各龄幼虫SOD和CAT活性显著高于对照,且对于2-3龄幼虫,浸蘸法对抗氧化酶活性的影响显著高于喷雾法,而对于4-5龄幼虫而言两处理方式之间活性差异不显著。【结论】斜纹夜蛾感染莱氏野村菌后,其体内抗氧化酶活性变化很大,SOD和CAT活性先升后降,且其变化趋势与幼虫所处的发育阶段密切相关。在体壁接种量相当的情况下,浸蘸法对2-3龄幼虫SOD和CAT活性的影响大于4-5龄幼虫。     

飞虱虫疠霉分生孢子在桃蚜体壁上的附着与入侵*

用飞虱虫疠霉(Pandora delphacis)初级分生孢子接种桃蚜(Myzus persicae),24 h内定时取样,在扫描电镜下观察孢子的萌发及其对寄主体壁的入侵。结果表明,附着到蚜体表面的孢子在4 h内有30~40%已萌发产生芽管,其中多数为侵染性芽管,少数是呈叉状分枝的营养生长型芽管。具侵染性芽管的孢子部分陷入体壁蜡质层中,显示孢子有分泌物产生并作用于寄主体壁。接种10 h内,侵染性芽管通过顶端膨大的附着胞或直接穿透侵入寄主体壁。到24 h时,产生侵染性芽管的孢子全部侵入寄主体内,寄主体表仅留下少数未萌发的孢子或营养生长型芽管。初级分生孢子在蚜体表面很少产生次级分生孢子,说明桃蚜是适合该菌侵染的寄主。陷入寄主体壁的孢子不因若蚜蜕皮而被去掉,表明该菌对成蚜和若蚜都具有侵染力。     

飞虱虫疠霉分生孢子在桃蚜体壁上的附着与入侵

用飞虱虫疠霉（Pandora delphacis)初级分生孢子接种桃蚜（Myzus persicae),24h内定时取样,在扫描电镜下观察孢子的萌发及其对寄主体壁的入侵。结果表明,附着到蚜体表面的孢子在4h内有30－40％已萌发产生芽管,少数是呈叉状分枝的营养生长型芽管。且侵染性芽管的孢子部分孢入体壁蜡质层中,显示孢子有分泌物产生并作用于寄主体壁。接种10h内,侵染性芽管通过顶端膨大的附着胞或直接穿透入寄主体壁。到24h时,产生侵染性芽管的孢子全部侵入寄主体内,寄主体表仅留下少数未萌发的孢子或营养生长型芽管。初级分生孢子在蚜体表面很少产生次级分生孢子,说明桃蚜是适合该菌侵染的寄主。陷入寄主体壁的孢子不因若蚜蜕皮而被去掉,表明该菌对成蚜和若蚜都具有侵染力。     

植物油与含水量对玫烟色棒束孢IfB01菌株分生孢子萌发率的影响

玫烟色棒束孢菌Isaria fumosorosea菌株If B01是本实验室分离的一株对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci防治效果较好的虫生真菌,但其分生孢子不耐贮藏,明确不同因子对孢子萌发率的影响具有重要意义。将含水量为18.83%、9.31%和3.13%的玫烟色棒束孢菌分生孢子粉分别和大豆油、调和油、花生油、葵花籽油和玉米油充分混合,在25℃下贮藏7 d、30 d和90 d,测定分生孢子萌发率。结果表明,植物油有利于孢子贮藏,贮藏30 d后植物油处理的分生孢子萌发率高于66%,而对照的萌发率只5%左右,5种植物油之间没有显著性差异;低含水量能促进植物油贮分生孢子萌发率的提高,贮藏30 d后,含水量3.13%和18.83%的相比,前者孢子萌发率一般高出后者10%以上。实验结果对该菌株分生孢子剂型加工具有指导意义。     

昆虫病原真菌长孢蜡蚧菌TF-2菌株对豌豆蚜的侵染过程和致病力

【目的】豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum是世界性的重要农业害虫,给豆类作物造成巨大的经济损失。本研究在前期筛选已获得豌豆蚜致病菌长孢蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium longisporum TF-2菌株的基础上,检测了该致病菌分生孢子对豌豆蚜的毒力效用及侵染方式,以期为利用昆虫病原真菌防治豌豆蚜提供理论基础。【方法】采用离体叶片饲养法检测在不同浓度长孢蜡蚧菌TF-2菌株孢子悬浮液(1.0×10~3～1.0×10~7孢子/mL)中浸渍后对豌豆蚜成虫的致病力;应用扫描电镜和体视显微镜观察豌豆蚜成虫接种TF-2菌株(1.0×10~7孢子/mL)后长孢蜡蚧菌TF-2菌株侵染症状和侵染过程。【结果】不同浓度长孢蜡蚧菌TF-2菌株分生孢子浸染豌豆蚜成虫致病力随分生孢子浓度升高而逐渐增强,侵染后6 d对豌豆蚜成虫的半致死浓度(LC_(50))为3.26×10~4孢子/mL,最高浓度分生孢子(1.0×10~7孢子/mL)对豌豆蚜成虫的半致死时间(LT_(50))为2.92 d。扫描电镜观察结果表明,接种后24 h,TF-2菌株分生孢子在豌豆蚜成虫体表皮萌发形成芽管和附着胞;接种后48 h,芽管伸长在复眼、触角基部、足基节、腹末生殖节等部位形成网络结构;接种后96 h,菌丝布满整个虫体,新的分生孢子产生。【结论】长孢蜡蚧菌TF-2菌株对豌豆蚜成虫具有较强的致病力,扫描电镜观察揭示了其分生孢子在其虫体上的侵染过程,结果为进一步应用昆虫病原真菌进行生物防治提供理论基础和参考依据。     

紫花苜蓿白粉病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

【背景】白粉病是影响苜蓿产量和品质的主要真菌病害之一,引起紫花苜蓿白粉病的病原有3种：蓼白粉菌(Erysiphe polygoni DC.)、豆科内丝白粉菌(Leveillula leguminosarum Golov.)和豌豆白粉菌(Erysiphe pisi DC.)。【目的】系统研究紫花苜蓿白粉病病原菌的生物学特性,以及分生孢子和闭囊壳的形态特征,明确宁夏地区紫花苜蓿白粉病病原种类。【方法】采用室内盆栽法调查病害发生和闭囊壳形成条件,利用气象站自动获取数据,采用光学显微镜观察病原菌特征,采用水琼脂玻片法观察病原菌分生孢子萌发特性。【结果】紫花苜蓿白粉病发生的温度范围为20?24 °C,湿度范围为40%?60%,形成闭囊壳的条件为温度20?25 °C、湿度70%左右,闭囊壳的形成大约需要42 d。分生孢子以向基式的产孢方式在分生孢子梗上产孢,成熟的分生孢子卵圆形或椭圆形,大小为(29?46)×(12.5?21.0) μm。闭囊壳黑褐色,球形或近球形,直径71?135 μm,具有大量附属丝,少数为不规则分枝1?2次。闭囊壳内含有4?6个子囊,子囊倒棒型或卵圆形,具柄,大小为(58?90)×(29?60) μm。子囊内含有4?6个子囊孢子,子囊孢子单孢,卵圆形或椭圆形,大小为(21?34)×(10.5?20.0) μm。分生孢子萌发的最适温度范围为22?26 °C,最适pH为6.5,光照促进分生孢子的萌发。葡萄糖、D-木糖和甘露醇促进分生孢子萌发和芽管生长,半胱氨酸促进分生孢子萌发,甘氨酸促进芽管生长。【结论】宁夏地区紫花苜蓿白粉病的病原菌确定为蓼白粉菌(Erysiphe polygoni DC.)。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.