普通小麦与滨麦的杂交

小麦与滨麦杂交很困难。我们通过幼胚培养获得了杂种,杂交结实率为2.35%,幼胚培养出苗率为66.67%。杂种表现为双亲的中间型。花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I每个细胞平均为1.21个二价体和32.45个单价体。杂种花粉粒败育。以小麦花粉与杂种回交没有成功,而对秋水仙碱处理后的杂种植株授粉时,获得了种子,回交结实率为0.34%。     

普通小麦与华山新麦草的杂交

华山新麦草是分布在秦岭山脉华山段的1个特有种,经细胞学鉴定为二倍体种(2n=14)。利用普通小麦与之杂交并通过幼胚培养获得了杂种,杂交结实率为0.19%,幼胚培养出苗率为33.3%。杂种表现为双亲的中间型,杂种F_1体细胞染色体数为2n=28,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ每细胞平均0.99个二价体,26.01个单价体。杂种花粉粒败育,以小麦花粉与杂种回交时获得了种子,回交结实率为2.5%。回交一代体细胞染色体数为2n=49,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体构型多数为2Ⅲ 7Ⅰ。     

多花黑麦草与普通小麦的杂交

多花黑麦草二倍体种,具有14条染色体。用普通小麦与多花黑麦草杂交,获得了杂种,杂交结实率为0.058%。杂种F1表现为畸形,其体细胞染色体数为28,F1植株产生的花粉败育,雌蕊不孕,用普通小麦和多花黑麦草回交均未获得回交种子,有待于用秋水仙素加倍染色体以获得异源四倍体。     

山羊草(Aegilops)物种作母本与小麦远缘杂交的评价

研究了山羊草不同物种作母本,在不借助胚培等特殊措施的情况下与不含隐性可杂交基因的小麦推广品种杂交、回交及杂种自交情况,结果表明(1)山羊草物种作母本,小麦推广品种作父本进行杂交是一种很有效的方式;山羊草物种作母本容易与小麦进行杂交,但回交和自交较困难;回交与自交相比时,回交容易些;(2)同一物种的不同基因型材料在与小麦杂交、回交及杂种自交时存在大量变异;(3)杂交结实率与以后的回交或自交并不相关,但是杂种的回交和自交之间相关;(4)山羊草物种与小麦杂交、回交及其杂种自交的结实率与其染色体组构成并无明显相关.     

普通小麦×栽培二棱大麦属间杂种及其回交后代选育和染色体的稳定性

以小麦为母本与大麦杂交,通过幼胚培养,获得小大麦属间杂种。杂种自交不育。以中国春和昌农82小麦的混合花粉给杂种授粉,得到回交一代(BC_1F_1),结实率为4.35％。以78380—1和密穗早小麦的混合花粉及小偃107分别与 BC_1F_1回交,获得回交二代(BC_2F_1),结实率为45.45％和31.25％。F_1体细胞染色体数为非整倍体,其变幅从18到27条之间,以2n=2l条较多。花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ单价体细胞为37.0％,1—4个不等二价体细胞为63.0％。F_1形态类似普通小麦。回交后代表型多为亲本中间型,也有少数超亲现象。在BC_2F_4代中,整倍体细胞(2n=42)占大多数(80.83％),染色体构型比较复杂,主要有21Ⅲ,20Ⅲ+2 Ⅰ和19Ⅲ十4 Ⅰ三种,以21Ⅲ的细胞较多(75.03％)。从分离后代中选育出单体(21Ⅲ+1 Ⅰ)和二体(22Ⅲ)异附加系及具突出性状的新类型。     

小麦—偃麦草—簇毛麦—黑麦四属杂种的产生及其形态学,细胞学研究

通过胚培养产生了小麦－偃麦草－簇毛麦－黑麦四属杂种。用４个六倍体小偃麦,２个六倍体小簇麦,２个六倍体小黑麦及１个八倍体小偃麦配置了６个四属杂种组合。结果没有出现高度不亲和性。６个组合的杂交结实率分别为６．２％、９．４％、２．４％、９．５％、２５．０％和３．９％;胚培成苗率分别为１２．１％、２０％、３７．４％、４０％、１．１％和７．１％。结果表明,杂交结实率与胚培成苗率间没有相关性。杂种Ｆ１生活力旺盛,形态具有四个属的特征特性。杂种属于自交高不育与低育类型。５个低育类型自交结实率平均约１．２％。四属杂种体细胞染色体数目的变化为３６、３７、３８、３９、４０和４１。其中多数属于具有３８个左右染色体的植株。     

普通小麦与粗山羊草属间杂种的染色体构型及其后代的育性特征

利用3个推广品种(莱州953、山农辐63、陕7859)分别与原产地不同的抗白粉病的6份粗山羊草[Aegilops tauschii(Coss.)Schmal.]杂交,得到63个无胚乳的种子,将56枚幼胚接种到N6 0.5mg/L IBA 0.2 mg/L NAA的培养基上进行褓姆培养,得到37个植株。其中莱州953与粗山羊草的杂交结实率和成苗率较高,分别平均为8.58%和4.82%。粗山羊草对白粉病的抗性基因在不同的杂交组合中受到不同程度的改变或抑制。以莱州953为父本,分别与不同组合的杂种F_1回交,大多数组合均得到回交种子,回交结实率平均为1.70%;以莱州953作母本,与莱州953/Y225 F _1回交得到2粒种子,说明普通小麦与粗山羊草的杂种F_1也能产生少量有授精能力的花粉。以山农辐63为父本与山农辐63/Y219 F_1回交亦得到回交种子。通过对普通小麦与粗山羊草6个杂交组合的杂种F_1PMCMI染色体构型的分析,一般多出现14个左右单价体和一定频率的多价体,并观察到可能为A、B组染色体形成的异形二价体;粗山羊草的D组染色体和普通小麦的D组染色体联会正常,可发生自由重组,从而为将粗山羊草的有益基因导入普通小麦提供了细胞学依据。     

普通小麦与簇毛麦双二倍体的合成,育性及细胞遗传学研究

通过杂种幼胚无性系培养获得大量再生植株F_1,经秋水仙碱处理,合成了普通小麦与簇毛麦属间双二倍体(AABBDDVV)。其形态特征除株高、穗长、小穗数,籽粒大小和育性明显增加,生育期延长外,分别与各自的再生植株F_1相似。双二倍体的体细胞染色体数目变化范围为48—56。花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ 2n=28Ⅱ的细胞占56.82％,每个细胞平均有27.10个二价体,1.44个单价体,0.08个三价体,0.03个四价体。经过连续两代单穗单株选择,结实率由15.91％提高到36.52％。     

普通小麦与东方旱麦草杂交世代的细胞遗传学研究

对普通小麦（TriticumaestivumL．）与东方旱麦草（Eremopyrumorientale（Ledeb）Jaub．etspach）属间杂种的回交和自交不同世代（BC2F1、BC3F1、BC2F2、BC3F2和BC2F3）进行了细胞遗传学研究。结果表明,BC2F1代（2n＝44）的植株回交产生的BC3F1代分离2n＝43植株的比例较高;为41．09％,2n＝44的植株类型的比例仅为4．11％;从自交后代BC2F2中分离2n=44植株类型的比例较高,为13．21％。回交二代（BC2F1）多数单株花粉母细胞（PMC）减数分裂过程中出现的单价体数较高,且回交结实率和自交结实率分别与该植株平均每PMC中出现的单价体数呈负相关,其相关系数分别为-0．6766和-0．7429。对BC2F3代部分种子进行的基因组原位杂交检测显示,2n＝44的不同植株所含有的外源染色体数目仍有不同。这些结果说明,由于外源染色体的存在,影响了小麦本身同源染色体的正常配对和分离,降低了小麦染色体的遗传稳定性。     

节节麦远缘杂种胚的组织培养(简报)

利用活体-离体胚培养和胚愈伤组织诱导、再生植株技术有效地克服了节节麦远缘杂种胚的败育,高效产生了节节麦与硬粒小麦-簇毛麦双倍体、六倍体小黑麦、小麦、大麦间的杂种植株,从而为节节麦种质利用提供了技术方法。     

Fertilization and Embryo Development in Hybridization Between Wheat and Leymus

Observations were made of the fertilization and embryo development in intergeneric cross between Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring and Leyrnus secalinus Tzrel. The pollen germination of Leymus secalinus appeared normal on the stigma of Triticum aestivum and the pollen tubes grew into the style and entered the embryo sacs. Double and simple fertilization were observed in the pollinated florets. Of the 319 ovaries examed 62 (19.44%) had double fertilization and had embryo and endosperm, but endosperm development was slower than that of the embryos, 49 (15.36%) had only embryo and 7 (2.19%) had only endosperm. The total percentage of fertilization was as high as 36.99%. However, only I seed was obtained from 150 wheat ftorets pollinated with Leymus secalinus. This was obviously due to the absence or poor development of the endosperm. It may be suggested that the potential of increasing the frequency of hybrid plant obtainment was great in the cross between wheat and leymus, if embryo culture technique is employed at the early stage of hybrid embryo development.     

小麦与赖草远缘杂交的受精和胚胎发育

对小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）和赖草（Ｌｅｙｍ ｕｓｓｅｃａｌｉｎｕｓＴｚｒｅｌ．）杂交的受精和胚胎发育进行了观察．赖草花粉在小麦柱头上萌发良好,花粉管可顺利长入花柱和胚囊,在检查过的３１９个小麦子房中,６２个（１９．４４％ ）发生了双受精,产生了胚和胚乳,但胚乳的发育往往落后于胚的发育;４９个（１５．３６％ ）发生了单卵受精,只产生胚而无胚乳;７个（２．１９％ ）发生了单极核受精,只产生胚乳而无胚．小麦×赖草虽然总受精率可高达３６．９９％ ,然而由于胚乳的缺乏或发育不完全,致使最后结实率很低．从１５０朵授过赖草花粉的小麦颖花中,只得到１粒种子．表明利用胚培养技术对杂种胚进行早期离体培养,可望提高杂种植株的获得率     

Determination of endogenous abscisic acid levels in immature cereal embryos during in vitro culture

Levels of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) in immature wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Timmo) and barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Golden Promise) embryos have been determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Embryos of both cereal species showed an increase in ABA content during development on the parent plant. Immature embryos were excised and cultured in vitro on nutrient media that led to precocious germination or on media containing 9% (w/v) mannitol that maintained their developmental arrest. Barley and wheat embryos responded to these culture conditions in an identical manner with respect to changes in morphology, fresh weight, protein and lectin content. However, in complete contrast, the ABA content of barley embryos increased by an order of magnitude during culture on mannitol, whereas that of wheat embryos showed no significant change. The results are discussed within the context of the role of ABA in the regulation of embryo development.Abbreviations ABA abscisic acid - BGA barley-germ agglutinin - dpa days post anthesis - ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - GC-MS gas chromatography-mass spectrometry - WGA wheat-germ agglutinin     

Nuclear genes affecting albinism in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) anther culture

Summary Inheritance of the ability to respond in wheat anther culture was studied from 6×2 reciprocal crosses between six varieties with high and two varieties with low capacity for green plant formation and their parents, replicated in two environments. Effects of genotypes dominated embryo formation and percentages of green plants, accounting for 78.4% and 85.4% of total variation, respectively, while smaller genetic effects were indicated for regeneration. Nuclear genes could explain almost all the genotype effects in this material. Embryo formation showed heterosis over high parent for 5 of the 12 hybrids, while percentages of green plants from the hybrids were intermediate to the parents. General Combining Ability (GCA) could explain 78.8% of the variation for embryo formation among the hybrids, whereas differences in percentage of green plants were dominated by Specific Combining Ability (SCA), accounting for 67.9% of hybrid variation. A positive correlation (r=0.81^**) was observed between the genetic capacity for regeneration and green plant formation. Analysis of covariance indicated that effects causing GCA for green plant formation were mainly responsible for this correlation. A regression model with two parallel lines divided the six parent lines with high green plant formation into three groups with respect to their reactions with the two testers. The results are discussed with regard to possible involvement of two sets of nuclear genes affecting the percentage of green plants obtained in wheat anther culture: one set consisting of mainly additive effects affecting green plant percentage through an initial effect on regeneration ability, and another set of two or a few more major genes with dominance or epistatic effects uncorrelated with regeneration.     

The effect of auxin on plant regeneration of wheat,barley and triticale

One of the basic components of a medium influencing somatic embryogenesis of cereals from immature embryos is the type of auxin. According to some researchers, phytohormones can also play an important role during Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. In this first part of research, the influence of three types of auxins used alone or in combination of two on somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in three cereal species has been tested. Eight cultivars of barley, five cultivars of wheat and three cultivars of triticale have been used. Efficiency of plant development on two regeneration media, with and without growth regulators has been compared. Efficiency of regeneration characterized by frequency of explants that form embryogenic callus ranged from 25% for wheat cultivar Torka to 100% for two barley cultivars. Mean number of plantlets regenerating per explant differed significantly (from 2 to 58) depending on the type of auxin in inducing media, the type of regenerating media as well as cultivar. The biggest differences in regeneration efficiency were observed between barley cultivars, however regeneration of plants occurred in all combinations tested. The best regeneration coefficients for most barley cultivars were obtained after culture on dicamba or dicamba with 2,4-D. However, in the case of highly regenerating cv Scarlett, the most effective culture media contained picloram or 2,4-D alone. The highest values of regeneration coefficients for two triticale cultivars (Wanad and Kargo) were obtained on picloram (26.1 and 21.4, respectively) and for `Gabo' on picloram with dicamba (12.6). The range of mean number of regenerated plantlets was from 12 to 30. Dicamba alone or lower concentrations of picloram with 2,4-D were the best media influencing embryogenic callus formation in five wheat cultivars. However, the highest values of regeneration coefficients ranging from 10.6 to 26.8 were obtained at lower concentrations of picloram with 2,4-D or picloram with dicamba. R2 regeneration medium containing growth regulators was significantly better for plantlet development in several combinations (cultivar and induction medium) than the one without growth regulators. Generally, regeneration coefficients for all tested cultivars of three cereal species on the best media were high, ranging from 5.5 for barley cultivar Rodion to 51.6 for another barley cultivar Scarlett. Plantlets developed normally, flowering and setting seed.     

Thidiazuron promotes in vitro regeneration of wheat and barley

Summary Thidiazuron (TDZ) is a substituted phenylurea which has been shown to be an efficacious regulator of in vitro morphogenesis of many dicot plant species. However, information regarding the effect of TDZ on in vitro regeneration of monocot species is limited. We investigated the effects of TDZ on in vitro regeneration of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and found that it promoted shoot regeneration from callus in these two important cereal species. Plant regeneration from calluses derived from immature embryo culture of barley and wheat was observed in regeneration media with a wide range of TDZ concentrations (0.045–45 μM). Shoot regeneration from barley calluses was the highest (38.3% for cv. Golden Promise) at 4.5 μM (1 mg l⁻¹) TDZ, while the optimal TDZ level for wheat regeneration seemed to be 0.9 μM (0.2 mg l⁻¹) (87% for cv. Bob White and 49.4% for cv. Hi Line). Roots developed normally when the regenerated wheat and barley shoots from TDZ-containing media were transferred to the rooting medium. Comparison with other plant growth regulators commonly used in wheat and barley regeneration media suggested that TDZ was among the best for in vitro regeneration of wheat and barley. Both authors contributed equally     

人工合成冬性六倍体小麦的研究

以冬性四倍体硬粒小麦(Triticum durum,2n=28,AABB)为母本与粗山羊草(Aegilops tauschii,2n=14,DD)杂交,得到的单倍体幼胚(n=21,ABD)经组织培养拯救,获得的幼苗经染色体加倍而成为合成小麦(AABBDD)。从中鉴定、筛选出冬性的合成小麦。幼胚仅在1/2 MS培养基上培养,成苗率为75.81%;根据幼胚的发育状态,将发育较完善的幼胚直接接种在1/2 MS培养基上,将发育不良的幼胚先接种于1/2 MS+2 mg/L 2,4-D培养基上进一步养育幼胚,之后视幼胚发育状况再将其转入1/2 MS培养基中培养成苗,此方法的成苗率为92.44%,较前者的成苗率提高了16.63%。染色体加倍在冬季塑膜拱棚内用0.05%秋水仙素进行半根法处理,较容易获得健壮苗,并且分蘖多。     

普通小麦与粗山羊草正,反交的育性研究

普通小麦与粗山羊草杂交需借助幼胚培养方可获得杂种,取授粉１２～１６天的幼胚进行拯拯救,成苗率较高,效果较好。而不同杂交方式对共杂种成胚率、成苗率及思胚拯救率影响很大。以普通小麦为母本,粗山羊草为父杂交时,１５个杂交组合平均杂种成胚率,成苗率及幼胚拯率分别为５．３５％和５８．７３％,而在１２个反交组合中,其平均成胚率,成苗率及幼胚拯救率分别为９８．８８％、１７．１０％和２４．４４％。由此可见,普通小