河南省新乡地区金龟甲发生动态及影响因子分析

为明确河南省新乡地区农田地下害虫优势种群组成、发生动态及影响因子,本研究于2015-2021年间利用虫情测报灯对该地区的金龟甲进行了监测。结果表明铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky和暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky为河南新乡小麦-玉米/花生1年2熟制农田地下害虫的优势种群,且暗黑鳃金龟的年度诱虫量及其在混合种群中的占比呈逐年增加趋势。金龟甲的发生在不同年份呈现单峰或双峰,暗黑鳃金龟发生盛期表现出明显的隔日出土现象即双倍节律。相较于暗黑鳃金龟发生期的6月中旬至9月上旬,铜绿丽金龟的发生期相对较短,在6月下旬至8月下旬。同时暗黑鳃金龟高峰日也晚于铜绿丽金龟,其中高峰日最多差22 d。金龟甲的发生与环境降雨、湿度、温度相关。本研究为新乡地区乃至黄淮海农田地下害虫的危害预警和综合治理提供数据支撑。     

安徽省花生田3种常见金龟子灯诱种群数量动态分析

2009-2011年连续3年利用频振式杀虫灯调查安徽省花生田3种常见金龟子成虫的种群动态,结果表明:2009-2011年3种金龟子灯诱总数整体呈下降趋势,且诱捕量为铜绿丽金龟暗黑鳃金龟华北大黑鳃金龟。华北大黑鳃金龟趋光性差,灯诱量低;暗黑鳃金龟和铜绿丽金龟初见日一般为5月中下旬,高峰期为6月中旬,但暗黑鳃金龟比铜绿丽金龟一般晚7-10 d。金龟子出土与气候关系密切,当平均气温上升至20℃-25℃持续数日并保持上升的过程中,暗黑鳃金龟和铜绿丽金龟诱捕量增大,但性比未呈现规律性差异。     

牛粪和尿素对暗黑鳃金龟卵孵化及初孵幼虫存活的影响

为明确牛粪和尿素对暗黑鳃金龟的卵孵化和初孵幼虫存活的影响,在分别添加牛粪和尿素的土壤中接入暗黑鳃金龟的卵及初孵幼虫,并依据田间施肥量分别设置了5个处理剂量,检查暗黑鳃金龟的卵孵化率和初孵幼虫存活率,测量幼虫体长和体重。结果表明,添加牛粪的土壤中暗黑鳃金龟的卵孵化率和初孵幼虫存活率均显著高于对照,在牛粪添加量为15 g/kg时,幼虫的体长和体重均达到最大值。添加尿素的土壤中暗黑鳃金龟的卵孵化率及初孵幼虫存活率显著低于对照,且随着尿素用量的增加,卵孵化率和初孵幼虫存活率呈下降趋势。说明两种肥料对暗黑鳃金龟的卵孵化率和初孵幼虫存活率影响显著,在田间施肥应注意施肥种类及施用量对暗黑鳃金龟种群数量的影响,该结果为通过合理施肥保障农业生产,防治地下害虫提供了依据。     

温湿度和食物对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫存活及生长发育的影响

【目的】明确重要生态因素对暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela幼虫种群的影响,从而为预测预报其发生提供理论依据。【方法】在室内采用自动控制温度、人工控制湿度的方法,观察温度、湿度和食物对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫存活率及发育历期的影响。【结果】结果表明,20~28℃适宜暗黑鳃金龟1-2龄幼虫的存活,其中24℃时存活率最高,达到74.9%±3.1%;12℃时发育历期最长,32℃时发育历期最短,20℃和24℃下发育历期适中。土壤含水量为7%~19%时暗黑鳃金龟1-2龄幼虫均能存活;其中在7%和19%时,幼虫存活率低于50%,在25%时幼虫全部死亡;在土壤含水量为16%时存活率最高,达到76.4%±2.5%。在供试的6种食物(小麦根、玉米根、棉花根、花生根、大豆根和马铃薯块)中,喂饲花生根的暗黑鳃金龟幼虫存活率最高,达到68.7%±3.2%。取食不同食物的幼虫发育历期差异显著,其中取食花生根的暗黑鳃金龟幼虫期最短,整个幼虫期仅为259 d(3龄幼虫期为227 d);而取食棉花根的幼虫期最长,整个幼虫期为346 d(3龄幼虫期为303 d)。【结论】温度、土壤含水量和食物对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的存活和生长发育均具有显著影响;在幼虫期调控温湿度及改变其寄主植物结构可有效控制其发生危害。     

光谱和性别对几种金龟子趋光行为的影响

本研究采用不同波长的LED新型绿色光源对几种金龟子雌雄性的趋光行为进行研究,结果表明:棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis Reitter、铅灰鳃金龟H.plumbeaHope、铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky的趋光反应率分别为68%、84%、90%,显著高于暗黑鳃金龟H.parallela Motschulsky和大黑鳃金龟H.oblita Hope;棕色鳃金龟和铅灰鳃金龟趋光谱较广;主峰为405nm和465nm的单色光对所有试虫均有较强的诱集力。雌性大黑鳃金龟和暗黑鳃金龟的趋光性强于雄虫;但雌雄差异对棕色鳃金龟、铅灰鳃金龟和铜绿丽金龟的趋光性无显著影响。     

暗黑鳃金龟UDP-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UAP)基因的克隆、原核表达及功能分析

【目的】本研究旨在阐明暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela UDP-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UAP)基因HpUAP的序列特征和功能。【方法】通过PCR方法从暗黑鳃金龟2龄幼虫中扩增HpUAP全长cDNA序列,并进行生物信息学分析;构建pET30a-HpUAP重组表达载体,转化大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导蛋白表达;利用qRT-PCR检测HpUAP在暗黑鳃金龟幼虫不同发育阶段(1-3龄幼虫)和3龄第2天幼虫不同组织(体壁、中肠、直肠、回肠、马氏管和脂肪体)中的表达量。利用RNAi沉默暗黑鳃金龟2龄幼虫体内HpUAP基因后,观察其生长发育和存活情况,并测定RNAi 72 h后其HpUAP表达量和体壁几丁质含量。【结果】PCR扩增获得暗黑鳃金龟HpUAP 全长cDNA序列(GenBank登录号: MW676788),开放阅读框长1 461 bp,编码486个氨基酸残基,蛋白分子量约为53.9 kD。系统进化分析发现HpUAP与似牛嗡蜣螂Onthophagus taurinus UAP的氨基酸序列以较高的置信度聚为一个分支。经IPTG诱导可表达53.9 kD的HpUAP蛋白,与预期大小一致。发育表达谱结果表明HpUAP在1龄第1天和3龄第1天暗黑鳃金龟幼虫中表达量较高,组织表达谱结果表明HpUAP在暗黑鳃金龟3龄第2天幼虫中肠和体壁中表达量较高。HpUAP RNAi导致暗黑鳃金龟2龄幼虫生长与行动缓慢,体表颜色加深并皱缩;RNAi处理72 h后,与对照组（dsGFP注射组）相比,dsHpUAP注射组HpUAP表达量下降了93.06%,死亡率增加了40%左右,表皮几丁质含量下降了约29%。【结论】结果说明HpUAP参与几丁质代谢,在暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的生长发育过程中起关键作用。     

两种光源对金龟子的诱捕效果

为了解探照灯和测报灯两种光源对金龟子的诱捕效果,2015-2018年,在漯河市农业科学院五里岗试验基地设置探照灯和测报灯,对金龟子种群进行了诱捕监测。结果表明:暗黑鳃金龟和铜绿丽金龟是漯河地区上灯金龟子的优势种。探照灯监测到的暗黑鳃金龟年度首现日比测报灯早7±7.80 d,年均诱捕数量比测报灯多出24137.75±12724.78头,占金龟子总量的百分比增加20.8±4.4(SE);探照灯监测到的铜绿丽金龟年度首现日比测报灯晚5±3.60 d,年均诱捕数量比测报灯减少1793.75±504.02头,占金龟子总量的百分比减少12.4±1.6;全光谱(380~680 nm)的探照灯对暗黑鳃金龟的诱捕作用显著高于紫外光(主波长365 nm)的测报灯,而对铜绿丽金龟诱捕作用显著低于测报灯。这一结果暗示着可见光具有对暗黑鳃金龟相对专性的诱捕潜能。     

黄绿绿僵菌Ma130821对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的室内毒力及毒杀作用研究

采用浸渍法测定了黄绿绿僵菌Metarhizium flavoviride菌株Ma130821对暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky幼虫的毒力,采用室内盆栽拌土法、环施法和穴施法施用黄绿绿僵菌Ma130821分生孢子粉,测定了该菌株对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的毒杀效果。结果表明:黄绿绿僵菌菌株Ma130821对暗黑鳃金龟3龄幼虫的侵染致病效应可利用"时间—剂量—死亡率"模型进行模拟分析和参数估计分析,侵染效应常数为0. 597。接种后第3天该菌株对暗黑鳃金龟3龄幼虫的致死剂量LC_(50)和LC_(90)的对数值分别为9. 2182±0. 2968和11. 2291±0. 4385。在6. 20×108孢子/m L黄绿绿僵菌菌悬液对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫侵染致病的LT_(50)和LT_(90)分别为1. 5 d和3. 8 d。室内盆栽拌土法、环施法和穴施法施用黄绿绿僵菌菌株Ma130821分生孢子粉对暗黑鳃金龟3龄幼虫均具有良好的毒杀作用,其中拌土法施用后对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的毒杀效果高于其他两种方法,拌土法、环施法和穴施法施用后对暗黑鳃金龟3龄幼虫的累积死亡率分别为95. 69%、84. 35%和57. 43%,累积僵虫率分别为99. 65%、98. 65%和99. 37%。综合以上结果,黄绿绿僵菌Ma130821对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫具有良好的毒力和毒杀作用,在暗黑鳃金龟的生防制剂开发中具有良好潜力。     

几种主要蛴螬(金龟子)的测报办法及应用的探讨

<正> 近年来,我们在开展花生蛴螬的综合防治研究中,对暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallelaMotschulsky(以下简称暗黑)、华北大黑鳃金龟H.oblita(Faldermann)(以下简称大黑)、铜绿丽金龟Anomala corpulenta Motschulsky(以下     

暗黑鳃金龟碱性磷酸酶HpALP的基因克隆、表达及其与Bt Cry8Ea3的结合特性

【目的】明确苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)晶体蛋白对暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela幼虫的杀虫机制。【方法】基于暗黑鳃金龟转录组数据,PCR克隆暗黑鳃金龟碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)基因HpALP全长cDNA序列;利用原核表达系统在体外表达HpALP,并进行Western blot检测;利用qRT-PCR测定HpALP在暗黑鳃金龟3龄第2天幼虫不同组织(前肠、中肠、直肠、回肠、马氏管、脂肪体和体壁)中的表达水平;利用配体印记实验及ELISA技术对HpALP蛋白与苏云金芽胞杆菌晶体蛋白Cry8Ea3体外结合特性进行分析。【结果】得到了暗黑鳃金龟HpALP 全长cDNA (GenBank登录号: MZ004964),长1 536 bp,编码512个氨基酸,预测蛋白质分子量为57.32 kD,等电点为4.70;HpALP与食粪金龟Onthophagus taurus ALP的氨基酸序列一致性最高;原核表达获得重组蛋白HpALP,经Western blot检测HpALP重组蛋白在IPTG诱导8 h时的表达量最高。qRT-PCR分析的组织表达谱结果表明,HpALP在幼虫前肠中丰度最高。HpALP重组蛋白可以与Cry8Ea3特异结合,解离常数Kd值为76.21±26.44 nmol/L,最大亲合力B_max值为0.59±0.068;而HpALP重组蛋白与对照Cry1Ab35不结合,Kd值为142.50±137.30 nmol/L,Bmax值为0.013±0.005。【结论】分离鉴定了暗黑鳃金龟HpALP蛋白,它与Bt Cry8Ea3亲和力强,推断其为Cry8Ea3的受体蛋白。研究结果为明确Cry8Ea3蛋白对暗黑鳃金龟的作用机制提供了理论依据。     

THE INDIRECT EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD ON TRACHEID DIAMETER IN PINUS RESINOSA

Larson , Philip R. (Lake States Forest Experiment Station, Rhinelander, Wis.) The indirect effect of photoperiod on tracheid diameter in Pinus resinosa. Amer. Jour. Bot. 49 (2) : 132–137. Illus. 1962.—The influence of photoperiod on tracheid diameter was studied by independently exposing the buds and needles to different photoperiods. Long days promoted needle elongation and large-diameter tracheid production, whereas short days brought about cessation of needle elongation and the transition to narrow-diameter tracheids. The response to photoperiod varied with the stage of plant development. During active extension growth of the shoot, the bud exerted a decisive regulatory influence on tracheid diameter, but the needles became the principal source of the stimulus contributing to tracheid diameter when extension growth terminated. It is suggested that the effect of photoperiod on tracheid diameter is indirect and associated with auxin production and distribution of the terminal meristems.     

Effects of photoperiod and temperature on reproductive diapause in Ophraella communa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a potential biocontrol agent against Ambrosia artemisiifolia

Abstract To investigate the seasonal adaptation strategies of Ophraella communa to new habitats, the effects and regulation mechanisms of photoperiod and temperature on the reproductive diapause in a population collected from Changsha, Hunan were examined. Adults showed obvious reproductive diapause, which was regulated by photoperiod and temperature. At 30°C, there was no adult diapause occurring under either long‐day or short‐day conditions; at 25°C the pre‐oviposition period was short and fecundity was high in adult females under L : D 16 : 8 h, whereas under L : D 12 : 12 h, a few females entered reproductive diapause; at 20°C under short‐day conditions, all female adults entered diapause. The pre‐oviposition period was significantly prolonged when the pupae and adults were transferred from long‐days to short‐days, but the day length influence was not obvious when they were transferred only in the adult stage. However, the fecundity dropped greatly no matter whether the photoperiod shifted to short‐days only in the adult stage or whether the shift occurred in both the pupal and adult stage. The fecundity was extremely low when photoperiod shifted from long‐days to short‐days in both pupal and adult stages. This was an indication that the pupal and adult stages were the photoperiod‐sensitive stage for adult reproductive diapause. This was especially true for the photoperiod in the pupal stage, which has a distinctly significant regulative effect on reproductive diapause. Additionally, this article also addresses the reason for different photoperiodic response patterns in reproductive diapause induction between the Changsha strain and the Tsukuba strain (Japan) of O. communa.     

幼小鼠对种内几种化学信息的识别和反应

50年代以来,国际上相继开展了一些关于化学信息在小家鼠繁殖中作用的研究,并在实验室中揭示了一些反应:如集群雌鼠气味使雌鼠性周期延长的Lee-Boot效应,雌鼠气味能解除集群雌鼠对性周期的抑制、并促使它们同期发情的Whitten效应,以及陌生雄鼠气味中断妊娠的Bruce效应等等。但是,在成鼠间起作用的几种化学信息,是否能被幼鼠感受,对幼鼠的发育和性成熟是否产生影响,还是一个未知的问题。 影响小鼠发育的因素很多,除环境因子外,近来还出现了有关社群因素中外激素对小鼠性成熟影响的报道,发现雄鼠或给予雄激素的雌鼠有促进幼雌鼠性成熟的作用,范志勤发现父本气味和陌生雄鼠气味对幼雌鼠性成熟均有促进作用。但是,目前关于种内雌鼠气味、集群雌鼠气味、幼鼠气味影响性成熟的研究尚不多见。有关各种气味对性成熟效应的比较的报道亦少。本文的目的在于通过实验方法,阐明种内的几种化学信息,诸如父本、陌生雄性、雌性、集群雌性、幼雌等几种气味,对幼雌小鼠性成熟的影响,并据此了解幼鼠识别这几种信息的能力。     

高寒小嵩草草原化草甸植物群落结构特征及其生物量

 小嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)草原化草甸的主要植物有35种,隶属11科,30属。小嵩草为优势种,次优势种有异针茅(Stipa alliena)、美丽风毛菊(Saussurea superba)、紫羊茅(Festuca rubra)等;生活型以地面芽植物为主(65.71%),其次为地下芽植物(34.29%);地上、地下部分生物量垂直分布呈典型的金字塔模式。地上、地下生物量主要分布在0—10cm冠层和土层中,分别占地上、地下总生物量的91.79%和90.43%。每个植物类群生物量季节变化可由Logostic模型表示：Wi=ki/[1+exp(Ai-Bit)] 枯枝落叶生物量变化呈“V”型曲线。 在生长季各类群生物量绝对增长速率具明显的差异,平均每天每平方米可生产干物质2.79g,年地上净生产量为368.4g／m2。所固定太阳能值为6655.16kJ／m2,其中莎草类占35.10%,禾草类占23.33%,杂类草占34.15%,枯枝落叶占7.42%。光能利用率为0.1097%。     

雌百灵端脑新生神经前体细胞的产生和分布并与白腰文鸟的比较

用BrdU标记DNA的ABC免疫细胞化学方法,观察雌性蒙古百灵端脑神经前体细胞的产生和分布特点,并与白腰文鸟作比较。结果如下:1.在百灵和白腰文鸟胸肌注射BrdU短时程组(存活1天),在端脑室带区外侧壁(LVZ)有大量的标记细胞,新生神经细胞起源于端脑室带区(VZ)中的增殖细胞层,并在纹状体腹侧的VZ形成标记细胞增殖热点,如在百灵和白腰文鸟靠近中缝线处的外侧纹状体(LSt)与内侧纹状体(MSt)腹侧的LVZ形成标记最多的‘第1增殖热点’区;在靠近中缝线处LVZ的头端形成密集的新生标记细胞,形成‘第2增殖热点’区;在百灵LSt尾端的LVZ标记细胞形成‘第3增殖热点’,但白腰文鸟此脑区的标记细胞较少。2.在百灵胸肌注射BrdU长时程组中5天起,大量的LVZ的标记细胞开始迁移,存活5-30天期间在高级发声中枢(HVc)和高位发声运动中枢-古纹状体栎核(RA)有新生标记细胞,在端脑靠近LVZ的区域有较多的标记细胞。但在雌性白腰文鸟胸肌注射BrdU存活30天期间,在HVC、RA内未见到标记细胞。结果提示雌百灵端脑HVc和RA不断地产生新生神经细胞,这可能与雌性需要不断地感知、识别雄百灵鸣唱的新语句有关,而白腰文鸟不需要这种功能。     

GENERAL ACCOUNTS ON THE OÖCYTE GROWTH AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF VITELLOGENIN BY MEANS OF IMMUNOSPECIFICITY IN THE COCKROACH, BLATTELLA GERMANICA (L.)

The female Blattella germanica pushes out an oötheca 11 days after adult ecdysis and carries it for about 25 days until nymphs hatch out. The terminal oöcyte begins to accumulate yolk abruptly 4 or 5 days after adult ecdysis and grows fully on day 10 when its volume reaches 180 times as compared to that at adult ecdysis.
Vitellogenin, the vitellogenic female-specific protein, was identified by immunoelectrophoresis and Ouchterlony's test. Fluctuation of vitellogenin in the blood, ovary and embryo at various stages was analyzed. Vitellogenin appears in the female blood 3 or 4 days after adult ecdysis and disappears soon after terminal oöcytes have been released to an oötheca. In the ovary, it appears 4 or 5 days after adult ecdysis and disappears when terminal oöcytes leave the ovary. It remains in embryos until shortly before hatching, but is absent in newly hatched nymphs.     

Influence of photoperiod on the seasonal pattern of secretion of luteinizing hormone and testosterone and on the antler cycle in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus).

Annual variations in concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone in plasma were analysed in relation to the antler cycle in six adult male roe deer exposed to a natural photoperiod (latitude 46 degrees 10'N) and in four adult males maintained in a constant short-day photoperiod (8 h light: 16 h dark) for a year, from the winter solstice at which time both groups of animals had antlers in velvet. The animals were sampled, every 15 min for 2 or 4 h at intervals of one month for a year. Under both natural and experimental conditions, LH concentrations were high from January to March, but in the experimental conditions they decreased between April and May-June, whereas in the natural conditions they increased. Plasma LH concentration was lowest between July and November in animals under natural photoperiod, whereas under 8 h light:16 h dark photoperiod a second increase in plasma LH occurred between August and September. Between March and August, concentrations of plasma testosterone increased under natural photoperiod, whereas under experimental photoperiod there was a biphasic pattern of plasma testosterone with peaks between February and May and between September and November. Under natural photoperiod, antlers were cast in November, 369 +/- 6 days after the previous antlers were cast. Under experimental photoperiod, antlers were cast after 193 +/- 10 days, and a new set developed. The sexual cycle of the male appears to be initiated by an endogenous rhythm in winter and is then maintained by hormonal changes resulting from increasing photoperiod in spring.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

THE INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIOD AND EXOGENOUS NITROGEN-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES OF THE LIVERWORT CEPHALOZIA MEDIA

The effects of photoperiod and a number of metabolites (inorganic nitrogenous compounds, amino acids, and growth substances) on reproductive differentiation in the leafy liverwort Cephalozia media Lindb. were studied under axenic conditions. The increase or decrease in the number of branches bearing localized reproductive structures was used to determine the influence of the experimental variables on the regulation of both asexual and sexual phases of reproductivity (production of gemmae and gametangia). Within the context of photoperiodic control, the magnitude of the normal reproductive response was significantly stimulated or inhibited by low concentrations of certain amino acids or kinetin. Certain metabolites (10^-6M concentrations of arginine, cysteine, tryptophan plus kinetin) were able to overcome photoperiodic control of the reproductive response. Generally, organic compounds which stimulated asexual reproductivity under short photoperiod inhibited sexual reproductivity under long photoperiod. Exogenous inorganic nitrogen did not significantly affect the asexual or sexual reproductive response.     

EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND VERNALIZATION ON THE NUMBER OF LEAVES AT FLOWERING IN 32 ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA (BRASSICACEAE) ECOTYPES

The extent of natural variation among wild type Arabidopsis thaliana L. Heynh for response to environmental stimuli that affect flowering is poorly documented. The effects of photoperiod and vernalization on the number of rosette leaves at the time of anthesis was measured for 32 Arabidopsis ecotypes. All ecotypes were vernalized 24 days at 4 C under continuous illumination. Vernalized and nonvernalized plants were transplanted into 8- (short-day) and 20-hour (long-day) photoperiods in controlled environment growth chambers. Two ecotypes failed to flower after 110 days. Mean leaf number was less for all ecotypes under long day compared to short day. Sixteen ecotypes responded to vernalization; eight had reduced leaf number regardless of photoperiod, and eight had reduced leaf number only under short day. Two ecotypes required vernalization to flower in this study. For three ecotypes, vernalization and short day resulted in a reduction in leaf number whereas vernalization and long day resulted in increased leaf number. Documentation of the effects and interactions of photoperiod and vernalization across many ecotypes provides a broader range of described natural variation for genetic and physiologic study.