福建漳江口红树林区秋茄幼苗生长动态

通过福建漳江口红树林自然保护区内8个样方24个小样方人工种植600个秋茄胚轴,在3a时间内对秋茄胚轴建立、幼苗生长以及环境因子进行定期观测。研究结果表明：林缘空地的秋茄生长状况良好,白骨壤林内最不利于秋茄幼苗的生长。潮位、盐度、底质土壤理化因子不是造成该样地各样方间秋茄幼苗生长差异的主要原因。动物取食、光照状况以及种间竞争是限制秋茄生长的主要环境因子。秋茄胚轴在长根前易于随潮水漂走,底质土壤中自骨壤致密的根系抑制了秋茄胚轴的定植,导致白骨壤林内秋茄幼苗漂走的数量最多。昆虫和螃蟹等动物的取食是导致林内已经固着生长的秋茄幼苗大量死亡的最主要原因,而林外被取食的幼苗个体极少。此后秋茄幼苗能否继续成长,主要取决于幼苗所接受到的光照条件。3a后,在荫蔽的树冠下,秋茄幼苗无法存活;而在林外,秋茄幼苗已经长成幼树。在林外滩涂上迅速生长的互花米草,也将影响秋茄幼苗的更新和生长。     

The growth of Kandelia candel seedlings in mangrove habitats of the Zhangjiang estuary in Fujian, China

Propagules of Kandelia candel collected from the Zhangjiang estuary were planted in mangrove habitats along the intertidal gradient. The rooting rates of K. candel propagules varied spatially. The lowest rate occurred in Avicennia marina forest (69.7%). The rates were higher in K. candel forest (90.0%), at the fringe of the mangrove forest (89.3%) and on the bare tidal flat outside the mangrove forest (82.7%). After one year, the survival rates of seedlings planted under A. marina forest, K. candel forest, at the fringe of the mangrove forest, and on the bare tidal flat were 13.7%, 54.7%, 76.0%, and 34.7%, respectively. Among the surviving K. candel seedlings, those at the fringe of the mangrove forest and on the bare tidal flat had greater height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf area, and biomass than those under A. marina and K. candel forests. These results demonstrated that establishment and growth of K. candel seedlings occurred successfully at the fringe of the mangrove forest, but were the worst under A. marina forest. The performance of K. candel seedlings was independent of physico-chemical characters of sediment. However, interspecies competition, propagule predation by insects and crabs, and the incident light had significant effects on seedling survival and growth.     

土壤结构与光照水平对秋茄某些生长和生理参数的影响

在香港的３个红树森样地即黄竹湾（沙土）、西径（沙壤土）和米埔（粘壤土）进行了土壤结构对秋茄（Kandelia candel(L.)Durce)生长和生理影响的研究,并在米埔比较了林内和林外秋茄幼苗的生长和生理参数以观察光照水平的效应。在沙土和沙壤土生长的１．５年秋茄幼苗比粘壤土具有较粗的基径的较高的总生物量,说明秋茄幼苗在沙土和沙壤土中比在粘壤土中生长更好。沙土１．５ 茄幼苗的叶片厚度分别为沙壤土和粘壤土的１．７５和２．０５倍,表明沙土中的秋茄幼苗具有旱生结构以维持体内水分。然而,沙土和沙壤土４．５年秋茄幼树的叶片厚度无显著差异,沙土和沙壤土中１．５年秋茄幼苗分配于根系的生物量比例约为５０％,高于粘壤土的值（约４０％）。沙土和沙壤土中１．５年的秋茄比粘壤土具有较低的叶绿素含量、根系活力、硝酸盐还原酶活性、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＸ）活性、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性及较高的丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量。米埔１．５年秋茄幼苗在红树林外比林内有更好的长势,具有更大的叶面积、特殊叶面积、叶片数量及生物量。林内幼苗具有较高叶绿素含量,较低叶绿素a/b比值,较高硝酸盐还原酶活性和较强的根系活力,林外幼苗的叶片ＰＯＸ和ＳＯＤ活性比林内的值稍高,ＭＤＡ含量比林内显著要高。     

厦门地区秋茄幼苗生长的宜林临界线探讨

2003年5月在厦门大屿岛白鹭自然保护区西面滩涂上试种秋茄幼苗,研究秋茄的宜林临界线.结果表明,滩涂高程为黄零0.99 m处,每个潮水周期的平均淹水时间高达8 h,幼苗成活率低于50%,生长缓慢,不适合用秋茄造林;在滩涂高程为黄零1.62 m处,秋茄幼苗成活率达90%,生物量积累最大,光合同化作用较高,生长良好,为厦门沿海秋茄的最适生长区;而在高程为黄零1.31 m处,秋茄幼苗仍能正常生长.故厦门地区秋茄造林的宜林临界线应不低于黄零1.31 m (即厦零4.55 m),平均每个潮水周期淹水不高于5.6 h.     

木榄和秋茄对水渍的生长与生理反应的比较研究

研究了不同水渍时间对两种红树植物木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza(L.)Lam)和秋茄(Kandelia candel(L.)Druce)的生长与生理的影响.随着淹水时     

Life history of Aulacaspis marina Takagi and Williams(Hom., Coccoidea), a new pest of mangrove plantations in Indonesia, and its damage to mangrove seedlings

Scale insects of a newly described species, Aulacaspis marina Takagi and Williams, have killed a large number of mangrove ( Rhizophora mucronata Lamk.) saplings planted in abandoned shrimp ponds on Bali island, Indonesia. The mean fecundity of A. marina was 141 eggs. The generation time of this species was between 34 and 42 days, based on four generations, suggesting that the species has nine to 10 generations a year on Bali island where the temperatures are seasonally constant. When crawlers of A. marina were transferred to potted seedlings of R. mucronata , they settled on all leaves of the seedlings. Newly expanded leaves were not infested by the first generation crawlers but were attacked by the following generations. The insect attack induced browning of the leaves and finally caused leaf fall; the leaves fell 25–159 days after the crawler transfer. Consequently, the seedlings died on average 128 (range 82–159) days after infestation. This suggests that once a large number of crawlers attack R. mucronata seedlings, A. marina can kill them within several months. When crawlers were transferred to potted seedlings of three mangrove species ( R. mucronata , Rhizophora apiculata Bl. and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza L.), which were the main species planted at the study site, the numbers that developed into adult females did not differ significantly among these species. This suggests that these mangrove species are almost equally susceptible to A. marina.     

福建亚热带红树林生态学的研究

福建亚热带红树林种类计有五科五属六种,即木榄、秋茄、海漆,老鼠簕、桐花树和白骨壤。主要群落类型有秋茄+木榄-桐花树群落、秋茄+桐花树群落、秋茄群落和白骨壤群落。秋茄高生长与土壤含氮量(%)的关系呈半对数线性正相关,回归公式为log y=0.9397+3.124x(y为树高、x为含氮量)。树高与土壤含盐量呈抛物线相关。红树林生态系统中,生物因子的作用是明显的。藤壶附着于叶面或树干上,严重危害秋茄生长发育。林下相手蟹等造穴活动,有利于林下土壤通气性。浒苔、颤藻等藻类繁殖,也会影响红树生长。引种栽培要选择适当的生境和适合本地的种类、才能保证较高的成活率。     

光照强度对8种红树植物幼苗生长和生物量分配的影响

选取无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala Buch-Ham.)、卤蕨(Acrostichum aureum Linn.)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum Blanco.)、老鼠簕(Acanthus ilicifolius Linn.)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Lam.)、秋茄(Kandelia candel Druce.)、银叶树(Heritiera littoralis Ait.)和黄槿(Hibiscus tiliaceus L.)为研究对象,通过遮荫控制实验,研究这8种红树植物幼苗在不同光照强度(自然光强的100%、45%、30%、10%)下的生长和生物量分配特征。结果表明:(1)遮荫对无瓣海桑幼苗相对生长速率、生物量积累、基径的增长和叶片数的增长均有显著的抑制作用;(2)桐花和老鼠簕在遮荫处理下生长状况较好,遮荫对桐花生长的影响不显著,对老鼠簕幼苗的生长则有一定的促进作用;(3)当光照强度降低时,无瓣海桑、秋茄、老鼠簕、桐花树的幼苗都对地上部分投入了更多的生物量,其中秋茄、老鼠簕和桐花树通过提高叶生物量来获取更大的光能捕获能力。研究结果表明,从对光照的生长适应角度来看,桐花、老鼠簕和卤蕨适宜种植在郁闭度较高的林下;秋茄适宜在郁闭度较低的林下种植;真红树无瓣海桑和木榄以及半红树黄槿和银叶树则不适合在林下种植。     

广西英罗湾红树植物幼苗矿质元素含量初步研究

木榄、秋茄、红海榄、白骨壤和桐花树幼苗是广西英罗湾红树林幼苗库中的主要成分。对这５种幼苗的Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｎａ和Ｃｌ进行了测定,结果表明：（１）Ｃｌ和Ｎａ的含量较高;（２）Ｃｌ和Ｎａ、Ｃｌ和Ｋ以及Ｎ和Ｐ含量之间存在着显著的相关性;（３）Ｎ的富集系数较高。     

广东湛江保护区红树林种群的生物量及其分布格局

本文研究了广东湛江红树林自然保护区高桥镇红寨村及德耀村海滩红树植物的种群分布格局与生物量。结果表明：５年生桐花树群落、白骨壤群落、秋茄群落、１０年生木榄群落、３０年生红海榄群落的总生物量分别为５５４７５ｇ／ｍ２、１６３７０１ｇ／ｍ２、６２６４４８ｇ／ｍ２、４１３８４３ｇ／ｍ２、９６１０２０ｇ／ｍ２;其中地下部分生物量占总生物量的比例依次为３２２８％、４５４５％、４１３１％、２９８５％和２８２９％。计算得Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ物种多样性指数为２２３２。种群的分布格局中桐花树、白骨壤、红海榄和秋茄种群为集群分布,而木榄种群为随机分布。     

广西西端海岸四种红树植物天然种群生境高程

在广西防城港市东湾渔洲坪、石角、交东3个样地平行海面方向共设置18条剖面对4种红树植物白骨壤(Avicenniamarina)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)、秋茄(Kandelia obovata)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorhiza)在沿海滩涂生长带高程测量和群落调查。调查结果表明:由于人类活动造成东湾渔洲坪和交东两个样地的坡度变化较大,分别从-0.37变化为-0.05和-0.72变化为-0.10,而地处北仑河口保护区内的石角样地受到保护,没有人为因素的影响,坡度从-0.23变化为-0.10变化不大。石角和交东两个样地中的桐花树集中出现在高程15至40 cm和33至36 cm范围内;秋茄集中出现在高程43至60 cm和37至51cm范围内;木榄集中出现在高程94至106 cm和111至119 cm范围内。所有样地中的白骨壤在高程60至80 cm范围内,树高最高达到220 cm,且分布密集;桐花树在高程20至40 cm范围内,树高最高达到200 cm,且分布密集;秋茄在高程40至80 cm范围内,树高最高达到200 cm,且分布密集;木榄在高程60至100 cm范围内,且分布密集,树高最高达280 cm。通过对各样地剖面上红树植物种类出现频度的分析和林木高度的测量,4种红树植物天然林临界滩涂高程分别为:桐花树为-7 cm;秋茄为+33 cm;白骨壤为+23和+26 cm;木榄为+44 cm。对应的浸淹时间分别为8.5、7.0、7.0、6.0h。在石角和交东分别有30.0%和56.7%的桐花树分布于平均海平面以下,秋茄也能分布在此高程下,平均株高也达1.75 m。根据现场实际调查结果,桐花树、秋茄可以大量生存在平均海平面以下的滩涂上。     

深圳福田两种红树林植物叶片分解研究

利用分解袋法研究两种红树林植物(秋茄、桐花)叶片在野外实地分解过程中的干物质和有机C、N、P变化情况.结果表明,秋茄叶片野外分解的速度要比桐花叶片快得多,初始非灰分物质干重(AFDW)损失一半所需的时间秋茄为12d,桐花35d左右.分解开始后,两种叶片的N含量均迅速上升,到达峰值后逐渐下降;而P含量则先略为下降,之后慢慢回升;叶片有机C含量则始终保持在相对较为稳定的水平上.试验的结果还表明,桐花叶片在红树林系统内沿潮汐梯度的不同滩面位置上分解时,各地点的分解速率间无显著差异.     

人工生境条件下几种红树植物的净初级生产力比较研究

选择3种红树植物海桑(Sonneratia caseolaris)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)和桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum),每种分别按45%、30%和15%的面积比例种植于滩涂海水养殖塘.种植后连续2年对红树植物进行生态监测.结果表明,海桑增高457.0cm,基径增加86.1mm,成活率92.9%;桐花树高、基径分别增长2.1cm和36.5mm,成活率93.9%;秋茄成活率44.7%,增高20.4cm、基径增加2.4mm,说明在不受自然潮汐影响的人工生境条件下,海桑和桐花树对环境的适应能力强,生长较好,秋茄的生长适应性较差.据不同时期树高、基径与干、枝、叶、根的生物量,求得植物各器官生物量与树高、基径的回归方程,分析了3种红树植物的生物量与净初级生产力.海桑单位面积生物量5597.8g·m^-2,桐花树962.5g·m^-2,秋茄66.0g·m^-2.生物量在植物各器官的分配按大小排序,海桑为树干＞树枝＞树根＞树叶;桐花树为树叶＞树枝＞树干＞树根;秋茄为树干＞树根＞树叶＞树枝.单位面积净初级生产力海桑为7051.5g·m^-2,桐花树1105.8g·m^-2,秋茄93.0g·m^-2.高生产力伴随高归还量,凋落物归还量占净初级生产力的比重为海桑20.5%、桐花树15.4%、秋茄7.%.     

强潮差海域秋茄生长的宜林临界线

以国内最大潮差值的乐清湾西门岛海域为研究地点,选定黄零为1.96、1.66、1.35和1.03 m 4个高程断面,对各高程上1年生和3年生秋茄(Kandelia candel)幼苗的成活率、生长指标以及污损生物（藤壶）等因子进行了统计分析.结果表明：不同高程内,1年生和3年生秋茄幼苗的生长存在显著性差异;秋茄幼林植株上附生有白脊藤壶(Balanus albicostatus)和纹藤壶(Balanus amphitrite amphitrite)2种藤壶,其中优势种白脊藤壶在黄零1.35 m的高程对秋茄的污损最为严重.西门岛秋茄的宜林线为黄零1.66 m,即不低于当地平均海平面以上1.29 m、每个潮水周期平均淹水时间小于3.65 h的潮滩.藤壶、强潮和极端天气是该地区秋茄宜林线明显高于当地平均海平面的主要原因.     

Growth and respiration in two mangrove species at a range of salinities

Growth and dark respiration rates were measured in leaves and roots of seedlings of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh, (grey mangrove), and Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco (river mangrove). Plants were grown in a soil mixture at ambient temperatures and watered with 0.25 and 100% sea-water. Oxygen uptake was measured in excised root and leaf samples. In both species growth was maximal in 25% sea-water, and root respiration was lowest in 100% sea-water. Differences were found between the two species in the responses of leaf respiration to salinity. In A. corniculatum leaf respiration was raised in both 25 and 100% sea-water, while in A. marina only leaves in 100% sea-water showed higher rates of respiration. These results are consistent with the view that A. marina is the more salt-tolerant of the two species. In A. corniculatum the respiration rates of the hypocotyl were also measured, and were much higher in 100% sea-water than in the other two treatments. The results suggest that at high salinities there is a high metabolic cost in the shoots of both species, and that at such salinities rates of root respiration may be limited by the supply of substrate from the shoots.     

红树植物叶片总RNA提取方法比较与优化

分别采用三种植物RNA提取试剂盒、改良的CTAB-LiCl法和CTAB-异丙醇法五种方法提取四种红树植物叶片总RNA,并用紫外光谱、琼脂糖凝胶电泳、cDNA合成和real-time PCR等手段对提取效果进行鉴定.反复试验表明:五种方法对白骨壤Aricennia marina叶片总RNA提取均有良好的效果.Tiangen RNA提取试剂能够成功提取秋茄Kandelia candel、桐花树Aegiceras corniculatum、白骨壤的总RNA,提取的木榄Bruguiera gymnorrhiza总RNA浓度低、杂质较多,且稳定性较差,在对该方法改良后则能够成功提取木榄的总RNA.Invitrogen试剂盒对木榄和秋茄叶片均有良好的提取效果,但是对桐花树提取的RNA易受到蛋白的污染.CTAB-LiCl法和CTAB-异丙醇法提取的RNA总产量偏低,提取时间较长,且实时定量结果表明,两种方法反转录效率较试剂盒方法也偏低.     

泉州湾河口湿地主要红树植物叶面积测算

植物叶面积的测算对于评价生态系统初级生产力具有重要意义.本研究分别选用“最大叶长”、“最大叶宽”以及“最大叶长×最大叶宽”等指标,利用不同类型的线性或非线性回归方程,对泉州湾河口湿地主要红树植物秋茄、桐花树和白骨壤的叶面积进行测算,从而确定各自最佳拟合回归方程.结果表明:二元非线性回归方程Y=0.7297X10.8698 X2.11600、幂指数方程Y=0.9740X0.9634和Y=0.7773X 0.9954分别为秋茄、桐花树和白骨壤叶面积的最佳拟合回归方程.进一步的0-1回归检验和相对误差值分析显示,以上回归方程均能精确地估算各自的叶面积,其中,白骨壤叶面积测算更为精确.     

重金属镉对红树植物白骨壤和桐花树幼苗生理特性的影响

通过砂泥栽培实验研究了红树植物桐花树和白骨壤幼苗在含Cd 0.6～30 mmol·L~(-1)系列海水培养液中某些生理特性的变化。当培养液中Cd浓度为0.6 mmol·L~(-1)时桐花树和白骨壤幼苗生长正常,叶绿素含量和光合速率变化不大。当高于12 mmol·L~(-1)时,除桐花树和白骨壤幼苗除POD酶活性越来越高之外,叶绿素含量、光合速率、SOD、CAT酶活性均不断减弱,而且浓度愈高,这些指标下降愈大。结果表明Cd对红树植物桐花树和白骨壤幼苗具有毒害作用,Cd浓度愈高对其毒害愈严重,两种红树植物比较,桐花树抗重金属镉毒害的能力大于白骨壤。     

2008年南方低温对我国红树植物的破坏作用

2008年初, 我国南方19个省经历了50年一遇的持续低温雨雪冰冻天气。极端气候对华南沿海各省的红树林区造成不同程度的危害。2008年3月, 在我国南方各省红树林区的10个代表性地点, 对这次寒害造成的红树植物伤害程度进行了系统的调查。结果表明: 冬季低温对红树林的影响极为显著, 特别是在低纬度的海南、广西和广东湛江, 由于极端低温正值夜间退潮, 对红树林的影响更为显著; 在纬度较高的福建, 本地红树种类秋茄(Kandelia obovata)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)和白骨壤(Avicennia marina)及引种的木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)等, 由于长期适应于冬季较低的气温或在种植前经过抗寒锻炼, 具有较强的抗寒能力。各地主要红树植物中, 广布种秋茄、桐花树和白骨壤最为耐寒, 其耐寒性均大于红树科的木榄、海莲(Bruguiera sexangula)和红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)。海桑(Sonneratia caseolaris)对温度的敏感性最强, 抗寒能力最低, 因此, 即使在其原产地海南也受到较为严重的寒害, 在纬度更高的引种地出现大面积受害甚至全部死亡, 而从孟加拉国引种的无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)却显示出一定的抗寒能力。同一地点的红树植物幼苗的抗寒能力低于大树。此次寒害也造成了苗圃场的种苗大量死亡, 成熟的植株提前落花落果, 这势必会影响后继一两年内红树林的自然更新和人工造林。因此, 在未来红树林造林或人工引种中, 一定要考虑到红树植物的抗寒能力。     

Seedling survivorship,growth, and response to disturbance in Belizean mangal

Species zonation patterns across tidal gradients in mangrove forests are formed by successful seedling establishment and maintained by replacement of adults by conspecific seedlings. These two processes rarely have been examined experimentally in neotropical mangal. We studied survivorship and growth of seedlings of two species of mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L. and Avicennia germinans (L.) Steam, across a tidal gradient in Belize, Central America. Propagules of each species were planted in common gardens at tidal elevations corresponding to lowest low water (LLW), mean water (MW), and highest high water (HHW). Sixty-nine percent of Rhizophora seedlings planted at MW and 56% of those planted at LLW survived 1 year. Forty-seven percent of MW Avicennia seedlings also survived 1 year. No individuals of either species survived at HHW, and neither did any LLW Avicennia seedlings. Among the surviving Rhizophora seedlings, LLW seedlings grew more rapidly in terms of height, diameter, leaf production, and biomass than did MW seedlings. Insect herbivory was twice as high on MW seedlings as on LLW Rhizophora seedlings. We also examined the response of established Rhizophora seedlings to experimental removal of the adult Rhizophora canopy. Seedlings in canopy removal areas had higher survivorship, grew twice as fast, produced more leaves, and had less than half the herbivory of seedlings growing beneath an intact canopy. These results provide insights into underlying causes and maintenance of zonation in Caribbean mangrove forests.