灭幼脲对粘虫不育作用的机理

通过一系列组织学观察和生物化学测定,研究了灭幼脲在粘虫Mythimna seporata(Walkcr)雌蛾体内及其所产卵内的作用及影响。 灭幼脲(50ppm)经雌蛾连续取食后,卵巢中DNA、RNA的合成及卵巢对血淋巴中蛋白质的吸取均被促进, 卵巢细胞核中DNA、RNA及蛋白质的含量均比正常雌蛾增加,卵巢发育及卵子形成亦被促进,产卵量正常。粘虫生殖系统未受灭幼脲的抑制。胚胎发育阶段细胞核及线粒体中DNA的含量均因雌蛾取食灭幼脲而降低,但胚胎发育并不中断,幼虫分化可达黑头期。灭幼脲导致粘虫所产卵不能孵化的主要原因在于幼虫分化过程中体壁及气管系统的形成受到严重抑制。体壁皮细胞缩小呈扁平形,无细胞核,连成线状,有断裂;原表皮缺乏或极薄。虫体内无气管分布。幼虫死于卵壳内。灭幼脲的不育作用和直接杀卵作用实质上都是对正在分化幼虫中几丁质合成的抑制。本文对灭幼脲的毒理机制进行了讨论。     

三种几丁质合成抑制剂对意大利蝗的防治研究

本文用3种几丁质合成抑制剂卡死克、噻嗪酮和灭幼脲对意大利蝗Calliptatmnus italicus(L.)卵和3龄蝗蝻进行药剂试验.实验结果显示卡死克对意大利蝗药效最高:LC50、LC90分别为1.34、14.17 mg/L.灭幼脲次之LC50、LC90分别为2.09、45.22 mg/L.灭幼脲和卡死克在50 m...     

灭幼脲对锈色粒肩天牛成虫生殖系统及取食产卵的影响

锈色粒肩天牛Apriona swainsoni Hope是我国重要绿化树种国槐Sophorajaponica的最严重的蛀干害虫,成虫期啃食国槐嫩枝补充营养。本研究用不同浓度灭幼脲处理的国槐枝条饲养锈色粒肩天牛成虫,结果表明,不同浓度的灭幼脲处理对该天牛雌、雄性成虫的取食量、产卵量的影响差异不显著,但对卵的孵化有显著的抑制作用,卵孵化抑制率最高可达76.32%。解剖发现浓度为0.20mg/g的灭幼脲能够干扰锈色粒肩天牛成虫内生殖系统的正常生长及发育,表现出一系列病变反应。     

小地老虎及粘虫幼虫对灭幼脲表现自然耐药力的体壁结构和生化基础

小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon rottem.幼虫对灭幼脲具有一定的自然耐药力。本文以粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)作为敏感性虫种与之进行比较,实验结果表明,灭幼脲对两种试虫的室内毒力相差4倍左右,引起差异的原因,在体壁结构方面主要在于:(1)小地老虎幼虫的表皮层较粘虫的厚4.2倍左右;(2)上表皮不是匀质结构,依靠少数蜡道与体表沟通;(3)几丁质片层内的孔道数较少,仅及粘虫的1/4。由此构成了表皮对疏水性的灭幼脲表现抗穿透的性能。小地老虎幼虫体壁还含有较强的生化防卫体系,灭幼脲对多功能氧化酶、芳基酰胺酶有明显激活效应,这两种酶都是灭幼脲的降解酶。由此认为,小地老虎幼虫对灭幼脲所表现的自然耐药力,是由体壁的抗穿透性能以及由灭幼脲所激活的适应酶所造成。     

几种几丁质合成抑制剂对棉铃虫生物活性的研究

几种几丁质合成抑制剂对棉铃虫Heliothis armigera(Hǖbner)生物活性的室内研究结果表明:以IKI-7899和昆调1055饲喂棉铃虫成虫能降低其产卵的孵化率,但对其寿命和产卵量均无影响.以IKI-7899浸卵,125ppm的浓度即可致使处理卵孵化出的幼虫在二、三龄前死亡50%以上.IKI-7899和昆调1055对棉铃虫幼虫的触杀毒力均高于其胃毒毒力,并表现较高的生物活性,而灭幼脲Ⅰ号和苏脲Ⅰ号的活性极低.以含毒人工饲料饲喂幼虫两天,IKI-7899、昆调1055和灭幼脲Ⅰ号的毒力值均比饲喂一天的高5倍以上;而连续饲喂至化蛹期的毒力值比饲喂一天的高50倍以上.     

阿维灭幼脲对马尾松毛虫幼虫的毒力测定

运用阿维灭幼脲生物复合剂对3-4龄的马尾松毛虫幼虫进行毒力测定,用机率分析法求得马尾松毛虫的死亡率与阿维灭幼脲剂量对数—机率直线,建立毒力回归线。研究表明,25%阿维灭幼脲悬浮剂对3-4龄幼虫的致死中稀释浓度为49.6倍液,即LC50=5.04 mg.L-1;阿维灭幼脲悬浮剂与尿素混合剂对3-4龄的致死中稀释浓度为52.5倍液,即LC50=4.76 mg.L-1;25%阿维灭幼脲悬浮剂10倍稀释液对3-4龄马尾松毛虫幼虫的LT50为0.57 d,到50倍稀释液时LT50为7.35 d;25%阿维灭幼脲悬浮剂与尿素混合剂10倍稀释液对3-4龄马尾松毛虫幼虫的LT50为0.71 d,到50倍稀释液时LT为6.13 d,随着浓度稀释倍数的增加,致死中时间延长。研究结果可为今后马尾松毛虫的林间防治提供科学依据。     

抑太保对亚洲玉米螟表皮酚氧化酶及几丁质酶活力的影响

采用饲喂法,抑太保(Atabron,IKI-7899)对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis幼虫的LC₅₀约是灭幼脲Ⅰ号的1/10.体内和体外实验表明,抑太保及灭幼脲Ⅰ号均能导致幼虫表皮酚氧化酶及几丁质酶活力显著增高.与对照相比,饲喂抑太保及灭幼脲Ⅰ号,五龄幼虫表皮酚氧化酶活力分别增长276.00%和28.00%、几丁质酶活力分别增长42.25%和13.62%;腹腔注射抑太保及灭幼脲Ⅰ号,五龄幼虫表皮酚氧化酶活力分别增长74.86%和37.98%、几丁质酶活力分别增长68.18%和28.86%.我们认为,酚氧化酶及几丁质酶活力的增高应是抑太保及灭幼脲Ⅰ号导致玉米螟死亡的重要原因.     

灭幼脲Ⅲ号在好气水环境中的降解代谢的初步研究

本文研究了新农药灭幼脲Ⅲ号在好气水环境中的降解与代谢。在避光条件下,观察了灭菌组与实验组中灭幼脲Ⅲ号及其主要代谢产物的消长过程,比较了它的化学水解与微生物降解的差异。在室内模拟好气系统中,研究了母体化合物在水体中的残留动态和生物降解半衰期,及其初期主要代谢途径的转化产物,同时分别用高效液相色谱法,紫外吸收光谱扫描,以及特征有机质谱图,对灭幼脲Ⅲ号的两种主要代谢产物进行了定性定量测定。结果表明:灭幼脲Ⅲ号在室内好气环境中较易水解,而且水中微生物的存在能加速它的降解,母体化合物在水体中初期代谢主要途径为分子中的苯甲酰碳与脲氮键首先开裂,生成邻氯苯甲酸(CBA)和对氯苯基脲素(CPU)。     

灭幼脲对4种真菌菌丝生长的影响

研究了杀灭鳞翅目类害虫的农药灭幼脲对镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.)、疣孢漆斑霉(Myrothecium verrucaria)、粉红黏帚菌(Gliocladium roseum)和蛹虫草(Cordyceps militaris)4种真菌菌丝生长的影响。将灭幼脲按一定的浓度梯度加入到PDA培养基中,接菌后采用十字交叉法每7 d测量1次菌落直径,并计算抑制率,当空白组长满培养皿时终止测量。试验结果表明:灭幼脲对4种真菌菌丝生长有明显的抑制作用,且不同浓度的灭幼脲对不同真菌菌丝的生长影响程度不同。当灭幼脲浓度为800 mg/L时,对镰刀菌和疣孢漆斑霉的抑制率均为100%;对粉红黏帚菌的抑制率为95.24%;对蛹虫草的抑制率为99.49%。由此表明灭幼脲不仅能杀灭鳞翅目类的害虫,且对真菌菌丝的生长也起到一定的抑制作用。     

三种仿生不育剂对栗山天牛成虫的不育效应

为筛选出防治栗山天牛Massicus raddei (Blessig)成虫的不育剂,本研究利用灭幼脲Ⅲ号、除虫脲和杀铃脲3种仿生制剂分别稀释500倍、1000倍、1500倍、2000倍、3000倍和4000倍等6种浓度进行处理,对其成虫进行了不育性试验.结果表明,这3种不育剂不同处理在雌雄虫寿命、产卵量和产卵期、子代卵...     

粘虫的胚胎发育

粘虫(Mythimna separata)胚胎发育经过卵裂及胚盘形成、胚带及原肠发生、胚带分节及附肢形成、体壁形成及背向闭合、胚胎反转和器官发生与形成6个时期。粘虫卵在25℃,胚胎发育至12h,胚带呈新月形或“C”字形。随着原肠发生,首先出现口陷与肛陷,与此同时,胚带逐渐伸长并开始分节。胚胎发育至32h,胚带头尾相接并呈波浪形弯曲,在胚胎反转前,胚胎发育至42h,前肠、后肠及马氏管已经形成。胚胎发育至54h时,胚动完成之 后,中肠才明显可见。同时将大量卵黄包围起来。神经系统的发生与气管形成始于原肠发生之后,至胚胎反转之前,神经节索才出现,随着胚动发生,神经节体积不断增大,腹神经索逐渐形成,纵走气管明显可见。     

非洲爪蟾孵化酶分子对卵黄膜作用方式的研究

非洲爪蟾的孵化液对卵黄膜和二甲基酷蛋白具有降妥活性。用非洲爪蟾孵化酶的特异性抗ＧＳＴ－ＵＶ．２抗体进行Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ杂交的结果表明,孵化液中出现一种分子量为６０ｋＤ的大组分,有时也会出现一种分子量为４０ｋＤ的小组分。     

非洲爪蟾两种卵化酶分子对卵黄膜作用机制的探讨

在分离纯化非洲爪蟾孵化酶时,得到了６０ＫＤ和４０ＫＤ两种分子,用卵化酶的特异性抗ＧＳＴ－ＵＶＳ．２抗体进行Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ杂交的结果证明二者均为孵化酶分子。６０ｋＤ分子很不稳定,在纯化过程中极易降解活性４０ＫＤ分子可能是由６０ＫＤ分子经过降解或自身降解丢失了两个ＣＵＢ重复区而形成的,而ＣＵＢ重复区很可能在对受精膜分子结构的修饰或改造中具有重要作用,在进一步验证其蛋白酶活性和生物活性时,发现二者几乎具     

THE BREEDING OF CORY'S SHEARWATER CALONECTRIS DIOMEDEA ON THE SALVAGE ISLANDS

The breeding of Cory's Shearwater on Selvagem Grande was studied during the seasons of 1968 and 1969, on a number of specially timed visits. After a pre-laying exodus (duration not determined) the birds returned in a mass to the island on 26 May 1969 and laying began immediately reaching its peak on 31 May. Egg dimensions and weights are tabulated. In most cases the female handed over to the male immediately after laying, and the two sexes incubated in alternating spells averaging about six days. The incubation period averaged 53-8 days. The chicks reached their maximum weight at about 53 days, but the fledging period was not determined. In 1968 young birds were leaving the nest on 22–25 October, about 90 days after the 1969 mean hatching date. Herring Gulls were important egg predators, but losses of chicks were few, 29 out of a sample of 30 being alive at the age of about 60 days.     

THE EFFECT OF EGG WEIGHT ON THE SUBSEQUENT GROWTH OF NESTLING GREAT TITS PARUS MAJOR

Eggs of known fresh weight were removed from Great Tit nests shortly before hatching and artificially incubated. Four to eight chicks were returned to each nest-box on their hatching day and reared by foster parents. The effect of egg weight on subsequent growth was studied for 81 nestlings (13 broods), 50 of them (8 broods) up to the 17th day.
Hatching success of 275 eggs in the incubator was 67·6% and was not correlated with egg weight.
Egg weight had a significant effect on nestling weight up to the 14th day. Young hatched from lighter eggs grew more slowly at the beginning, but recovered before fledging. Mortality after fledging seemed not to be influenced by egg weight.
Maximum weight (mean 19 g) was attained between the 12th and the 17th day and was positively correlated with egg weight.
The effect of brood-size (small in the experiments) on growth increased significantly with age. The range of egg weight for a nest had a significant effect on growth at the beginning, but a small and not significant effect after the 10th day.
The growth of each brood on any particular day was expressed as a deviation from mean growth. These growth deviations, plotted against date, were similar in all nests and were not correlated with any weather data.
The fledging success of 260 early broods was independent of egg weight, but it was positively correlated with egg weight in 78 late broods (data from 1965–71).
The ecological importance of egg weight at different times of the breeding season is discussed.     

AN ACCOUNT OF THE HATCHING STRATEGIES OF BIRDS

1. Three basic hatching methods are described together with one subsidiary method. The symmetrical method is characterized by rotation of the chick in the egg during hatching climax; a line of damage around the circumference of the egg is evident at the beginning of a pushing phase which causes a fairly symmetrical cap to be broken from the shell. The asymmetrical method is used by a few long-billed species; it involves little or no rotation of the chick in the egg, and produces asymmetrical shell remains. The megapodes have developed a unique hatching method in response to their unusual incubation conditions. Parental assistance has been observed in some species, but only as an auxiliary to either the symmetrical or asymmetrical method. Approximately 150 species have been categorized according to the hatching method(s) they use. 2. Among those species adopting the symmetrical method, there is considerable variability as to how far the chick turns in the egg during hatching climax. On this basis, a spectrum of behaviour, expressed in terms of angle of rotation (θ), has been proposed. At one end lie species such as the bobwhite quail and little owl (θ≥ 360°), and at the other, the ostrich and rhea (θ≤ 90°). 3. The theory that, with the exception of the megapodes, there is only one basic hatching method is examined. The tenets of this theory are found to be inconsistent with recent observations of species differences in hatching behaviour. It is concluded that hatching behaviour is governed by an intrinsic species-specific programme, in turn influenced by mechanical or other external factors. 4. The literature contains several suggestions as to the external factors that might influence hatching technique, but only one detailed investigation. It is proposed that interspecific differences in the mechanical properties of the egg integument (the shell and its underlying membranes) can be regarded as forming a spectrum from very brittle to comparatively tough. The amount of climax rotation by the chick is seen as an adaptive response to brittleness or toughness of the egg integument. The hatching technique of the chick is further modified as a response to the effect of moisture content on the integument. 5. The selective pressures leading to the evolution of the symmetrical and asymmetrical hatching methods are discussed. The previous model for the development of the asymmetrical method is amended to account for those species of gull which may adopt either method.     

NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF THE CAPE L'AGULHAS REGION

Gargett, V. 1982. Synchronous hatching and the Cain and Abel struggle in the Black Eagle. Ostrich 53:147-150.

An experiment was conducted to cause two Black Eagle Aquila verrreauxii chicks to hatch synchronously. There was ample food on the nest and the female offered it to both chicks, but the smaller chick, from the smaller second-laid egg, died. The greater reach of the chick from the first-laid egg enabled it to obtain more of the food offered, so that it gained weight. Its greater mass then enabled it to prevent its sibling from taking food. Both chicks showed aggression, but that of the heavier chick was more effective.     

VARIABILITY OF EGG CANNIBALISM IN THE LAND SNAIL HELIX ASPERSA IN RELATION TO THE NUMBER OF EGGS AVAILABLE AND THE PRESENCE OF SOIL

Egg cannibalism by hatchlings has been demonstrated in somepulmonate land snails; this behaviour is promoted by a highhatching asynchrony within the egg-batch. Under laboratory conditions,the percentage of new-born snails Helix aspersa having cannibalisedunhatched eggs was not influenced by the soil factor: about70% of them ingested one egg within their first four days oflife whether soil was present or not. The propensity to eggcannibalism in hatchlings of H. aspersa increased with egg density.However, most of the new-born hatchlings consumed a single eggduring the four days following hatching, and only exceptionallytwo. The consumption of one egg increased the snails wet weightby 38.7% within four days. A weak ingestion of soil componentsalso occurred, but it induced a growth that was three-timesless than that due to the consumption of an egg. In addition,the survival of newly hatched snails maintained under non-dehydratingthermohygrometric conditions was high, even when they were submittedto four days food-deprivation. (Received 22 July 1999; accepted 24 November 1999)     

THE EMERGENCE OF LARVAE FROM FREE EGGS OF THE POTATO-ROOT EELWORM HETERODERA ROSTOCHIENSIS (WOLL.)

A technique for conducting hatching experiments on eggs freed from cysts is described. The form of the hatching response was found to be similar to that of eggs contained within cysts, but the response of the free eggs to the hatching stimulus was slightly more rapid. Investigations into factors affecting free egg hatching showed that it was necessary to presoak cysts before extracting the eggs from them for hatching. Eggs taken from dry cysts or from cysts that had been opened or cracked before presoaking did not respond to diffusate. When free eggs and whole cysts were exposed to the same graded series of dilutions of diffusate, the L.A. values (i.e. log concentrations of hatching factor) derived from plotting the hatching curves were in very close agreement.     

温度对坏鳃指环虫产卵、孵化和发育的影响

实验研究了离体条件下温度对坏鳃指环虫(Dactylogyrus vastator)产卵和孵化的影响,以及在20℃、在体条件下坏鳃指环虫的产卵和发育过程。在离体条件下,坏鳃指环虫的平均产卵量随着温度的升高而增加,在4、10、20、30和35℃时,其平均产卵量分别为0.25、5.9、9.1、9.2和13.4枚/虫;除4℃外,绝大多数虫卵是在离体后的前5h内产出;然而,在体条件下虫体的产卵是连续且稳定的,在20℃条件下平均产卵量为6.5枚/(虫d)。虫卵的孵化时间和孵化持续的时间随着温度的升高而减少,在10、20、30和35℃条件下,孵化时间和孵化持续时间分别为19d、3d、2d、36h和24d、5d、5d、3d,而最高的孵化率(65.5%)却出现在30℃。在20℃条件下,纤毛幼虫在感染7d后90%的虫体都已成熟,因此,在此温度条件下坏鳃指环虫由虫卵发育到成虫大约需要8-10d。为了有效控制指环虫病的暴发,在第一次用药1周后要进行第二次用药。