超声弹性成像联合血清TSH、TK1、LMTK3对甲状腺乳头状癌的诊断价值及与肿瘤侵袭和增殖的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨超声弹性成像（UE）联合血清促甲状腺激素（TSH）、胸苷激酶1（TK1）、Lemur-酪氨酸激酶3（LMTK3）对甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）的诊断价值及与肿瘤侵袭和增殖的关系。方法：选取2020年1月-2022年12月海军军医大学第二附属医院收治的91例PTC患者作为观察组。另选取本院同期90例甲状腺良性肿瘤患者作为对照组。对所有患者开展UE检查,对比两组UE参数,同时检测并对比两组血清TSH、TK1、LMTK3水平以及组织标本中侵袭基因、增殖基因的信使核糖核酸（mRNA）表达水平。Pearson法分析UE参数、血清TSH、TK1、LMTK3与侵袭基因、增殖基因mRNA表达水平的相关性。受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析UE联合血清TSH、TK1、LMTK3对PTC的诊断效能。结果：观察组超声弹性评分（ES）、弹性系数（SR）均高于对照组（均P＜0.05）。观察组血清TSH、TK1、LMTK3水平均高于对照组（均P＜0.05）。观察组去整合素-金属蛋白酶9（ADAM-9）、BCL6共抑制因子样蛋白1（BCORL1）、Xklp2靶蛋白（TPX2）及Twist1 mRNA表达水平均高于对照组（均P＜0.05）。Pearson法分析结果显示,ES、SR及血清TSH、TK1、LMTK3均和ADAM9、BCORL1、TPX2、Twist1 mRNA表达水平均呈正相关（均P＜0.05）。ES、SR及血清TSH、TK1、LMTK3联合检测对PTC诊断的灵敏度为91.52%,特异度为87.34%,曲线下面积（AUC）为0.894,联合诊断的效能均优于上述五项指标单独检测。结论：UE联合血清TSH、TK1、LMTK3对PTC具有较高的诊断价值。上述指标异常升高与PTC肿瘤侵袭、增殖有关。     

甲状腺癌超声弹性成像定量参数与叉头盒A1、Yes相关蛋白的相关性研究

摘要 目的：探讨甲状腺癌患者的超声弹性成像（UE）定量参数及其与叉头盒A1（FOXA1）、Yes相关蛋白（YAP）的相关性。方法：选择2019年3月-2020年10月于本院就诊的142例甲状腺结节患者的临床资料,所有患者均为单发甲状腺结节,根据病理结果分为恶性组（72例,72个甲状腺结节）与良性组（70例,70个甲状腺结节）,所有患者行UE检查、组织活检。比较恶性组与良性组的弹性评分、应变率比值（SR）的差异,并分析恶性组的弹性评分、SR值与FOXA1、YAP的相关性。结果：恶性组的弹性评分、SR值显著高于良性组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。恶性组FOXA1、YAP表达显著高于良性组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。恶性组的弹性评分、SR值与FOXA1、YAP表达呈正相关（P<0.05）。结论：甲状腺结节恶性组与良性组的弹性评分、SR值及FOXA1、YAP表达的差异显著,且恶性组的弹性评分、SR值与其FOXA1、YAP表达呈正相关,UE定量参数在一定程度上可反映甲状腺癌患者的恶性的生物学行为。     

肝细胞肝癌组织NTS、SPNS2、Mortalin表达与上皮间质转化标志物、临床病理特征和预后的关系

摘要 目的：探讨肝细胞癌（HCC）癌组织神经降压素（NTS）、鞘氨醇-1-磷酸转运体2（SPNS2）、热休克蛋白75（Mortalin）表达与上皮间质转化（EMT）标志物、临床病理特征和预后的关系。方法：选取2010年1月～2017年1月联勤保障部队第九〇〇医院仓山院区收治的90例HCC患者,采用免疫组化法检测患者癌组织和对应癌旁组织中NTS、SPNS2、Mortalin及EMT标志物N-钙粘蛋白（N-Cad）、E-钙粘蛋白（E-Cad）表达情况。分析NTS、SPNS2、Mortalin表达与HCC患者EMT标志物、临床病理特征和预后的关系。结果：HCC癌组织中NTS、SPNS2、Mortalin、N-Cad阳性表达率高于癌旁组织,E-Cad阳性表达率低于癌旁组织（P＜0.05）。Pearson相关性分析显示,HCC癌组织中NTS、SPNS2、Mortalin表达水平与N-Cad表达水平呈正相关,与E-Cad表达水平呈负相关（P＜0.05）。 HCC癌组织中NTS、SPNS2、Mortalin表达与Child-Pugh分级、血管侵犯、巴塞罗那临床肝癌（BCLC）分期、淋巴结转移、远处转移有关（P＜0.05）。90例HCC患者术后5年总生存率为48.89％（44/90）。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析显示,NTS、SPNS2、Mortalin阳性组总生存率分别低于NTS、SPNS2、Mortalin阴性组（P＜0.05）。结论：HCC癌组织中NTS、SPNS2、Mortalin表达上调,与EMT、Child-Pugh分级、血管侵犯、BCLC分期、淋巴结转移、远处转移和预后有关,可作为HCC病情及预后的辅助评估指标。     

食管癌组织环指蛋白2、环指蛋白6的表达与上皮-间质转化和预后的关系分析

摘要 目的：探讨食管癌组织环指蛋白2（RNF2）、环指蛋白6（RNF6）的表达与上皮-间质转化（EMT）和预后的关系。方法：选择广东医科大学附属医院2017年2月至2020年2月收治的162例食管癌患者,取手术切除的癌组织和癌旁组织。采用免疫组化法检测RNF2、RNF6以及EMT标志蛋白[上皮钙黏附素（E-cadherin）、神经型钙黏蛋白（N-cadherin）Slug 和Snail]表达。Spearman相关性分析RNF2、RNF6与EMT标志蛋白的关系;分析食管癌组织RNF2、RNF6表达在不同临床病理特征中的差异;Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析RNF2、RNF6表达与食管癌患者预后的关系;多因素Cox回归分析影响食管癌患者预后的因素。结果：食管癌组织RNF2、RNF6、N-cadherin、Slug和Snail蛋白阳性表达率高于癌旁组织,E-cadherin蛋白阳性表达率低于癌旁组织（P＜0.05）。食管癌组织RNF2、RNF6蛋白阳性表达率与N-cadherin、Slug和Snail蛋白阳性表达率呈正相关,与E-cadherin蛋白阳性表达率呈负相关（P＜0.05）;低度分化、TNM分IIIA期、肿瘤直径≥2 cm、淋巴结转移在食管癌组织中RNF2、RNF6蛋白阳性表达率高于无淋巴结转移、肿瘤直径＜2 cm,中高度分化、TNM分期I～II期食管癌组织（P＜0.05）;RNF2阳性表达患者3年OS率为47.17%,低于RNF2阴性表达患者的59.26% （P＜0.05）,RNF6阳性表达患者3年OS率为47.06%,低于RNF6阴性表达患者的63.41%（P＜0.05）;多因素Cox回归分析显示TNM分期ⅢA期、淋巴结转移、RNF2阳性表达、RNF6阳性表达是食管癌患者预后的危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论：食管癌组织中RNF2、RNF6阳性表达率增加,且与肿瘤直径、分化程度、TNM分期、淋巴结转移以及低生存率有关,RNF2、RNF6可能通过EMT参与食管癌恶性进展过程。     

PRDX1、HMGA2、FMNL2在胃癌组织中的表达及与临床病理特征、上皮间充质转化和预后的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨过氧化物酶1（PRDX1）、高迁移率族蛋白A2（HMGA2）、同源形成素样蛋白2（FMNL2）在胃癌组织中的表达及与临床病理特征、上皮-间充质转化（EMT）和预后的关系。方法：选取2017年1月～2018年2月我院收治的153例胃癌患者,收集术中癌组织和癌旁组织。采用免疫组化法检测PRDX1、HMGA2、FMNL2、波形蛋白（VIM）、上皮细胞钙黏蛋白（E-cad）阳性表达情况,采用实时定量PCR（qRT-PCR）法检测PRDX1、HMGA2、FMNL2、VIM、E-cad mRNA相对表达量。分析胃癌组织中PRDX1、HMGA2、FMNL2表达与临床病理特征、EMT和预后的关系。结果：与癌旁组织比较,胃癌组织中PRDX1、HMGA2、FMNL2、VIM阳性表达率和mRNA相对表达量升高,E-cad阳性表达率和mRNA相对表达量降低（P＜0.05）。胃癌组织中PRDX1、HMGA2、FMNL2阳性表达率与患者TNM分期、淋巴结转移、远处转移有关（P＜0.05）。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,胃癌组织中PRDX1、HMGA2、FMNL2 mRNA相对表达量与VIM mRNA相对表达量呈正相关（r=0.562、0.517、0.621,P均＜0.05）,与E-cad mRNA相对表达量呈负相关（r=-0.603、-0.544、-0.574,P均＜0.05）。153例胃癌患者术后3年累积生存率为68.44%（106/153）。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析结果显示,PRDX1、HMGA2、FMNL2阳性组术后3年累积生存率均低于阴性组（P＜0.05）。结论：胃癌组织中PRDX1、HMGA2、FMNL2表达升高,其表达与TNM分期、淋巴结转移、远处转移、EMT以及预后有关,可作为胃癌病情和预后的辅助评估指标。     

肌层浸润性膀胱癌组织KMT2D、MCM6与临床病理特征和预后的关系

摘要 目的：探讨肌层浸润性膀胱癌（MIBC）组织赖氨酸甲基转移酶2D（KMT2D）、微小染色体维持蛋白6（MCM6）与临床病理特征和预后的关系。方法：选择2017年5月至2019年10月长治医学院附属和平医院行手术治疗的MIBC患者96例,应用逆转录-实时定量聚合酶链式反应（qRT-PCR）检测癌组织及癌旁正常组织KMT2D 信使核糖核酸（mRNA）、MCM6 mRNA表达,分析KMT2D mRNA、MCM6 mRNA表达与MIBC患者临床病理特征的关系,应用Pearson相关分析法分析MIBC患者癌组织KMT2D mRNA及MCM6 mRNA表达的相关性。随访3年,比较死亡MIBC患者与存活MIBC患者癌组织KMT2D mRNA、MCM6 mRNA表达,并应用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析不同KMT2D mRNA、MCM6 mRNA表达分组MIBC患者预后情况。结果：MIBC癌组织中KMT2D mRNA表达水平显著低于癌旁组织,MCM6 mRNA表达水平显著高于癌旁组织（P<0.05）。MIBC患者癌组织中KMT2D mRNA、MCM6 mRNA表达与侵犯输尿管、淋巴结转移、TNM分期显著相关（P<0.05）,且两者表达呈负相关（P<0.05）。至随访截止,MIBC患者死亡45例,死亡组患者癌组织中KMT2D mRNA表达水平显著低于存活组、MCM6 mRNA表达水平显著高于存活组（P<0.05）。生存曲线结果显示KMT2D mRNA高表达组3年生存率显著高于KMT2D mRNA低表达组;MCM6 mRNA低表达组3年生存率显著高于MCM6 mRNA高表达组（P<0.05）。结论：MIBC癌组织中KMT2D低表达、MCM6高表达,与MIBC侵犯输尿管、淋巴结转移、TNM分期及患者预后不良有关。     

下咽鳞状细胞癌组织claudin-1和MMP-9的表达及与临床病理特征及预后的关系研究

摘要 目的：研究下咽鳞状细胞癌组织紧密连接蛋白1（claudin-1）和基质金属蛋白酶-9（MMP-9）的表达及与临床病理特征及预后的关系。方法：选取2015年1月-2017年3月我院收集的75例下咽鳞状细胞癌组织标本进行研究,同期选取60例癌旁正常黏膜组织标本作为对照。采用免疫组织化学法检测claudin-1、MMP-9在下咽鳞状细胞癌组织与癌旁正常黏膜组织中的表达差异,分析claudin-1、MMP-9阳性表达与临床病理特征关系;Spearman相关性分析癌组织claudin-1与MMP-9的相关性。对患者进行5年随访,分析claudin-1、MMP-9表达与预后的关系。结果：下咽鳞状细胞癌组织claudin-1、MMP-9阳性表达率高于癌旁正常黏膜组织（P＜0.05）。claudin-1、MMP-9阳性表达与下咽鳞状细胞癌患者组织分化程度、淋巴结转移有关（P＜0.05）。经Spearman相关性分析显示,下咽鳞状细胞癌组织中claudin-1阳性表达与MMP-9阳性表达呈正相关（rs= 0.463,P＜0.05）。术后随访5年,2例失访,73例患者获得随访。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线显示,claudin-1阳性表达患者的5年生存率为35.71%,低于阴性表达患者的66.67%（P＜0.05）,MMP-9阳性表达患者的5年生存率为34.85%,低于阴性表达患者的57.14%（P＜0.05）。结论：下咽鳞状细胞癌组织中claudin-1、MMP-9阳性表达升高,其表达与组织分化程度、淋巴结转移和预后不良有关,两者呈正相关,可能发挥协同作用促进肿瘤发生发展。     

三阴性乳腺癌组织AR、MMP-9、E-cadhenrin表达与临床病理特征及预后的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨三阴性乳腺癌（TNBC）组织雄激素受体（AR）、基质金属蛋白酶9（MMP-9）、E-钙黏蛋白（E-cadhenrin）表达与临床病理特征及预后的关系。方法：选取2014年1月至2017年1月徐州医科大学附属沭阳医院收集的91例TNBC患者手术切除的癌组织和癌旁组织以及61例乳腺增生组织（对照组）石蜡标本，免疫组化法检测AR、MMP-9、E-cadhenrin表达情况。分析AR、MMP-9、E-cadhenrin表达与TNBC患者临床病理参数之间的关系，Kaplan-Meier生存曲线、COX风险比例回归分析AR、MMP-9、E-cadhenrin表达与TNBC患者预后的关系。结果：TNBC癌组织中MMP-9阳性表达率高于癌旁组织和对照组，AR、E-cadhenrin阳性表达率低于癌旁组织和对照组（P<0.05）。AR表达与分化程度、组织学分级、淋巴结状态有关，MMP-9表达与组织学分级、淋巴结状态、Ki-67表达有关，E-cadhenrin表达与组织学分级、淋巴结状态有关（P<0.05）。Kaplan-Meier生存分析结果显示MMP-9阳性表达患者生存率均低于MMP-9阴性表达患者，AR、E-cadhenrin阴性表达患者生存率均低于AR、E-cadhenrin阳性表达患者（P<0.05）。COX风险比例回归分析结果显示淋巴结状态N1-2、MMP-9阳性表达、AR、E-cadhenrin阴性表达是TNBC患者预后不良的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：MMP-9过度表达和AR、E-cadhenrin表达缺乏与TNBC患者肿瘤恶性侵袭行为和预后不良有关，评价AR、MMP-9、E-cadhenrin表达状态可为TNBC患者预后预测提供一定的依据。     

非小细胞肺癌组织PD-L1、TTF-1、SYN表达与临床病理特征及预后的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）组织程序性细胞死亡蛋白1配体（PD-L1）、甲状腺转录因子-1（TTF-1）、突触素（SYN）表达与临床病理特征及预后的关系。方法：对2013年2月至2015年2月期间在我院治疗的97例NSCLC患者进行研究。检测NSCLC组织以及癌旁组织中PD-L1、TTF-1、SYN表达。分析PD-L1、TTF-1、SYN表达与临床病理特征的相关性。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析不同PD-L1、TTF-1、SYN表达患者总生存率的差异。Cox比例风险回归分析NSCLC患者预后的影响因素。结果：与癌旁组织相比,NSCLC组织中PD-L1、TTF-1阳性表达升高,SYN阴性表达升高（P<0.05）。PD-L1、TTF-1、SYN表达均与TNM分期和淋巴结转移相关（P<0.05）。PD-L1、TTF-1阴性患者的生存率分别高于PD-L1、TTF-1阳性患者,SYN阴性患者的生存率低于SYN阳性患者（P<0.05）。Cox比例风险回归分析结果显示,TNM分期、PD-L1阳性表达、TTF-1阳性表达、SYN阴性表达、淋巴结转移是NSCLC患者预后的影响因素（P<0.05）。结论：NSCLC组织中PD-L1、TTF-1阳性表达升高,SYN阴性表达升高,并且均与TNM分期、淋巴结转移和预后相关,其在NSCLC的诊断和预后评估中具有一定临床价值。     

UPF1甲基化和miR-744-5p/CCND1在甲状腺乳头状癌中的作用机制研究

摘要 目的：探讨UPF1甲基化和miR-744-5p/CCND1在甲状腺乳头状癌中的作用机制研究。方法：将人甲状腺乳头状癌细胞株TCP-1和正常甲状腺上皮细胞Nthy-ori-3分别用去甲基化试剂5-Aza-CdR进行干预,分别在干预前后采用甲基化特异性PCR技术检测UPF1基因甲基化变化,采用Western-Blotting 检测干预UPF1、DNMT1、miR-744-5p、CCND1蛋白相对表达,采用transwell细胞侵袭实验检测细胞侵袭情况。结果：PCR扩增显示,UPF1基因在Nthy-ori-3组仅出现非甲基化引物扩增条带（U条带）,在TCP-1组仅出现甲基化引物扩增条带（M条带）。经5-Aza-Cdr作用后,UPF1基因甲基化扩增条带减少,甲基化表达降低。各组UPF1、DNMT1、miR-744-5p、CCND1蛋白相对表达差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。与Nthy-ori-3组比较,TCP-1组DNMT1、UPF1蛋白相对表达明显提高,miR-744-5p、CCND1蛋白相对表达明显降低（P＜0.05）;与TCP-1组比较,TCP-1干预组DNMT1、UPF1蛋白相对表达明显降低,miR-744-5p、CCND1蛋白相对表达明显提高（P＜0.05）。与TCP-1组比较,TCP-1干预组细胞侵袭、迁移数量明显减少（P＜0.05）。结论：UPF1甲基化存在于甲状腺乳头状癌中,UPF1基因甲基化的表达缺失可能抑制miR-744-5p/CCND1轴,在甲状腺乳头状癌发生发展中发挥关键作用。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Vascular volumes and hematology in male and female runners and cyclists

To examine the hypothesis that foot-strike hemolysis alters vascular volumes and selected hematological properties is trained athletes, we have measured total blood volume (TBV), red cell volume (RCV) and plasma volume (PV) in cyclists (n = 21) and runners (n = 17) and compared them to those of untrained controls (n = 20). TBV (ml x kg(-1)) was calculated as the sum of RCV (ml x kg(-1)) and PV (ml x kg(-1)) obtained using 51Cr and 125I-labelled albumin, respectively. Hematological assessment was carried out using a Coulter counter. Peak aerobic power (VO2peak) was measured during progressive exercise to fatigue using both cycle and treadmill ergometry. RCV was 15% higher (P < 0.05) in male cyclists [35.4 (1.0), mean (SE); n = 12] and runners [35.3 (0.98); n = 9] compared to the controls [30.7 (0.92); n = 12]. Similar differences existed between the female cyclists [28.2 (2.1); n = 9] and runners [28.4 (1.0); n = 8] compared to the untrained controls [24.9 (1.4); n = 8]. For the male athletes, PV was between 19% (cyclists) and 28% (runners) higher (P < 0.05) in the trained athletes compared to the untrained controls. The differences in PV between the female groups were not significant. Although the males had a higher (P < 0.05) TBV, RCV and PV than the females, no differences between cyclists and runners were found for either gender. Mean cell volume was not different between the athletic groups. VO2peak (ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) was higher (P < 0.05) in both male [68.4 (1.5)] and female [54.8 (2.1)] runners when compared to the untrained males [47.1 (1.0)] and females [40.5 (2.1)]. Although differences existed between the genders in VO2peak for both cyclists and runners, no differences were found between the athletic groups within a gender. Since the vascular volumes were not different between cyclists and runners for either the males or females, foot-strike hemolysis would not appear to have an effect on that parameter. The significant correlations (P < 0.05) found between VO2peak and RCV (r = 0.64 and 0.64) and TBV (r = 0.82 and 0.63) for the males and females, respectively, suggests a role for the vascular system in realizing a high aerobic power.     

Microbial and bioconversion production of D-xylitol and its detection and application

D-Xylitol is found in low content as a natural constituent of many fruits and vegetables. It is a five-carbon sugar polyol and has been used as a food additive and sweetening agent to replace sucrose, especially for non-insulin dependent diabetics. It has multiple beneficial health effects, such as the prevention of dental caries, and acute otitis media. In industry, it has been produced by chemical reduction of D-xylose mainly from photosynthetic biomass hydrolysates. As an alternative method of chemical reduction, biosynthesis of D-xylitol has been focused on the metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida strains. In order to detect D-xylitol in the production processes, several detection methods have been established, such as gas chromatography (GC)-based methods, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods, LC-MS methods, and capillary electrophoresis methods (CE). The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are compared in this review.