云南普洱地区野生食药用菌及其持续利用

2002—2009年夏,对云南省普洱市澜沧县、景东县及其周边地区野生食用菌的物种多样性、用途或特性以及濒危等级进行了调查研究,共采集、鉴定标本593份,并对采于该区的214份馆藏标本进行了统计,野生食用菌共计35科61属134种(含变种、变型)。同时对该区市场上出售的野生贸易类群也进行了调查统计,有28科39属95种(含变种、变型)。迄今普洱共计有野生食用菌38科67属155种(含变种、变型),其中多孔菌科(Polyporaceae)所含种数最多,有17种,占总种数的10.97%;红菇科(Russulaceae)和牛肝菌科(Bo-letaceae)皆为16种,共占总种数的20.65%,灵芝菌科(Ganodermataceae)有11种,占总种数7.1%。在这些类群当中,木耳属(Auricularia)、牛肝菌属(Boletus)、乳菇属(Lactarius)、枝瑚菌属(Ramaria)、红菇属(Russula)、蚁巢菌属(Termitomyces)和革菌属(Thelephora)等属的42种真菌为普洱市场上最常见的野生贸易类群,约占云南优势野生贸易真菌总种数的52.5%。近年来,随着人们对野生食用菌消费需求的日益增长,导致其商业化采收规模急剧扩大,造成生存环境的破坏甚至丧失,从而使普洱野生食用菌,尤其是野生贸易类群的产量呈逐年下降趋势。因此,亟待采取行之有效的措施保护和管理这些珍贵的自然资源,以期达到持续利用之目的。     

树木外生菌根真菌：美味红菇对几种病原菌活性的拮抗作用

<正> 本文报道树木外生菌根真菌:美味红菇(Russula delica)对树木、农作物、及人体的12种病原菌拮抗作用的试验结果。经平皿筛选测试表明,美味红菇对所测病原菌株的活性均有明显的拮抗作用。关于美味红菇的拮抗作用,目前国内外尚未见报道,现将其初步抗菌筛选结果报道如下: 材料和方法 (一)材料 1.待测菌根真菌:彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius);美味红菇(Russula delica);劣味乳菇(Lactarius insulsus);点柄乳牛肝菌(Suillus granulatus);831菌。     

安徽琅琊山大型真菌区系多样性

对安徽省琅琊山自然保护区大型真菌区系多样性进行了分析.结果表明该地区共有大型真菌107种,分属于25科56属,其中优势科为多孔菌科Polyporaceae(20种,占18.69％)、口蘑科Tricholomataceae(14种,占13.08％)、丝膜菌科Cortinariaceae(11种,占10.28％)、红菇科Russulaceae(10种,占9.35％),以上4科仅占琅琊山大型真菌总科数的16％,而种数占全部种数的51.4％;优势属有鹅膏属Amanita(8种,占7.48％)、栓菌属Trametes(7种,占6.54％)、乳菇属Lactarius(5种,占4.67％)、小皮伞属Marasmius(5种,占4.67％)、红菇属Russula(5种,占4.67％),共包括30种,占全部种数的28.04％.从属的区系地理成分上可分为:世界性分布成分(66.07％)、泛热带分布成分(19.64％)、北温带分布成分(10.71％)、东亚分布成分(1.79％).琅琊山大型真菌主要是以世界广布成分为主,其次是泛热带成分和北温带成分,这种分布状况可能与该地区的气候、地理和植被等自然条件的特征有着密切的关系.从种的组成上可划分为世界性分布种(70.09％)、温带分布种(14.95％)、热带-亚热带分布种(14.02％)及中国-日本共有种(0.93％)等4个分布类型,表现出一定的热带向温带过渡的区系特征.     

黑龙江凉水自然保护区大型真菌的区系多样性

对黑龙江凉水自然保护区大型真菌进行采集、鉴定,并对其区系多样性进行分析。共鉴定出190种大型真菌,隶属于44科85属,其中优势科为口蘑科Tricholomataceae(26种,占13.68%),红菇科Russulaceae(24种,占12.63%),小菇科Mycenaceae(12种,占6.32%),蘑菇科Agaricaceae(11种,占5.79%),小皮伞科Marasmiaceae(11种,占5.79%),丝盖伞科Inocybaceae(10种,占5.26%)。优势属为红菇属Russula(12种,占6.32%),乳菇属Lactarius(12种,占6.32%),小皮伞属Marasmius(10种,占5.26%),小菇属Mycena(9种,占4.74%),粉褶菌属Entoloma(7种,占3.68%),丝盖伞属Inocybe(7种,占3.68%),鳞伞属Pholiota(7种,占3.68%),杯伞属Clitocybe(6种,占3.16%),丝膜菌属Cortinarius(6种,占3.16%),侧耳属Pleurotus(6种,占3.16%),香蘑属Lepista(5种,占2.63%)。从属的区系地理上主要划分为世界广布成分(49.41%)和北温带成分(38.82%),表现出典型的温带区系特征,区系关系上与长白山共有属最多,与南瓮河相似性系数最高。     

广东南岭大型真菌区系地理成分特征初步分析

对广东南岭自然保护区内的大型真菌区系进行了初步分析.结果:种类最多的科是多孔菌科共有62种(占总种数的18.7%);第二为口蘑科共有42种(占总种数的12.7%) ; 第三是红菇科共28种(占总种数的8.6%).含10种或以上依次为牛肝菌科(20种)、伞菌科 (19种)、鹅膏科(15种)、炭角菌科(15种)、麦角菌科(13种)、粉褶蕈科(12种)和丝膜菌科(11种).种数(包括种下单位)10种以上的属有6属(占总属数的4.4%)共有种类77种(占全部种数的23.3%),它们依次是红菇属Russula(18种)、鹅膏属Amanita (14 种)、虫草属Cordyceps(13种)、炭角菌属Xylaria(11种)、粉褶蕈属Entoloma(11种) 、乳菇属Lactarius(10种);种数(包括种下单位)2～9种的属有54属(占总属数的39.7 % );仅含1个种的属有76属(占了总属数的55.9%).从属的区系地理成分上可分为:①广布成分(62.5%)、②泛热带成分(16.2%)、③热带亚洲-热带美洲成分(2.2%)、④热带亚洲 -热带非洲成分(0.7%)、⑤北温带成分(15.4%)、⑥地中海区-西亚至中亚成分(1. 5% )、⑦东亚-北美洲成分(1.5%).表明了南岭自然保护区的大型真菌属是以广布成分为主(62.5%),其中热带成分与北温带成分比较接近.     

黄山大型真菌的物种多样性

安徽黄山属于黄山-怀玉山生物多样性保护优先区域,孕育了极为丰富的生物资源。为了解该区的大型真菌物种多样性,2018-2020年对该区的大型真菌展开了野外调查和标本采集,通过分子生物学方法及子实体形态特征检索比较对获得的标本进行鉴定,并对该区的物种组成、属级地理区系成分、经济真菌和特有成分等进行了统计分析。该地区共发现大型真菌421种,隶属于9纲19目72科200属,其中包含食用菌68种,药用菌31种,毒菌39种,特有种66种。优势科有牛肝菌科Boletaceae、鹅膏科Amanitaceae、红菇科Russulaceae、多孔菌科Polyporaceae、蘑菇科Agaricaceae、小皮伞科Marasmiaceae、光茸菌科Omphalotaceae、球盖菇科Strophariaceae、粉褶菌科Entolomataceae和口蘑科Tricholomataceae 10科,优势属为鹅膏属Amanita、乳菇属Lactarius、蘑菇属Agaricus、金牛肝菌属Aureoboletus、红菇属Russula、粉褶菌属Entoloma、小皮伞属Marasmius、小菇属Mycena、裸脚伞属Gymnopus、粉孢牛肝菌属Tylopilus、栓孔菌属Trametes、丝膜菌属Cortinarius、灵芝属Ganoderma和多汁乳菇属Lactifluus 14属。对黄山大型真菌属级地理成分分析发现该区大型真菌的区系地理成分可分为9类,主要以世界广布成分为主(66.5%),其次是北温带成分(15.5%)和泛热带成分(10.5%)。本研究表明黄山的大型真菌具有丰富的物种多样性,其中食用菌资源较为丰富,主要为世界广布成分,同时也具有较高的特异性。     

中国红菇属乳菇状亚组的三个新种（英文）

红菇属乳菇状亚组Russula subsect. Lactarioideae是一个形态特征较明显的类群,亚属内部分种类被认为是复合种。在对我国红菇属乳菇状亚组进行的分类学研究中,发现了3个新种:丝黄红菇Russula byssina、奶油色红菇R.cremicolor和白果红菇R.leucocarpa,均产自我国贵州省,生于针叶林下。基于形态详细观察和ITS序列系统发育分析的结果对其进行详细描述,对新种和近缘种间差异进行了比较和讨论,提供了新种与乳菇状亚组和淡孢亚组R.subsect. Pallidosporinae中近缘种的物种检索表。分子系统学结果显示奶油色红菇与Delica-Brevipes分支亲缘关系较近,白果红菇和丝黄红菇隶属于两个独立分支。     

云南松林野生食用菌物种多样性及保护对策

近年来,随着野生食用菌的商业化采收规模急剧扩大,云南松（Pinus yunnanensis）林下野生食用菌尤其是野生贸易真菌的种类和产量呈逐年下降趋势。作者于2000－2004年夏,对滇中及其邻近地区云南松林下野生食用菌的资源状况进行了调查研究。作者共采集、鉴定标本457号,并对他人采自云南松林下的152号馆藏标本也进行了重新鉴定,共统计野生食用菌27科39属147种（含变种、变型）;同时对市场上出售的采自云南松林下的野生食用菌类群也进行了调查统计,共收集、鉴定标本167号,计21科33属97种（含变种、变型）。调查结果显示,目前记录云南松林产野生食用菌共计27科43属211种（含变种、变型）,野生贸易真菌有23科35属111种（含变种、变型）。其中红菇科（Russulaceae）的种数最多,包括红菇属（Russula）32种,乳菇属（Lactarius）17种,分别占总种数的15.17%和8.06%;牛肝菌科（Boletaceae）占第二位,有41种,占总种数的19.43%。其次是口蘑科（Tricholomataceae）17种,占总种数的8.06%。丛枝瑚菌科（Ramariaceae）有11种,乳牛肝菌科（Suillaceae）11种,鸡油菌科（Cantharellaceae）9种,三者的种数占总种数的百分比分别为5.21%、5.21%和4.27%。在这些类群当中,红菇属、牛肝菌属（Boletus）、乳菇属、乳牛肝菌属（Suillus）、枝瑚菌属（Ramaria）、口蘑属（Tricholoma）、鸡油菌属（Cantharellus）和革菌属（Thelephora）的30余种真菌为云南市场上最为常见的野生贸易类群,约占云南优势野生贸易真菌种数的47.50%。作者呼吁立即采取行之有效的措施保护和管理这些珍贵的自然资源,并加强研究,以期达到持续利用之目的。     

4种外生菌根真菌吸收氮素营养的特性

该试验利用从我国西南林区分离获得的外生菌根真菌彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinct,rius 715)、松乳菇(Lactarius deliciosus)的3个株系为供试菌种,研究它们在离体培养条件下的氮营养吸收特性.结果表明,供试菌株均能较好地吸收3种氮源,其中Pisolithus tinctorius 715的优势氮源为NO3--N,Lactarius delicious-1、Lactarius delicious-2和Lactarius delicious-3的优势氮源为NH4+-N.Lactarius delicious-3吸收NH4+-N和Glu-N的Km和Cmin值最小,能适应低养分的土壤环境,是供试松乳菇株系中吸收NH4+-N和Glu-N效率最高的菌株,因此该菌株对在贫瘠土壤上植树造林可能有一定的应用前景.     

松乳菇Lactarius deliciosus与红汁乳菇L. hatsudake子实体内可培养细菌多样性的研究

分离松乳菇Lactarius deliciosus与红汁乳菇L.hatsudake子实体内可培养的细菌,进行分类鉴定,为后期细菌与乳菇的相互作用研究奠定基础。利用传统平板法分离培养乳菇子实体内的细菌,进行16S r DNA片段的扩增和测序及系统发育树的构建和物种多样性分析。从松乳菇中获得66株细菌,红汁乳菇中获得48株细菌。松乳菇子实体内细菌隶属于3个门6个属10个种,其中变形菌门的γ-变型菌纲为优势类群,占细菌总数的77.28%,β-变形菌纲的Pandoraea和拟杆菌门的金黄杆菌属Chryseobacterium分别占细菌总数的12.12%和10.6%。红汁乳菇子实体内共分离、鉴定出细菌3个门7个属7个种,其中变形菌门中的γ-变型菌纲为优势类群,占细菌总数的77.09%,厚壁菌门的芽胞杆菌属Bacillus和拟杆菌门的金黄杆菌属Chryseobacterium分别占细菌总数的14.58%和8.33%。松乳菇与红汁乳菇子实体内存在一定种类和数量的细菌,其中荧光假单胞菌Psedomonas fluorescens和美洲爱文氏菌Ewingella americana为优势细菌。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.