饥饿胁迫对曼氏无针乌贼幼体的影响

以曼氏无针乌贼(Sepiella maindroni)初孵幼体为材料,分析了饥饿胁迫对幼体存活、行为变化,消化酶活力,脂肪酸组成,以及饥饿后再投喂对幼体生长及成活率的影响.结果表明:饥饿对曼氏无针乌贼幼体存活、体态和游动行为的影响较大,至第7天全部死亡.初孵幼体的胃蛋白酶活力在饥饿5d时出现最低值0.23±0.04 U·mg-1·prot-l;胰蛋白酶活力在饥饿5d时最高为737.30±26.26 U·mg-1·prot-1;淀粉酶活力在饥饿5d时降至最低13.93±2.00 U·g-1·prot-1;脂肪酶活力在饥饿2d时最低17.46±0.79 U·g-1·prot-1.饥饿状态下,机体消耗利用自身脂肪酸成分的顺序依次为:饱和脂肪酸,单不饱和脂肪酸,多不饱和脂肪酸中的低不饱和脂肪酸,最后是高不饱和脂肪酸.曼氏无针乌贼的不可逆点(PNR)为第5天.实验结果有助于合理制定曼氏无针乌贼育苗前期饵料的投喂策略.     

光照强度对虎斑乌贼生长、存活、代谢及相关酶活性的影响

采用单因子试验方法,分析了不同光照强度(10、30、50、70、90 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)下虎斑乌贼特定生长率、存活率、耗氧率、排氨率、肌肉中乳酸含量,以及呼吸代谢酶(己糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶)、肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶活性和丙二醛含量变化.结果表明: 随着光照强度的增强,虎斑乌贼的特定生长率和存活率均呈现先稳定后逐渐下降的趋势,10和30 μmol·m^-2·s^-1组之间差异不明显,但显著高于其他组,10和30 μmol·m^-2·s^-1光照条件下的特定生长率分别为(8.43±0.22)和(8.47±0.17)%·d^-1,存活率分别为(79.2±5.9)%和(80.0±4.9)%;耗氧率和排氨率随着光照强度的增强呈现先缓后急的上升趋势,在光照强度为90 μmol·m^-2·s^-1条件下达到最大值,且显著高于其他组,肌肉中乳酸含量则呈现先降低后上升的趋势,10 μmol·m^-2·s^-1组的乳酸含量与30和50 μmol·m^-2·s^-1组无显著性差异,但显著低于其他两组;随着光照强度的增强,鳃中己糖激酶和丙酮酸激酶活性先稳定后逐渐降低,在光照强度为10和30 μmol·m^-2·s^-1条件下活性最高,且显著高于其他组,肌肉中乳酸脱氢酶活性则在这两种光照强度下活性最低,且显著低于其他组;超氧化物歧化酶活性随着光照强度的增强呈现先升高后下降的趋势,在70 μmol·m^-2·s^-1光照强度下活性最高,且显著高于其他组,为(104.93±4.17) U·mg^-1 pro,丙二醛含量随光照强度的增强先稳定后逐渐增加,在光照强度为90 μmol·m^-2·s^-1时含量最高,且显著高于其他组,为(5.06±0.35) nmol·mg^-1 pro.表明10和30 μmol·m^-2·s^-1条件下虎斑乌贼生长、存活和代谢水平处于最佳状态,适用于规模化养殖,一旦超过此范围,光照越强,受到的胁迫越大,越不适合于乌贼生长与存活.在实际养殖过程中要避免太阳光直射,做好遮光措施.     

温度对拟目乌贼幼体日生长率和存活率的影响

以温度为单因素变量,在人工饲养环境中,分析水温对拟目乌贼幼体日生长率与存活率的影响。实验结果表明,当水温处于28.1～32℃之间时,拟目乌贼幼体的日生长率与水温呈正相关关系;当水温处于32～32.67℃时,拟目乌贼幼体的日生长率与水温呈负相关关系;当水温处于29.5～32.6℃时,拟目乌贼幼体不易出现幼体死亡(死亡率<6.25%),适宜拟目乌贼幼体的存活;而当水温处于32.3～34℃之间时,拟目乌贼幼体出现了13.16%～61.16%的幼体死亡,不适宜拟目乌贼幼体的存活。实验结果表明,当水温处于29.5～32℃之间时,拟目乌贼幼体的存活率高(存活率>93.75%),且日生长率处于0.24%～1.76%,适宜拟目乌贼幼体的存活。     

光照强度与光周期对虎斑乌贼胚胎发育的影响

为探究光照对虎斑乌贼受精卵孵化的影响,确定其胚胎发育的最佳光照条件,本研究采用单因子试验方法,分析了不同光照强度(10、30、50、70、90 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)和光周期L∶D(24 h∶0 h、18 h∶6 h、12 h∶12 h、6 h∶18 h、0 h∶24 h)对虎斑乌贼胚胎发育的影响.结果表明: 不同光照强度对虎斑乌贼胚胎发育的孵化率、卵黄囊断裂率、培育周期、初孵幼体体质量与胴长均影响显著;而对孵化周期和幼体出膜7 d后存活率无显著影响.其中孵化率、培育周期、初孵幼体体质量与胴长随着光照强度的增强先增大后减小,而卵黄囊断裂率则逐渐增大.最适光照强度为30 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,此光照强度下孵化率为(90.0±4.1)%,卵黄囊断裂率为(7.3±1.5)%,培育周期为(25.50±0.35) d,孵化周期为(8.10±0.89) d,初孵幼体体质量为(0.213±0.011) g,胴长为(1.013±0.022) cm,出膜7 d后存活率为(97.1±4.0)%.不同光周期对虎斑乌贼胚胎发育的孵化率、培育周期、孵化周期均影响显著,而对卵黄囊断裂率、初孵幼体体质量、胴长和幼体出膜7 d后存活率无显著影响.其中孵化率和孵化周期随着光照时间的增加呈现先增大后减小的变化.最适光周期为LD(12 h12 h),此光周期下孵化率达(88.7±1.8)%,卵黄囊断裂率为(8.7±1.8)%,培育周期为(25.00±0.50) d,孵化周期为(7.00±3.20) d,初孵幼体体质量为(0.209±0.005) g,胴长为(0.998±0.026) cm,出膜7 d后存活率为(96.8±7.1)%.说明弱光照强度30 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和半日光照强度L∶D(12 h∶12 h)更有利于虎斑乌贼的胚胎孵化.在实际生产中,应避免阳光直射,采取适当的遮光措施.     

摄食水平对中华鳖稚鳖生长、氮排泄和能量收支的影响

在 30℃水温下进行摄食 -生长实验 (实验周期为 5 6d) ,设饥饿、1%、2 %、4 %和饱食 5个摄食水平 ,研究了中华鳖稚鳖 (39 5 4— 4 4 2 2g)的生长和能量收支。结果表明 ,中华鳖稚鳖的特定生长率随摄食水平的增加 ,其湿重、干物质、蛋白质和能量的特定生长率均呈二次曲线增加 ,其中干物质的特定生长率 (SGRdr)与摄食率 (Rl)的关系式为 :SGRdr=- 1 8799 1 0 795Rl- 0 0 832Rl2 (r=0 90 6 ,n =2 5 ,P <0 0 1) ;除干物质转化效率外 ,湿重、蛋白质和能量的转化效率在 2 %组均达到最大 ,分别为 36 31%、2 1 4 7%和 2 8 10 % ;除能量转化效率外 ,4 %组湿重、干物质和蛋白质的转化效率与最大值均无显著差异 ;摄食水平对中华鳖稚鳖总氮排泄率、氨氮排泄率、尿素氮排泄率以及氨氮占总氮排泄率的比例均有显著影响 (P <0 0 1) ,除氨氮占总氮比例外其他指标均随摄食水平的增加而增加 ,氨氮比例在饥饿组最高为 5 5 83% ,由饥饿到饱食其变化范围是 4 4 5 0 %— 5 5 83% ;总氮排泄率、氨态氮排泄率和尿素氮排泄率的变动范围分别是 19 81%— 6 5 87%、9 4 4 %— 36 31%和 8 2 4 %— 2 9 5 6 % ,回归分析表明 ,幼鳖的总氮排泄率 (μmol/g·d) (G N)、氨氮排泄率 (μmol/g·d) (NH3 N)及尿素氮排泄率 (μmol/g·     

两品系萼花臂尾轮虫摄食强度的比较研究

对广州和芜湖两品系萼花臂尾轮虫的摄食强度及其与食物浓度、食物种类和培养时间之间的关系进行了比较研究.结果表明,食物浓度、食物种类和培养时间均对轮虫滤水率和摄食率有显著影响.两品系轮虫滤水率和摄食率均随培养时间的延长而减小;20 h内,两品系轮虫的总滤水率均与食物浓度呈曲线相关,而两品系轮虫总摄食率均与食物浓度呈直线相关.广州和芜湖两品系轮虫均在以小球藻为食物时有较大的滤水率,分别为0.0029±0.0001和0.0039±0.0008ml·ind.^-1·h^-1;广州品系轮虫以小球藻为食物时的摄食率(0.3992×10⁴±0.00850×⁴ cell·ind.-1·h^-1)显著地大于以栅藻为食物时的摄食率(0.170×⁴±0.0370×⁴ cell·ind.^-1·h^-1),而它们均与以混合藻为食物时的摄食率无显著差异;芜湖品系轮虫摄食率不受食物种类影响.轮虫滤水率和摄食率因食物浓度、食物种类和培养时间的不同而在品系间存在着差异.     

红螯螯虾胚胎发育期主要消化酶和同工酶的活性变化

采用生物化学方法测定了红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)胚胎发育各期主要消化酶(胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和脂肪酶)的比活力及主要同工酶(乳酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶和酯酶)的活力。结果显示,5种消化酶各自表现出不同的变化模式,胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶的比活力早期均逐渐上升,到发育后期胃蛋白酶出现快速下降,而胰蛋白酶却仍保持较高水平;淀粉酶比活力呈“V”字型变化趋势,晚期活性较高;纤维素酶和脂肪酶的比活力则均较低。4种同工酶酶谱随胚胎的发育渐趋复杂,酶活性也随之增强。结果表明,消化酶和同工酶活力的高低均受其基因的调控,并随胚胎发育适时表达,为胚胎组织、器官和系统的形成以及未来仔虾的开口摄食提供物质保证。     

周期性饥饿再投喂对长蛸存活、生长以及肌肉脂肪酸和氨基酸的影响

在19.8—22.2℃条件下, 采用周期性饥饿再投喂的方法, 研究不同投喂模式对长蛸[Octopus minor, 初始体重(94.29±9.35) g, 初始胴背长(53.25±5.25) mm]的存活、生长以及脂肪酸和氨基酸的影响。实验分为4个组包括对照组(持续投喂)、S₁F₅组(周期性饥饿1d再投喂5d)、S₂F₄组(周期性饥饿2d再投喂4d)和S₃F₃组(周期性饥饿3d再投喂3d), 持续24d。实验结果如下: 随饥饿时间的延长, 增重率、肝体比、体重变化量以及终末体重四个指标均呈现出先上升后下降的趋势, 其中S₁F₅组的值均显著高于对照组, 而S₃F₃组的值除肝体比外均显著低于对照组。长蛸的成活率随饥饿时间的增长呈现出下降趋势, 但各实验组均与对照组差异不显著; 摄食量随饥饿时间的延长, 表现出上升趋势, 且三个实验组的值均显著高于对照组。在长蛸肌肉脂肪酸中, 饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)以及多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的含量均与对照组差异不显著, 但S₁F₅组的值与对照组相比出现了一定程度的升高; 在氨基酸含量上, 各实验组的必需氨基酸总量(TEAA)、氨基酸总量(TAA)以及必需氨基酸总量/氨基酸总量(TEAA/TAA)的值均与对照组差异不显著。综上所述, S₁F₅组和S₂F₄组长蛸出现了补偿生长现象, 且S₁F₅组长蛸具备超补偿生长能力。因此, 在长蛸的人工养殖过程中, 为保证其养殖效果, 建议采用周期性饥饿1d再投喂5d的投喂模式。     

延迟初次投喂对太门哲罗鱼仔鱼生长和存活的影响

在水温为10.4～14.9℃条件下,研究了延迟初次投喂对太门哲罗鱼仔鱼的生长、存活和个体大小差异的影响.该试验共分5组:S0(饥饿0d,对照)、S1(开口9d后投喂)、S2(开口12 d后投喂)、S3(开口15 d后投喂)、S4(开口18d后投喂).结果表明:经过36 d试验,S1组生长率和初次摄食率高于S0组,试验结束时总体的死亡率低于S0组,两组个体大小和体质量均无显著性差异;S2组生长率和初次摄食率高于S0组,两组个体大小差异不显著,但S2组体质量明显低于S0组,且总死亡率和自残死亡率均高于S0组;S3组初次摄食率高于S0组,总死亡率、自残死亡率和个体大小均高于S0组,虽然生长率接近S0组,但体质量明显低于S0组;S4组生长率和体质量均小于S0组,总死亡率和自残死亡率高于S0组.相同条件下延迟9d投喂太门哲罗鱼仔鱼出现了“完全补偿生长”,可应用于太门哲罗鱼初次摄食期仔鱼的培育.     

环境因子对日本沼虾消化酶和碱性磷酸酶的影响

研究了水环境中不同Ca2 + 浓度 (2 0、35、6 0、80和 15 0mg·L-1)、盐度 (7、14和 2 0‰ )和 pH(7 6、8 8和 9 8)对日本沼虾 (Macrobrachiumnipponense)肝胰腺中消化酶 (胃蛋白酶和类胰蛋白酶 )和碱性磷酸酶的影响 .结果表明 ,Ca2 + 对日本沼虾的胃蛋白酶有促进作用 ,Ca2 + 浓度为 15 0mg·L-1时酶活力最高 ;高浓度的Ca2 + 对类胰蛋白酶有抑制作用 ,而在一定范围内 ,碱性磷酸酶活力随Ca2 + 浓度的增高而增高 .盐度为 14‰时 ,日本沼虾的胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶和碱性磷酸酶活力均高于 7‰和 2 0‰组 .随着 pH值升高 ,蜕皮率和 3种酶活力也随之增高 ,pH9 8时均达到最高值 ,但增长率和增重率则降低 .     

胶红酵母CYJ03的体外体内抗氧化活性研究

旨在深入研究海洋源胶红酵母CYJ03的抗氧化能力,挖掘其开发成抗氧化产品的潜力.通过测定CYJ03的过氧化氢耐受性,及其发酵上清液、完整细胞和色素提取物3种不同组分的还原力、自由基清除能力和Fe2+螯合能力来评价该菌株的体外抗氧化能力;通过在罗非鱼日粮中添加CYJ03,测定罗非鱼的生长性能以及血清和肝脏的总抗氧化能力(...     

Application of High Enzyme Activities Present in Clostridium Thermoaceticum for the Efficient Regeneration of NADPH, NADP+, NADH AND NAD+

Crude extracts of Clostridium thermoaceticum DSM 521 contain various AMAPORs (artificial mediator accepting pyridine nucleotide oxidoreductases). The specific activities of this mixture of AMAPORs is about 8-9 U mg^-1 protein (µmoles mg^-1 min^-1) for NADPH and 3-4 U mg^-1 protein for NADH formation with reduced methylviologen (MV⁺⁺) as electron donor. These AMAPOR-activities are only slightly oxygen sensitive. The reoxidation of NADPH and NADH with carboxamido-methylviologen is catalysed by crude extracts with 2.0 and 1.6 U mg^-1 protein, respectively. The same crude extracts also catalyse the dehydrogenation of reduced pyridine nucleotides with suitable quinones such as anthraquinone-2,6-disulphonate. The reduced quinone can be reoxidised by dioxygen.

The K_m-values of these enzymes for the pyridine nucleotides and also for the artificial electron mediators are in a suitable range for preparative transformations.

Furthermore the crude extract of C. thermoaceticum contains about 2.5 U mg^-1 protein of an NADP⁺-dependent formate dehydrogenase (FDH), which is suitable for NADPH and/or MV⁺⁺ regeneration. The regeneration of MV⁺⁺ with FDH and formate as electron donor proceeds with a specific activity of about 5 U mg^-1 protein of the crude extract. The reduced viologen in turn reduces NAD(P)⁺ by AMAPOR. The formate dehydrogenase is sensitive to oxygen.

Examples of compounds which have been prepared by combination of AMAPORs or formate dehydrogenase with an oxidoreductase are: (S)-3-hydroxycarboxylates, esters of (S)-3-hydroxycarboxylates, (1R,2S)-1-hydroxypropane-tricarboxylate (D_s-(+)-isocitrate), L_s-(-)-isocitrate and 6-phosphogluconate.     

哲罗鱼稚鱼最佳投喂策略

为探讨哲罗鱼稚鱼的最佳投喂策略,设置了饥饿再投喂试验、饥饿再投喂恢复试验以及日投喂频率试验.结果表明: 饥饿再投喂试验中,各饥饿组未表现出补偿生长现象.但在饥饿再投喂恢复试验中,各饥饿组表现出不同程度的补偿生长,其中S_1/2组(饥饿1/2 d投喂1/2 d)体质量的增加量与对照组接近,表现出完全补偿生长.表明在哲罗鱼早期稚鱼阶段(体质量0～2 g,水温9～15.3 ℃),S_1/2是可以考虑使用的投喂方法.日投喂频率试验中,T₃组(日投喂3次)体长、体质量的增加量以及特定生长率均最高,饵料转化率也相对较高.表明在哲罗鱼后期稚鱼阶段(体质量2～21 g,水温8.8～15.5 ℃),以日投喂3次为宜.     

Relationships between larval nutritional experience, larval growth rates, juvenile growth rates, and juvenile feeding rates in the prosobranch gastropod Crepidula fornicata

Planktonic larvae experiencing short periods of starvation or reduced food supply often grow and develop more slowly, have poor survival, fail to metamorphose, metamorphose at smaller sizes, or grow slowly as juveniles. In this study, we examined the impact of short periods of food limitation at various stages of larval development on larval and juvenile growth in Crepidula fornicata. In addition, we considered whether juveniles that were stressed as larvae grew poorly because of reduced rates of food collection due to impaired gill function. For 5 experiments, larvae were either starved for several days beginning within 12 h of hatching or were starved for the same number of days following 1 or more days of feeding at full ration (cells of the naked flagellate Isochrysis galbana, clone T-ISO, at 18×10⁴ cells ml⁻¹). In one experiment, larvae were transferred for 2 or 4 days to seawater with extremely low phytoplankton concentration (1×10⁴ cells ml⁻¹). In all experiments, larvae were returned to full ration following treatment. Control larvae were fed full ration from hatching to metamorphosis. When larvae reached shell lengths of about 900 μm they were induced to metamorphose and then reared individually at full ration in glass bowls, with phytoplankton suspension replenished daily. Larval and juvenile growth rates were determined by measuring changes in shell length (longest dimension) over time. Juvenile feeding rates were determined by monitoring changes in phytoplankton concentration over 2–3 h at the end of the growth rate determinations. In general, larval growth rates for the first 2 days after the resumption of feeding were inversely proportional to the length of time that larvae were starved. However, larval growth rates ultimately recovered to control levels in most treatments. Starving the larvae caused a significant reduction in initial juvenile growth rates (first 3–4 days post-metamorphosis) in most experiments even when larval growth rates had recovered to control levels prior to metamorphosis. Juvenile growth rates were not significantly reduced when larvae were subjected to reduced food availability (1×10⁴ cells ml⁻¹), even for treatments in which larval growth rates were compromised. Mean weight-specific filtration rates for juveniles were significantly reduced (p<0.05) following larval feeding experience in only one or possibly 2 of the 4 experiments conducted. Our data suggest that although larvae of C. fornicata may fully recover from early nutritional stress, the resulting juveniles may exhibit poor initial growth due to impaired gill function, reduced digestive capability, or reduced assimilation efficiency.     

Long-Term Starvation and Posterior Feeding Effects on Biochemical and Physiological Responses of Midgut Gland of Cherax quadricarinatus Juveniles (Parastacidae)

We investigated the effect of long-term starvation and posterior feeding on energetic reserves, oxidative stress, digestive enzymes, and histology of C. quadricarinatus midgut gland. The crayfish (6.27 g) were randomly assigned to one of three feeding protocols: continuous feeding throughout 80 day, continuous starvation until 80 day, and continuous starvation throughout 50 day and then feeding for the following 30 days. Juveniles from each protocol were weighed, and sacrificed at day 15, 30, 50 or 80. The lipids, glycogen, reduced glutathione (GSH), soluble protein, lipid peroxidation (TBARS), protein oxidation (PO), catalase (CAT), lipase and proteinase activities, and histology were measured on midgut gland. Starved crayfish had a lower hepatosomatic index, number of molts, specific growth rate, lipids, glycogen, and GSH levels than fed animals at all assay times. The starvation did not affect the soluble protein, TBARS, PO levels and CAT. In starved juveniles the lipase activity decreased as starvation time increased, whereas proteinase activity decreased only at day 80. The histological analysis of the starved animals showed several signs of structural alterations. After 30 days of feeding, the starved-feeding animals exhibited a striking recovery of hepatosomatic index, number of molts, lipids and glycogen, GSH, lipase activity and midgut gland structure.     

Establishment of a Tissue Culture and Rapid Propagation System of Dryopteris fragrans

香鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris fragrans)是一种多年生野生草本蕨类植物, 具有抗氧化、抑菌、抗银屑病和抗肿瘤等多种功效。香鳞毛蕨的野生资源匮乏, 通过组织培养建立其人工再生体系, 是保护香鳞毛蕨资源可持续利用的有效途径。通过对香鳞毛蕨孢子的无菌培养, 比较分析不同因素对原叶体增殖、孢子体诱导、愈伤组织诱导与增殖、丛生芽分化及生根的影响, 建立了快速繁殖体系, 为香鳞毛蕨规模化生产奠定基础。研究结果表明, 当培养基组分为1/2MS时, 原叶体生长状态较好, 颜色翠绿, 增殖倍数最高可达5.67±0.59, 此时有大量幼孢子体产生, 孢子体诱导率为(37.50±2.04)%; 愈伤组织诱导最佳培养基为1/2MS+2.0 mg·L^-1 6-BA+1.0 mg·L^-12,4-D, 诱导率可达(96.67%±5.77)%; 愈伤组织增殖最佳培养基为1/2MS+ 1.0 mg·L^-1 6-BA+0.5 mg·L^-1 2,4-D, 增殖倍数达13.30; 颗粒状愈伤组织在1/2MS培养基中生长出大量丛生芽, 诱导率为(53.33±3.33)%; 1/2MS+0.2 mg·L^-1 NAA培养基促进幼孢子体苗生根, 移栽成活率约为60%。     

哲罗鱼稚鱼最佳投喂策略

为探讨哲罗鱼稚鱼的最佳投喂策略,设置了饥饿再投喂试验、饥饿再投喂恢复试验以及日投喂频率试验.结果表明: 饥饿再投喂试验中,各饥饿组未表现出补偿生长现象.但在饥饿再投喂恢复试验中,各饥饿组表现出不同程度的补偿生长,其中S_1/2组(饥饿1/2 d投喂1/2 d)体质量的增加量与对照组接近,表现出完全补偿生长.表明在哲罗鱼早期稚鱼阶段(体质量0～2 g,水温9～15.3 ℃),S_1/2是可以考虑使用的投喂方法.日投喂频率试验中,T₃组(日投喂3次)体长、体质量的增加量以及特定生长率均最高,饵料转化率也相对较高.表明在哲罗鱼后期稚鱼阶段(体质量2～21 g,水温8.8～15.5 ℃),以日投喂3次为宜.     

Concentration of hydrochloric acid and pepsin in gastric juice in dogs after starvation and refeeding

Feeding fogs with meat after a 3-day period of starvation increased hydrochloric acid concentration with subsequent return of the parameter to normal values. Under the same conditions, pepsin concentration decreased and raised up after re-feeding. Histamine administration following the starvation decreased hydrochloric acid concentration with subsequent normalising. In three days after re-feeding and histamine administration, pepsin concentration drooped owing, probably, to a decrease of parietal cell H2-receptor affinity to histamine. Pentagastrin administration after the starvation increased hydrochloric acid concentration. The findings suggest G-cell function inhibition occurring after a 3-day starvation which is important for the stomach mucous membrane protection.