HPLC法测定南瓜中β-胡萝卜素

目的：建立高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定南瓜中β-胡萝卜素含量的方法,并对12份南瓜样品中β-胡萝卜素含量进行测定。方法：色谱柱：Eclipse XDB-C18柱（4.6mm×250mm,5μm）;流动相：水（A）+丙酮（B）;检测波长：450nm。结果：南瓜中β-胡萝卜素在35 min内得到较好分离,重复性好（RSD=5.11%）,精密度高（RSD=0.70%）,稳定性好（RSD=2.73%）,加标回收结果准确可靠（RSD=2.06%）。12份南瓜样品中β-胡萝卜素含量差异较大（8.9～94.4 μg/g）,印度南瓜16296-1中β-胡萝卜素含量最高,其次为中国南瓜9132、印度南瓜16291-2和16167-8,这3种南瓜中β-胡萝卜素含量较接近（均≥76 μg/g）,含量最低的为印度南瓜16185-6。结论：建立了一种快速测定南瓜中β-胡萝卜素的高效液相色谱方法,该方法准确、可靠;12份南瓜样品中β-胡萝卜素含量差异较大。     

不同生态条件对烤烟形态及相关生理指标的影响

选云南玉溪主产烟区红塔区大营街镇、通海县四街镇和峨山县小街镇三个不同生态环境下种植烤烟K326,探讨烤烟形态和生理差异及其影响因子。结果表明：大营街的烤烟形态性状最好,四街烤烟形态性状最差。三个试验点烤烟叶绿素含量、叶绿素a/b比值及类黄酮含量均没有显著差异,其中尤以四街烤烟类胡萝卜素含量、可溶性蛋白含量最高,而叶绿素/类胡萝卜素比值最低,均与其余地点有显著差异。Pnmax、LCP和LSP的大小顺序为四街＞大营街＞小街。光强在800~1000 mol?m-2?s-1范围内时,Ci、Gs和Tr为大营街＞小街＞四街,WUE为四街＞小街＞大营街。用灰色关联法对影响烤烟形态及生理特征的主要生态因子进行分析,对K326茎高、中部叶叶面积、类黄酮含量、丙二醛含量和叶绿素含量影响最大的生态因子分别是光照度、日平均气温、降水量、UV-B辐射和日照时数;而土壤氮含量是影响类胡萝卜素含量、可溶性蛋白含量和最大净光合速率的主要因子。     

低纬高原两个亚生态区烤烟种植生态适应性

选择地处低纬高原地区海拔存在显著差异的云南省昭通市昭阳区(海拔1949.5m)和大关县(海拔1065.5m)2个种植烤烟的亚生态区,研究了烤烟品种K326在旺长期至成熟期的碳同位素组成(δ13C)、光合色素及抗性生理特征。结果表明:大关烟叶的δ13C值高于昭阳,成熟期与旺长期相比,昭阳烟叶δ13C值升高了0.19‰,而大关烟叶δ13C值降低了0.16‰;昭阳烟叶叶绿素降低速率和丙二醛的累积速率都比大关快;昭阳烟叶旺长期至成熟期总多酚的累积量大于大关;昭阳烟叶比叶重显著高于大关(P<0.05),且昭阳烟叶的比叶重从旺长期至成熟期的增加幅度更大。试验结果说明,烤烟K326在同化能力和抗性生理等方面对不同生态环境条件的适应性存在差异。     

光质对烟叶光合特性、类胡萝卜素和表面提取物含量的影响

以烤烟云烟87为材料,在烟株团棵期和打顶期用透光率相近的有色薄膜分别对其进行遮光处理直到采收结束,研究光质对烟叶光合特性、类胡萝卜素和表面提取物含量的影响.结果表明:烟叶生育前期各光质的整体光合性能依次为红光＞自然光＞白光＞蓝光＞黄光,后期蓝光的作用逐渐凸显.烤后烟叶β-胡萝卜素和叶黄素含量之间呈极显著正相关,且β-胡萝卜素含量明显高于叶黄素含量.团棵期增加红光,打顶期补充蓝光,有利于提高烤后烟叶β-胡萝卜素和叶黄素含量.光质对腺毛分泌物中的β-西柏三烯二醇影响最大,对降茄二酮影响最小.烷烃类蜡质成分中的三十一烷、三十三烷和异三十三烷含量受光质影响较大,异三十二烷和二十九烷含量受光质影响较小.相对于腺毛分泌物和烷烃类蜡质而言,光质对新植二烯影响较小.黄膜处理烤后烟叶的腺毛分泌物及其降解产物总量最高,光质对新植二烯和烷烃类蜡质含量的影响存在多种变化.红光和蓝光对烟叶表面提取物的影响效应主要表现在烟株生长前期,黄光和白光的影响效应主要体现在烟株生长后期.烟株生长前期增加红光比例,有利于增加烤后烟叶新植二烯和烷烃类蜡质成分积累;烟株生长后期补充黄光光质有助于提高烤后烟叶腺毛分泌物含量和表面提取物总量.     

我国旱地春小麦产量及主要农艺指标的变异分析

采用4年、13个品种(系)、18个试点组成的全国旱地春小麦区域试验产量资料,通过联合方差分析和基因型及其与环境互作（GGE）双标图分析,研究了基因型、环境、基因型与环境互作效应（GEI）对产量变异的影响及品种的产量稳定性.结果表明：环境对产量变异的影响远大于基因型和GEI,环境引起的产量变异占87.5%～92.0%．互作因素中以地点×基因型的互作效应最大,基因型×年份的互作效应最小.我国旱地春小麦基因型多年多点的平均产量水平为2550 kg·hm^-2.产量三要素中,千粒重受环境的影响最小.影响产量变异的主要环境因子有：≥10 ℃年积温、生育期降雨量、平均气温、海拔、年降雨量和无霜期.产量与单位面积穗数（0.675^**）、穗粒数（0.581^**）、千粒重（0.456^**）呈极显著正相关,产量三要素间也呈正相关（0.244～0.480^**）,处于可同步提高范围.     

土壤和气候及其互作对湖南烤烟部分中性挥发性香气物质含量的影响

选择湖南3大烟区的永州市、浏阳市、桑植县进行客土盆栽试验,探讨土壤和气候及其互作对湖南烤烟部分中性挥发性香气物质含量的影响.结果表明:烤烟二氢猕猴桃内酯、大马烯酮、糠醛、巨豆三烯酮总量、β-紫罗兰酮5种中性挥发性香气物含量属中等变异强度,其变异强弱按该顺序依次递减.土壤和气候及其互作对烤烟不同中性挥发性香气物质含量的影响程度不同.对糠醛含量,气候具有显著效应,土壤及气候和土壤互作效应较小;对大马烯酮含量,气候、土壤均具有显著效应,以气候效应最大,气候和土壤互作效应较小;对β-紫罗兰酮和巨豆三烯酮总量,气候及气候和土壤互作均具有显著效应,以气候和土壤互作效应最大,土壤效应较小;对二氢猕猴桃内酯含量,气候、土壤及其互作效应均较小;气候对5个中性挥发性香气物质含量的变异贡献率为40.82%,土壤为20.67%,气候和土壤互作为38.51%.大田生长不同时期的气象因素对5种中性挥发性香气物质含量的影响程度不同,影响较大的前3个气象因子在发根期为降雨量、云量和平均气温,在旺长期为昼夜温差、日照时间和蒸发量,在成熟期为降雨量、蒸发量和平均气温.对5种中性挥发性香气物质含量影响的前3个主要土壤养分因子为速效钾、有效磷和pH.     

不同海拔地区烤烟叶片光合特性的日变化特征

以3个遗传背景不同的烤烟品种(‘K326’、‘云烟87’、‘中烟103')为材料,研究不同海拔(500、900、1 300m)地区烤烟叶片的光合气体交换与叶绿素荧光参数的日变化特征,为烟草种植区划分和区域适宜烤烟品种配置提供理论依据.结果显示:(1)各品种烤烟叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和水分利用率(WUE)的日均值与海拔呈正相关关系,而其胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)的日均值与海拔高度呈负相关关系.(2)各品种叶片Pn、Ci、Gs及Tr的日变化在高海拔(1 300 m)地区呈“单峰”曲线变化,没有明显的光合“午休”现象;而在较低海拔(500 m和900m)地区呈不对称“双峰”曲线变化,在晴天中午时段叶片光合受到明显抑制.(3)3个烤烟品种叶片的PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/F0)随着海拔的升高而提高.(4)各品种的日光合总量(∑Pn)均呈现随海拔升高而增加的趋势,且‘云烟87'的日光合总量显著高于其他两个品种;各品种的日蒸腾总量(∑Tr)均以海拔900m最高,海拔1 300 m最低.研究表明,海拔因素是影响和制约烤烟叶片光合特性及光合生产能力的关键因素,在品种布局时必须考虑其在不同海拔地区的光合特性.     

云南香型软米水稻资源农艺性状遗传效应研究

选取5份云南地方香型软米水稻种质资源和6份自育香型软米保持系按5×6不完全双列杂交设计(NCⅡ)配制成30个组合,采用加性-显性-上位性遗传模型,分析云南香型软米11个农艺性状的遗传效应。结果表明,云南香型软米多数农艺性状的遗传主要受加×加上位性效应、加性×环境效应、显性×环境效应的影响,还存在不同程度的加性效应和显性效应,单株产量受基因加性效应、显性效应、加×加上位性效应、加性×环境效应、显性×环境效应的影响;株高、有效穗的遗传率以普通狭义遗传率为主,其他性状的普通狭义遗传率和互作狭义遗传率均达极显著水平;产量构成性状之间存在不同类型和不同程度的遗传相关,多数性状之间以加×加上位性、加性×环境和显性×环境互作效应显著。     

不同生态烟区烤烟δ~(13)C值与生理及品质特征的比较研究

以烤烟品种K326为试验材料,在云南、福建和河南三个生态烟区大田种植,自烟叶生理成熟期起至工艺成熟期,分4次采集中部(第11叶位)烟样,对烟叶的δ13 C值、总碳、全氮、光合色素等进行测定,比较不同生态烟区烤烟δ13 C值的分布、生理生态适应性及品质特征。结果表明:(1)三个生态烟区烟叶δ13 C值、总碳、碳氮比、比叶重、叶绿素a、总叶绿素含量均表现为云南福建河南,全氮含量则为河南云南福建,叶绿素b含量为云南河南福建,类胡萝卜素含量为河南福建云南,其中的δ13 C值、总碳、碳氮比、类胡萝卜素含量在福建和云南烟区间较为接近。(2)烟叶δ13 C值与总碳含量在云南呈正相关,在福建、河南呈负相关关系;三个生态烟区烟叶δ13 C值与全氮含量均呈负相关关系;δ13 C值与光合色素含量在云南、河南烟区均呈正相关关系,在福建烟区均呈负相关关系;δ13 C值与烟碱、氮、钾、氯呈负相关关系,与总糖、还原糖呈正相关关系。(3)云南烤烟香韵丰富,刺激性中等,化学成分协调性最好;河南烤烟香气量较高,刺激性较大;福建烤烟在香气量和化学成分协调性方面表现较差。研究发现,烟叶δ13 C值与烟叶的生理特征、品质特征存在紧密联系,用烟叶的δ13 C值、生理指标、化学品质可区分不同生态烟区烤烟香气风格和品质特征。     

环境、基因型及其互作对小麦主要品质性状的影响

  为了解环境(E)、基因型(G)及其互作(G×E)对小麦(Triticum aestivum)主要品质性状的影响效应, 连续两年进行了2组不同试验: 试验1在河南省5个不同纬度点分别种植强筋、中筋和弱筋6个小麦品种, 其品质性状的基因型差异相对较大; 试验2采用9个品种(多为中筋类型), 分别种植于我国主产麦区的8个省份, 其环境差异相对较大。研究结果表明, 2组试验中所有品质性状的基因型差异均达5%或1%的显著水平。试验2中所有品质性状的地点变异均达1%的极显著水平, 而试验1中仅蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、吸水率和延伸性的地点变异显著, 其多数加工品质性状的地点变异不显著。试验1中所以品质性状的地点×基因型互作均不显著; 而试验2中籽粒硬度、灰分、吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间和最大抗延伸阻力存在显著的地点×基因型互作。2组试验结果给我们的启示是: 1)基因型对多数品质性状的影响是第一位的, 因此生产中品种选择对获得理想的加工品质至关重要。2)地点对多数品质性状影响明显, 但其效应大小与试验的环境差异性有关。3)基因型与环境的互作效应明显小于基因型或环境主效应, 且受试验材料(基因型)与环境差异的影响。4)年际间多数品质性状有显著差异, 主要与灌浆期降雨、光照及温度条件有关; 过多降雨、较少日照时数及较低日均温对强筋小麦品质形成不利。     

Variation of genomic DNA methylation in the nitrate reductase gene of sibling tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cultivars

To better understand genomic DNA methylation in sibling plant cultivars, methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism analysis was used to investigate two sibling tobacco cultivars, Yunyan85 and Yunyan87, and their two parents, K326 and Yunyan No. 2. Differences in the degree of genomic DNA methylation were found among the four tobacco cultivars. Compared with parents, the two sibling cultivars had fewer methylated sites. Twenty-nine methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism fragments that exhibited methylation alteration in the four tobacco cultivars were recovered and sequenced. BLAST (nucleotide BLAST) searches showed that two of the 29 sequences have 99% similarity with nucleotides 1442-1694 of the nia-1 gene and the other 27 sequences contain GC, CAAT or TATA box. The nitrate reductase genes from Yunyan87, K326 and Yunyan No. 2 were found to be identical; however, the third intron of the nitrate reductase gene from Yunyan85 was different compared to the third introns of Yunyan87, K326 and Yunyan No. 2. We conclude that methylation alteration of promoter regions could be responsible for the different phenotypes in tobacco and that introns of the nitrate reductase gene can vary as a result of intra-species crossing in tobacco.     

The P450-type carotene hydroxylase PuCHY1 from Porphyra suggests the evolution of carotenoid metabolism in red algae

Carotene hydroxylases catalyze the hydroxylation of a-and b-carotene hydrocarbons into xanthophylls. In red algae, b-carotene is a ubiquitously distributed carotenoid, and hydroxylated carotenoids such...     

Carotenoids in petals of perennial Medicago species

The carotenoid content in the petals of fourteen Medicago species was examined, together with eight species studied previously, caratenoids in all the known perennials of the genus are reported. The species can be arranged in relationship groups on the basis of their interfertility. No major carotenoid was species- or groupspecific; a few minor pigments, however, were group- or species-specific. The amount of carotenoids ranged from 7 μg/g dry matter in violet-flowered M. sativa to 2120 μg/g in brownish-yellow M. platycarpos. Xanthophylls constituted 76–99% of the total, with lutein as the major component. β-Carotene, lutein and flavoxanthin were ubiquitous in petals. In M sativa leaves β-carotene, lutein, violaxanthin and neoxanthin constituted 88% of the total. The xanthophylls were esterified in petals but not in leaves.     

Carotenoid Components in Soybean Seeds Varying with Seed Color and Maturation Stage

The difference in carotenoid components among various color types of soybean seeds, and the changes in carotenoid composition during seed development were examined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatogrphy (HPLC). Lutein was the major carotenoid component in seed extracts from the common yellow soybean and from a variety having a black seed coat. Green soybean seeds contained several xanthophylls in addition to lutein. None of the mature soybean seeds contained β-carotene, a part from a trace amount being detected in a local variety of green soybean. The total carotenoid and lutein contents were higher in green soybeans than in the yellow types, and the estimated total amount of carotenoids correlates with that of chlorophylls. The thylakoid membrane residue in the plastids of green soybean had lost its functional lamella structure. Immature soybean seeds contained a green-vegetable type of carotenoids including α- and β-carotene. The amount of β-carotene decreased more rapidly than that of lutein and chlorophylls during seeds maturation. These results suggest that β-carotene, which acts as a photo-protective agent in developing seeds, is susceptible to degradation in the course of seed maturation.     

Low growth temperature-induced changes to pigment composition and photosynthesis in Zea mays genotypes differing in chilling sensitivity

The effects on pigment composition and photosynthesis of low temperature during growth were examined in the third leaf of three chilling-tolerant and three chilling-sensitive genotypes of Zea mays L. The plants were grown under a controlled environment at 24 or 14 °C at a photon flux density (PFD) of 200 or 600 μ mol m^–2 s^–1. At 24 °C, the two classes of genotypes showed little differences in their photosynthetic activity and their composition of pigments. At 14 °C, photosynthetic activity was considerably reduced but the chilling-tolerant genotypes displayed higher photosynthetic rates than the chilling-sensitive ones. Plants grown at 14 °C showed a reduced chlorophyll (Chl) a + b content and a reduced Chl a / b ratio but an increased ratio of total carotenoids to Chl a + b . These changes in pigment composition in plants grown at low temperature were generally more pronounced in the chilling-sensitive genotypes than in the tolerant ones, particularly at high PFD. Furthermore, at 14 °C, all the genotypes showed increased ratios of lutein, neoxanthin and xanthophyll-cycle carotenoids to Chl a + b but a reduced ratio of β -carotene to Chl a + b , especially at high PFD. At 14 °C, the chilling-tolerant genotypes, when compared with the sensitive ones, were characterized by higher contents of β -carotene and neoxanthin, a lower content of xanthophyll-cycle carotenoids, a lower ratio of xanthophylls to β -carotene, and less of their xanthophyll-cycle carotenoid pool in the form of zeaxanthin. These differences between the two classes of genotypes were more pronounced at high PFD than at low PFD. The results are discussed in terms of the relationship that may exist in maize between pigment composition and the capacity to form an efficient photosynthetic apparatus at low growth temperature.     

沉默lycB基因对雨生红球藻类胡萝卜素合成代谢的影响

雨生红球藻是一种淡水浮游单细胞绿藻, 逆境条件下可积累大量的类胡萝卜素。番茄红素是类胡萝卜素中的一种, 是类胡萝卜素合成代谢中的一个重要中间产物。番茄红素β-环化酶(LycB)是催化番茄红素形成β-胡萝卜素的关键酶。文章以杜氏盐藻lycB基因为干扰序列, 构建了含卡那霉素与阿特拉津双抗性的RNAi载体p1301-BS-RNAi。将其电转化进雨生红球藻细胞, 经抗性筛选、基因组PCR及RT-PCR筛选, 获得了16个独立的干扰株系。选取生长良好的7个进行高光诱导, 发现其番茄红素含量增加了99.4%, β-胡萝卜素含量减少了48.4%, 即通过异源的lycB-RNAi基因沉默可抑制番茄红素向β-胡萝卜素的转化。对比分析发现, 番茄红素增加量仅是β-胡萝卜素减少量的5%, 表明因lycB-RNAi抑制而产生的番茄红素的95%又被其他通路转换成了其他代谢产物, 因此要实现雨生红球藻番茄红素含量的大幅增长, 需协同调控其他代谢通路。     

滤减UV B辐射对烟叶可溶性蛋白、〖HJ*3〗〖HJ*2〗光合色素和类黄酮的影响

在云南玉溪烟区种植烤烟海拔最高(1806.0m)的通海县,通过盆栽烤烟K326试验,研究了在滤减自然的太阳UV-B辐射强度25%、50%和65%条件下,UV-B辐射对烟叶发育过程中可溶性蛋白、光合色素和类黄酮的影响。结果表明:随叶龄增加,可溶性蛋白含量下降,光合色素降解,类黄酮在老叶中积累,蛋白质在生理成熟期对UV-B辐射最敏感。与对照相比,减弱UV-B辐射处理降低了烟叶类黄酮和可溶性蛋白含量,但光合色素含量上升;较低的UV-B辐射降低了叶绿素的降解速度。结果从一侧面说明UV-B辐射对烟叶蛋白质的合成是有益的,类黄酮和叶绿素的变化是对UV-B辐射变化的适应性反应,类黄酮与蛋白质之间可能存在一定的偶联关系。     

Carotenoid-containing unilamellar liposomes loaded with glutathione: a model to study hydrophobic-hydrophilic antioxidant interaction

Unilamellar liposomes are used as a simple two-compartment model to study the interaction of antioxidants. The vesicle membrane can be loaded with lipophilic compounds such as carotenoids or tocopherols, and the aqueous core space with hydrophilic substances like glutathione (GSH) or ascorbate, mimicking the interphase between an aqueous compartment of a cell and its surrounding membrane.

Unilamellar liposomes were used to investigate the interaction of GSH with the carotenoids lutein, β-carotene and lycopene in preventing lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation was initiated with 2,2′-azo-bis-[2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile] (AMVN). Malondialdehyde (MDA) formation was measured as an indicator of oxidation; additionally, the loss of GSH was followed. In liposomes without added antioxidant, MDA levels of 119 ± 6 nmol/mg phospholipid were detected after incubation with AMVN for 2 h at 37°C. Considerably lower levels of 57 ± 8 nmol MDA/mg phospholipid were found when the liposomal vesicles had been loaded with GSH. Upon incorporation of β-carotene, lycopene or lutein, the resistance of unilamellar liposomes towards lipid peroxidation was further modified. An optimal further protection was observed with 0.02 nmol β-carotene/mg phospholipid or 0.06 nmol lycopene/mg phospholipid. At higher levels both these carotenoids exhibited prooxidant effects. Lutein inhibited lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner between 0.02 and 2.6 nmol/mg phospholipid. With increasing levels of lycopene and lutein the consumption of encapsulated GSH decreased moderately, and high levels of β-carotene led to a more pronounced loss of GSH.

The data demonstrate that interactions between GSH and carotenoids may improve resistance of biological membranes towards lipid peroxidation. Different carotenoids exhibit specific properties, and the level for optimal protection varies between the carotenoids.     

Carotenoid-containing unilamellar liposomes loaded with glutathione: a model to study hydrophobic-hydrophilic antioxidant interaction

Unilamellar liposomes are used as a simple two-compartment model to study the interaction of antioxidants. The vesicle membrane can be loaded with lipophilic compounds such as carotenoids or tocopherols, and the aqueous core space with hydrophilic substances like glutathione (GSH) or ascorbate, mimicking the interphase between an aqueous compartment of a cell and its surrounding membrane.

Unilamellar liposomes were used to investigate the interaction of GSH with the carotenoids lutein, β-carotene and lycopene in preventing lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation was initiated with 2,2'-azo-bis-[2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile] (AMVN). Malondialdehyde (MDA) formation was measured as an indicator of oxidation; additionally, the loss of GSH was followed. In liposomes without added antioxidant, MDA levels of 119 ± 6 nmol/mg phospholipid were detected after incubation with AMVN for 2 h at 37°C. Considerably lower levels of 57 ± 8 nmol MDA/mg phospholipid were found when the liposomal vesicles had been loaded with GSH. Upon incorporation of β-carotene, lycopene or lutein, the resistance of unilamellar liposomes towards lipid peroxidation was further modified. An optimal further protection was observed with 0.02 nmol β-carotene/mg phospholipid or 0.06 nmol lycopene/mg phospholipid. At higher levels both these carotenoids exhibited prooxidant effects. Lutein inhibited lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner between 0.02 and 2.6 nmol/mg phospholipid. With increasing levels of lycopene and lutein the consumption of encapsulated GSH decreased moderately, and high levels of β-carotene led to a more pronounced loss of GSH.

The data demonstrate that interactions between GSH and carotenoids may improve resistance of biological membranes towards lipid peroxidation. Different carotenoids exhibit specific properties, and the level for optimal protection varies between the carotenoids.