泥鳅脑的形态构造观察

观察了泥鳅（Misgurnus Anguillicaudatus）脑的显微结构。结果表明,泥鳅的脑组织基本结构与多数鱼类相一致,其脑轮廓狭长,包括端脑、间脑、中脑、小脑及延脑五部分,视叶隆起,小脑瓣突入中脑室内,延脑有核团的分化。同时与其生存环境和捕食习性相适应,泥鳅脑具有一些原始的特征,包括：嗅叶及嗅束分化较明显,大脑呈长椭圆状,仍保留鲤科（Cyprinidae）鱼类脑的原始特征;中脑视叶壁偏薄,与视觉不甚发达相关;小脑不发达,与其喜静的生活习性相适应;延脑前部稍稍隆起,面叶发达与其须感知食物的习性相符。     

宽体沙鳅脑组织学研究

为探究鱼类脑结构及其与生态习性的相关性, 采用HE及Nissl染色法对健康性成熟宽体沙鳅脑组织结构进行观察。结果显示: 宽体沙鳅脑由端脑、间脑、中脑、小脑、延脑五部分组成。嗅叶为典型的“鲤型”嗅叶; 大脑视前核呈索状排列, 未见视前核大、小细胞群; 间脑乳头体及副错位核清晰可见, 血管囊及下叶发达; 中脑视盖由5层构成; 小脑发达, 由3层构成; 延脑分化出面叶和发达的迷叶。这表明, 宽体沙鳅视觉稍有退化, 嗅觉、听觉、触觉、味觉及运动中枢发达, 生活中主要依靠嗅觉、听觉、触觉、味觉觅食及逃避敌害。     

硬骨鱼脑对于某些化学刺激的反应

(一)此研究限于鱼脑的背面(因由腹面观察,不能看到全脑各部)。所用四种硬骨鱼是鲫鱼、乌鱼、黄鳝与黑鲢。 (二)鱼脑背面,分为五部分:嗅球、原始端脑、中脑、小脑与延脑。鲫鱼延脑背面前部有迷叶长出,鲢鱼延脑背面前部有面叶与迷叶长出。为研究便利计,将迷叶与面叶划为另外部分,分别观察其代谢现象。 (三)染剂用以刺激鱼脑者,为简氏绿、次甲基蓝、中性红与晶紫。此外,又用过锰酸钾作完全氧化—还原实验。 (四)对于以上各剂,鱼脑反应程度最高处是嗅球,大约与嗅球相等者,是原始端脑,稍次是小脑,再次是中脑,最次是延脑。黑鲢面叶与迷叶低于小脑,高于中脑,而面叶高于迷叶(曲线图Ⅴ(D)与Ⅵ(D))。鲫鱼的迷叶,对染剂的反应,高于小脑,对氧化—还原剂的反应,低于小脑(图Ⅴ(A)与Ⅵ(A))。 整个结论是鱼脑表面,对于化学药剂的感性与其生理功用成正比例,与其组织之年龄成反比例。除此二因素外,脑的极性(polarity)、脑各部分之体积,都与生理量度有密切的关系。唯体积关系,须与以后数点共同考虑:(1)组织的构成;(2)组织发达的程度;(3)在演化过程中该组织对于脑部继续发达,及其功用所有关系的重要性(不能单看体积的大小)。鼻脑在脑前端,屡次实验,表现为最高生理量度之所在;此处之势力,支配全脑各部分。高等脊椎动物的大脑,     

版纳鱼螈脑的解剖学与组织学

应用光镜对蚓螈目(Gymnophiona)物种版纳鱼螈(Ichthyophis bannanicus)脑的解剖和组织结构进行观察。结果表明,版纳鱼螈脑可分为端脑、间脑、中脑和延脑4个部分,端脑由嗅球、副嗅球和大脑半球构成。嗅球发达,有两对嗅神经;大脑半球呈长椭圆形,为脑的主要部分;间脑腹面向后以漏斗连有扁平勺状的垂体;中脑椭圆形;没有小脑;延髓有较大弯曲。本文同时就上述结构特征与其他两栖动物相比较,探讨了在神经系统演化中版纳鱼螈脑的结构的原始性。     

沙鳅亚科四种鱼脑的形态结构和特征

应用解剖学方法对中华沙鳅(Sinibotia superciliaris)、宽体沙鳅(S. reevesae)、紫薄鳅(Leptobotia taeniops)、小眼薄鳅(L. microphthalrna)脑的形态结构和特征进行比较观察。结果显示,上述沙鳅亚科4种鱼脑的形态结构与真骨鱼类相似,由端脑、间脑、中脑、小脑、延脑5部分组成。脑各部分结构在属内差异不显著,属间除相对大脑体积和相对小脑体积存在极显著差异外,其他部分均无显著差异。紫薄鳅和小眼薄鳅大脑及小脑体相对体积较大,可能与喜营流水生活,需具有较高运动协调能力有关。     

生长抑素在齐口裂腹鱼消化道和脑中的定位

采用链霉亲合素一生物素过氧化物酶复合物免疫组化法研究生长抑素（Somatostatin,Som）在齐口裂腹鱼（Schizothorax prenanti）脑和消化道中的定位。在消化道中,口咽腔和食道为阴性反应;肠道有Som强阳性细胞,其中前肠密度最高,后肠最低。这些Som阳性细胞多分布于粘膜上皮,形态多样。肠道巨噬细胞呈Som强阳性反应。Som广泛分布于各脑区的神经元或神经纤维中,呈弱或强阳性反应,其中下丘脑下叶乳头体内Som阳性细胞密度最高,背嗅核、侧嗅核、原始纹体、视前核、内嗅沟旁、缰核下区、前丘脑核、前圆核、下丘脑中叶、下丘脑下叶、中脑室侧次之;小脑分子层和延脑VI、V核较少。端极和脑上腺有阳性神经纤维。这说明Som在肠道中的分布与该鱼食性、消化道结构和功能密切相关;Som在下丘脑中的分布特点为鱼类GH调控提供了形态学证据;Som在脑中广泛分布,提示可能作为一种神经递质或调质,发挥更为广泛的生理功能。     

两种绣眼鸟脑组织结构观察

以石蜡包埋,HE染色和连续切片,在光镜下观察绣眼鸟脑组织结构,显示红胁绣眼鸟和暗绿绣眼鸟的视叶和小脑结构较发达,在冠状面上显示大脑表层神经元多而密集,但与其深层脑组织无明显分界。视叶神经元呈层状排列,并与大脑有脑室相隔,有束状纤维与间脑相连。     

亚成体中华蟾蜍端脑形态学与组织学的初步研究

为了探讨亚成体端脑的形态学和组织学特点,充实比较发育神经生物学的研究资料,本文采用脊椎动物神经标本制作技术和常规HE染色法,初步研究了亚成体中华蟾蜍端脑的形态学和组织学结构.结果表明:嗅球位于大脑半球的腹前外侧,细胞从外到内大致可分为7层结构;大脑半球内原始海马较原始梨状区发达;隔区位于原始海马的下方,有外侧隔核和内侧隔核之分;侧脑室的侧壁有内侧界沟区将始海马和隔区分开,也有外侧界沟作为原始梨状区和纹状体的分界;少量脉络丛伸入侧脑室;杏仁核是位于第三脑室两侧的两个细胞核团;纹状体是位于原始梨状区下方和侧脑室底部的细胞团,在两个侧脑室连通时较明显.此外,亚成体端脑内细胞形态和大小分化较为单一.本实验在一定程度上填补了有关无尾两柄类神经系统资料的空白.     

鲫鱼的脑

初中动物学下册(人民教育出版社1952年9月出版)第11画第93图"鱼的脑"为苏联十年制中学动物学中的插图直接引用过来的.苏联课本中所讲述的恐为鲈鱼(学名为Perca fluviatilis)的脑,而不是我们书中所讲述的鲫鱼(学名为Carassius auratus)的脑.因此在教授时,时常发生困难.鲫鱼的脑(见图1图2)可分为嗅叶,嗅柄,大脑,间脑,中脑     

草鱼脑的发育和结构

对刚孵化至全长500毫米草鱼脑的发育过程中的形态变化和脑在颅腔中的位置变动作了详细观察;对发育完善脑的结构进行了研究,并叙述了副脑上腺、脑上脑、脑垂体和血管囊的形态和位置变化.全长7.4毫米端脑前端分化出嗅球,全长53.4毫米嗅球开始与大脑分离,真正的嗅神经位于嗅囊和嗅球之间一些细而短的神经.全长125毫米以后脑的发育已基本趋于完善,形态构造亦基本稳定;全长227毫米以后脑已位于颅腔后部.       

Alterations in Norepinephrine and Dopamine Content in Selected Brain Areas of Guinea Pigs Adapted to Simulated High Altitude

Abstract: The alterations in brain content of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) were studied in guinea pigs adapted to simulated high altitude (hypobaric hypoxia) equivalent to 5500 meters. The animals were adapted for 46 days over a period of 82 days to a pressure of 375 mm Hg. The animals were then killed and the following brain parts dissected: cerebellum, neocortex, caudate head/basal forebrain, diencephalons/rhinencephalon, and brain stem. NE and DA content were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection by a technique described. Results showed a significant increase of NE and DA in neocortex; a significant increase of DA but not NE in caudate/basal forebrain, and a significant decrease of NE and not DA in diencephalons/rhinencephalon.     

唐鱼肝脏显微和超微结构观察

应用光镜和透射电镜对繁殖期间唐鱼Tanichthys albonubes肝脏组织的显微和超微结构进行了观察。结果显示,唐鱼肝细胞具单核,中央核仁显著;细胞质内分布着粗面内质网、线粒体、糖原颗粒和脂滴等细胞器和内含物。胆小管由2～3个相邻肝细胞质膜凹陷围成,而肝血窦则由内皮细胞的胞质、成纤维细胞等参与构成。肝细胞与周边细胞通过3种不同方式进行联系:肝细胞之间的紧密连接;与血窦的间接连接;与胆小管的邻接。这些联系方式显示了肝脏具有内分泌腺和外分泌腺功能的特点。研究还发现雌性唐鱼肝脏具有"暗"细胞和"淡"细胞两种类型。本文还讨论了唐鱼肝脏与其他硬骨鱼类肝脏一般组织结构和超微结构的异同点。     

Functional regeneration of the olfactory bulb requires reconnection to the olfactory nerve in Xenopus larvae

Larvae of the South African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) can regenerate the telencephalon, which consists of the olfactory bulb and the cerebrum, after it has been partially removed. Some authors have argued that the telencephalon, once removed, must be reconnected to the olfactory nerve in order to regenerate. However, considerable regeneration has been observed before reconnection. Therefore, we have conducted several experiments to learn whether or not reconnection is a prerequisite for regeneration. We found that the olfactory bulb did not regenerate without reconnection, while the cerebrum regenerated by itself. On the other hand, when the brain was reconnected by the olfactory nerve, both the cerebrum and the olfactory bulb regenerated. Morphological and histological investigation showed that the regenerated telencephalon was identical to the intact one in morphology, types and distributions of cells, and connections between neurons. Froglets with a regenerated telencephalon also recovered olfaction, the primary function of the frog telencephalon. These results suggest that the Xenopus larva requires reconnection of the regenerating brain to the olfactory nerve in order to regenerate the olfactory bulb, and thus the regenerated brain functions, in order to process olfactory information.     

食物供应量对转红色荧光蛋白基因唐鱼 生存和生长的影响

选取雄性杂合子转红色荧光蛋白基因唐鱼(Tanichthys albonubes)(简称:转基因唐鱼)与雌性非转基因唐鱼交配产卵,出膜7d后,在水温(25.0 ±2.0)℃条件下,选择健康仔鱼进行饱食(食物供应量高)、半饥饿(食物供应量中)和饥俄(食物供应量低)3种处理,结果显示:(1)出膜后7～72 d的唐鱼饱食组与半...     

Brain morphology and immunohistochemical localization of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus

The present study was focused on the morphology of the diencephalic nuclei (likely involved in reproductive functions) as well as on the distribution of GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) in the rhinencephalon, telencephalon and the diencephalon of the brain of bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) by means of immunohistochemistry. Bluefin tuna has an encephalization quotient (QE) similar to that of other large pelagic fish. Its brain exhibits well-developed optic tecta and corpus cerebelli. The diencephalic neuron cell bodies involved in reproductive functions are grouped in two main nuclei: the nucleus preopticus-periventricularis and the nucleus lateralis tuberis. The nucleus preopticus-periventricularis consists of the nucleus periventricularis and the nucleus preopticus consisting of a few sparse multipolar neurons in the rostral part and numerous cells closely packed and arranged in several layers in its aboral part. The nucleus lateralis tuberis is located in the ventral-lateral area of the diencephalon and is made up of a number of large multipolar neurones. Four different polyclonal primary antibodies against salmon (s)GnRH, chicken (c)GnRH-II (cGnRH-II 675, cGnRH-II 6) and sea bream (sb)GnRH were employed in the immunohistochemical experiments. No immunoreactive structures were found with anti sbGnRH serum. sGnRH and cGnRH-II antisera revealed immunoreactivity in the perikarya of the olfactory bulbs, preopticus-periventricular nucleus, oculomotor nucleus and midbrain tegmentum. The nucleus lateralis tuberis showed immunostaining only with anti-sGnRH serum. Nerve fibres immunoreactive to cGnRH and sGnRH sera were found in the olfactory bulbs, olfactory nerve and neurohypophysis. The significance of the distribution of the GnRH-immunoreactive neuronal structures is discussed.     

Brain morphology in large pelagic fishes: a comparison between sharks and teleosts

A quantitative comparison was made of both relative brain size (encephalization) and the relative development of five brain area of pelagic sharks and teleosts. Two integration areas (the telencephalon and the corpus cerebellum) and three sensory brain areas (the olfactory bulbs, optic tectum and octavolateralis area, which receive primary projections from the olfactory epithelium, eye and octavolateralis senses, respectively), in four species of pelagic shark and six species of pelagic teleost were investigated. The relative proportions of the three sensory brain areas were assessed as a proportion of the total 'sensory brain', while the two integration areas were assessed relative to the sensory brain. The allometric analysis of relative brain size revealed that pelagic sharks had larger brains than pelagic teleosts. The volume of the telencephalon was significantly larger in the sharks, while the corpus cerebellum was also larger and more heavily foliated in these animals. There were also significant differences in the relative development of the sensory brain areas between the two groups, with the sharks having larger olfactory bulbs and octavolateralis areas, whilst the teleosts had larger optic tecta. Cluster analysis performed on the sensory brain areas data confirmed the differences in the composition of the sensory brain in sharks and teleosts and indicated that these two groups of pelagic fishes had evolved different sensory strategies to cope with the demands of life in the open ocean.     

Insulin Binding in Four Regions of the Developing Rat Brain

Specific insulin binding has been demonstrated in partially purified membranes prepared from four regions of the developing rat brain. Insulin binding to brain membranes demonstrated kinetics and hormonal specificity that were quite similar to those reported for traditional insulin target tissues (e.g., liver and adipose tissue), and binding was significantly correlated with receptor concentration. Binding in the olfactory bulbs, cerebrum, cerebellum, and hypothalamus all reached highest values at 15 days of postnatal life, with the olfactory bulbs generally showing the greatest binding at all ages studied. A temporal relationship was found between insulin binding to brain membranes in the postnatal rat and plasma membrane protein synthesis, especially in the cerebellum and olfactory bulbs.     

Anatomical organization of antennal-lobe glomeruli in males and females of the scarab beetle Holotrichia diomphalia (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae)

The glomerular organization of the primary olfactory brain center, the antennal lobe, was studied in males and females of Holotrichia diomphalia adults using serial histological sections labeled by the reduced silver-stain technique. The results revealed an apparent sexual dimorphism. Whereas an enlarged cap-shaped glomerulus was found at the antennal nerve entrance into the antennal lobe in males, no such unit was present in females. Also the size of the antennal lobe differed between the sexes, the antennal lobe of males being larger than that of females. We estimated the total number of glomeruli at approximately 60 units in the female antennal lobe. In males, we could discriminate only those glomeruli that were located in the anterior area of the antennal lobe.     

Acute neuropathogenicity with experimental infection of equine herpesvirus 9 in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

BACKGROUND: Equine herpesvirus 9 (EHV-9) is a new neurotropic equine herpesvirus which induced encephalitis in a variety of animals. However, there was no information on the susceptibility of EHV-9 in primates. METHODS: To assess the infectivity of EHV-9, four common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were inoculated by the nasal route with 10(6) plaque-forming units of EHV-9. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: All of the inoculated animals exhibited various neurological signs progressing to collapse. Histologically, the affected animals had severe encephalitis characterized by neuronal degeneration and necrosis with intranuclear inclusion bodies, which extended from the olfactory bulb to the rhinencephalon and piriform lobe. Immunohistochemistry revealed EHV-9 antigens in degenerating neuronal cells. The nasal cavity had severe necrotizing rhinitis with prominent intra-nuclear inclusion bodies in the olfactory mucosa. These findings indicate that the marmosets are susceptible to EHV-9.