斑点叉尾鮰Cbx基因家族的全基因组鉴定与进化分析

利用Cbx家族基因高度保守的Chromo结构域氨基酸序列作为种子序列,检索斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punetaus)基因组注释的蛋白数据库,共鉴定分离出14个Cbx基因。并在全基因组水平对斑点叉尾鮰Cbx基因家族进行了保守结构域序列、进化、基因结构、染色体定位的系统分析。本研究中鉴定出的斑点叉尾鮰Cbx家族基因蛋白序列与已知的人类、小鼠、鸡、斑马鱼等物种Cbx蛋白序列构建系统进化树。根据系统进化树分析结果,14个斑点叉尾鮰Cbx基因分成两个亚族,5个隶属于Hp1s亚族,9个隶属于PcGs亚族。Cbx基因主要分布于斑点叉尾鮰7条染色体中,且呈不均匀分布。本研究对于后续斑点叉尾鮰Cbx基因家族深入的功能验证及分子作用机制研究具有重要的意义,也为日益丰富的水产基因组资源的挖掘利用提供了参考。     

拟南芥ABC转运类蛋白家族的分子进化、表达模式和蛋白功能网络预测分析

ABC转运蛋白又称腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运蛋白(ATP-binding cassette transporters),该基因家族是目前已知最大、最古老的蛋白家族之一,在植物中ABC转运蛋白种类繁多、结构复杂、功能多样,涉及植物一切的生命活动过程。本研究系统介绍了拟南芥中131个ABC转运蛋白的亚家族分类、系统命名、蛋白大小以及蛋白亚细胞定位等基因信息,在此基础上,分析了ABC转运蛋白基因在染色体分布以及进化过程中发生的复制事件;其次在47个组织器官或发育阶段中聚类分析了ABC转运蛋白的表达模式和各个亚家族分布规律,结果表明ABC转运蛋白基因的表达具有明显的组织特异性和时空特异性,说明在进化过程中该类蛋白功能也进一步发生分化;我们以花药发育过程为例,说明ABC转运蛋白在花药发育过程中具有较高的协调性,在时空和组织上表达受到严格的调控;最后我们分析了ABC转运蛋白亚家族内部和各个亚家族之间可能存在的蛋白相互作用关系,推测ABC半分子转运蛋白形成同源或异源二聚体发挥功能的可能性,进一步说明ABC转运蛋白在蛋白互作水平上也存在功能多样性和严格的调控关系。     

ABC转运蛋白及其在合成生物学中的应用

ABC转运蛋白(ATP-binding cassette transporter,ABC transporter)作为一种超大膜转运蛋白家族,在大多数生物体中发挥着重要作用。文中从结构特征、转运机制以及生理功能等方面论述了ABC转运蛋白的研究进展,进而着重综述了近些年来ABC转运蛋白在合成生物学领域中的应用,并为今后进一步的研究提出了展望,希望为扩展其应用提供指导。     

草地贪夜蛾解毒代谢相关基因家族的进化分析

近年来草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda在世界各地猖獗为害,其寄主范围广,且已对多种化学药剂和转Bt玉米产生抗性。本文对包括草地贪夜蛾在内的14种昆虫进行了解毒代谢相关基因家族的注释,在草地贪夜蛾中发现了152个细胞色素P450(cytochrome p450,P450)、92个ABC转运蛋白(ATP-binding cassette transporter,ABC transporter)、44个谷胱甘肽转移酶(glutathione s-transferase,GST)以及39个尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶(UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase,UGT)。与其他鳞翅目物种相比,草地贪夜蛾的P450和GST基因数量最多,其中152个P450基因可被归类至Mito、CYP2、CYP3和CYP4四个簇中;Mito和CYP2簇的P450基因总数与家蚕Bombyx mori相近,但CYP3和CYP4簇的P450基因明显多于家蚕,进化分析结果显示CYP3和CYP4簇的P450基因发生了明显的扩增;与家蚕P450基因的共线性分析发现草地贪夜蛾89个P450基因在其基因组上呈簇分布并发生了簇的扩增;与家蚕相比,GST和ABC转运蛋白家族基因的数量明显增多。UGT基因家族没有明显增加,但在基因进化分析中有成簇现象,表明可能存在近期的扩增事件。本研究首次从基因组水平鉴定了草地贪夜蛾解毒代谢相关基因家族,对理解草地贪夜蛾的生物学特性及抗性的形成具有重要指导意义。     

七鳃鳗KCTD基因家族成员全基因组鉴定及进化分析

钾离子通道四聚化结构域(KCTD)蛋白基因家族是一个保守的基因家族,该家族成员的共同特征是具有一个含有BTB保守结构域的N-末端和一个可变的C-末端。KCTD基因的突变或不正常调控与人类多种疾病相关。七鳃鳗是现存最原始的脊椎动物,作为联系无脊椎动物和脊椎动物之间的桥梁,在生物进化研究中占有重要地位。本研究通过对海七鳃鳗(Petromyzon marinus)和日本七鳃鳗(Lethenteron japonicum)基因组和转录组数据分析,全面系统地鉴定了海七鳃鳗和日本七鳃鳗KCTD基因家族成员,并对其基因结构特征、蛋白保守基序和基因表达模式进行了分析。在海七鳃鳗和日本七鳃鳗中分别鉴定出13个和14个KCTD基因,基因长度和外显子数目在不同KCTD基因间变化很大,KCTD蛋白中4个基序保守性显著,大多数KCTD基因呈泛表达模式,并且在胚胎发育时期明显高表达。除七鳃鳗外,对12个无脊椎动物和脊椎动物代表物种KCTD基因家族成员进行了鉴定,并对KCTD基因家族成员的进化关系进行了分析。根据进化树聚类情况,将KCTD基因家族成员分为11个亚家族。进化分析结果显示,KCTD基因家族从低等的无脊椎动物线虫和果蝇到高等的人类都存在;线虫中仅有5个成员,果蝇中有8个成员,随着物种进化程度由低到高,KCTD家族成员数目呈现增加的趋势;从爬行类开始,脊椎动物KCTD基因数目稳定在24个左右。硬骨鱼类特有的全基因组复制事件影响鱼类KCTD基因数目。本研究结果不仅丰富了七鳃鳗KCTD基因家族信息,同时也对KCTD家族基因间的进化关系进行了探究,为深入研究该家族基因功能提供了一定的依据。     

基于重组毕赤酵母的斑点叉尾鮰β-防御素表达

β-防御素是斑点叉尾鮰Ietalurus punetaus抵御病原微生物侵染的首要蛋白质免疫因子,其一级结构包含氨基端24个氨基酸组成的信号肽和羧基端43个氨基酸组成的成熟肽,该成熟肽赋予β-防御素的生物学活性。文中首次构建了产斑点叉尾鮰β-防御素的毕赤酵母Pichiapastoris重组菌株,实现了基于真核表达的斑点叉尾鮰β-防御素的生物合成。首先通过RT-PCR从斑点叉尾鮰皮肤中分离β-防御素成熟肽基因"IPBD",将其与表达载体p PICZαA连接并转入毕赤酵母X-33后,获得重组毕赤酵母菌株;经含1 000μg/m L博来霉素的培养基筛选,获得高拷贝重组菌株。以BMM培养基(无氨基氮源培养基)替代BMMY培养基(含氨基氮源培养基),对重组菌株的发酵培养条件进行优化,确定其产斑点叉尾鮰β-防御素的最适条件为:28℃、250 r/min、1.0%甲醇诱导表达96 h。重组菌株产物经镍离子亲和层析获得分子量为5.98k Da的纯化蛋白,基于MALDI-TOF-TOF的质谱分析证明该纯化蛋白为重组IPBD。抑菌活性测定结果表明重组IPBD对革兰氏阳性的金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus、单增李斯特菌Listeria monocytogenes以及革兰氏阴性的铜绿假单胞菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa的抑菌率分别为69.6%、71.6%和65.8%。本研究为鱼类来源天然小分子抗菌肽的开发提供了可参考的重组DNA技术。     

ABC转运蛋白在植物花器官生长发育中的研究进展

ABC转运蛋白(ATP binding cassette transporter) 是目前发现的最大的蛋白家族之一,其广泛存在于真核生物与原核生物之中,近年来在植物研究领域正受到越来越多的关注。ABC转运蛋白的转运底物种类较为多样,该家族成员几乎作用于植物生长发育的各个阶段,并对植物花器官产生较大的影响。该文对ABC转运蛋白的基本特征及亚家族分类情况进行了总结,重点对近年来国内外有关ABC转运蛋白家族在植物花药和花序轴等花器官生长发育,以及花瓣形态、花色、花香等观赏性状方面的调控功能等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并对ABC转运蛋白在改良植物花色、花香等观赏性状方面的应用潜力进行展望,以期为植物观赏性状的改良提供一定的参考。     

ABC转运蛋白研究的新进展

ABC转运蛋白主要包括P-糖蛋白、多药耐药相关蛋白和乳腺癌耐药蛋白,它们属于同一家族,具有保守的功能结构域和多样化的生物学功能。ABC转运蛋白部分成员的过表达与肿瘤细胞的多药耐药性（MDR）密切相关,是导致化疗失败的主要原因。随着对MDR机制认识的深入,针对多药耐药蛋白的特异结构域已设计出多种形式的MDR逆转药物。近年来发现,ABC转运蛋白广泛存在于多种正常的组织和器官,参与药物和内、外源毒素的吸收、分布和排泄,行使解毒和防御保护的作用。因此,通过转植ABC转运蛋白基因有可能降低经济鱼类、虾等水产品中有毒污染物的积累。     

基于微卫星标记的斑点叉尾鮰家系鉴定技术及应用

研究旨在建立准确、高效且经济的斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalures punctatus)家系亲缘鉴定体系, 以期为斑点叉尾鮰的遗传评估及家系育种提供科学依据。选用10对具有较高多态性SSR标记, 建立两个5重PCR反应体系。应用建立的斑点叉尾鮰家系亲缘鉴定体系对来源于13个全同胞家系和8个半同胞家系的333尾个体进行亲权鉴定。结果表明: 10个位点平均等位基因数为9.8、平均观测杂合度0.8591、平均期望杂合度0.8092、平均多态信息含量0.7845; 3种情况下的累积排除概率分别为: 0.99996806、0.99833267和0.99999998; 验证群体的鉴定结果与系谱高度一致, 真实鉴定率达到99.1%, 子代与父母本三者之间配对平均LOD值介于13.30—24.70, 且置信度均达到95%。研究选择的微卫星位点等位基因数目较多, 多态性较高, 可以快速、准确地对斑点叉尾鮰混养群体进行家系鉴定。     

斑点叉尾鮰病毒实时荧光LAMP检测方法的建立

斑点叉尾鮰病毒(Channel catfish virus, CCV)属于大DNA病毒, 是一种能引起斑点叉尾鮰(Letalurus punetaus)病毒性疾病的重要病原。研究以编码产物为磷酸激酶的CCV ORF77基因为靶标, 设计了能识别靶基因上的8个独立区域的6条特异引物, 利用基于环介导等温扩增技术(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)建立了用于CCV的实时荧光LAMP快速检测方法。结果显示, 建立的实时荧光LAMP检测方法在63℃恒温反应45min条件下, 反应大约12min后出现明显的峰值, 最低检测限度为100个拷贝的病毒质粒DNA, 检出时间为35min; 并且具有良好的特异性, 与白斑综合症病毒(WSSV)、传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)、锦鲤疱疹病毒(KHV)、真鲷虹彩病毒(RSIV)、传染性脾肾坏死病毒(ISKNV)和新加坡石斑鱼虹彩病毒(SGIV)等常见水生动物病原DNA均没有交叉反应; 同一样品于试验内及试验间重复性试验发现, 20个平行样品的扩增曲线基本重合, 表现出良好的重复性。通过对实际样品的检测结果显示, 实时荧光LAMP检测方法能够特异性的检出CCV。因此, 研究建立的CCV实时荧光LAMP检测方法操作简单、检测快速、特异性好、灵敏度高、结果可靠, 能为斑点叉尾鮰养殖现场和实验室的斑点叉尾鮰疱疹病毒病病原的快速诊断和实时监测方面提供技术支撑。     

Genome-Wide Identification,Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporter Genes in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) gene family is considered to be one of the largest gene families in all forms of prokaryotic and eukaryotic life. Although the ABC transporter genes have been annotated in some species, detailed information about the ABC superfamily and the evolutionary characterization of ABC genes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are still unclear. In this research, we identified 61 ABC transporter genes in the common carp genome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that they could be classified into seven subfamilies, namely 11 ABCAs, six ABCBs, 19 ABCCs, eight ABCDs, two ABCEs, four ABCFs, and 11 ABCGs. Comparative analysis of the ABC genes in seven vertebrate species including common carp, showed that at least 10 common carp genes were retained from the third round of whole genome duplication, while 12 duplicated ABC genes may have come from the fourth round of whole genome duplication. Gene losses were also observed for 14 ABC genes. Expression profiles of the 61 ABC genes in six common carp tissues (brain, heart, spleen, kidney, intestine, and gill) revealed extensive functional divergence among the ABC genes. Different copies of some genes had tissue-specific expression patterns, which may indicate some gene function specialization. This study provides essential genomic resources for future studies in common carp.     

A BAC library for the goldfish Carassius auratus auratus (Cyprinidae, Cypriniformes)

A goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) bacterial artificial chromosome genomic library (BAC library) was constructed from one aquarium-bred male specimen (tetraploid, 4n=100, genome size=3.52 pg/cell). The library consists of 128,352 positive clones with an average insert size of 150.4 kb, covering the genome 11-fold. All clones were spotted onto nylon filters and thus are available for screening of genomic regions of interest, such as candidate genes, gene families, or large-sized syntenic DNA regions of cyprinid species. Preliminary screens with two genes were conducted with hybridizing probes to the genes RAG1 and lgi1. RAG1 is a single-copy gene in zebrafish and is duplicated in C. a. auratus. We found a very close correlation between the number of positive BAC clones and the expected library coverage. Two copies of lgi1 were found in zebrafish. We have detected four different copies in C. a. auratus, not in the expected abundance, which indicates some variation in the coverage of the BAC library. The preliminary screens indicate that many duplicated genes that resulted from the ancient fish-specific genome duplication persist in the tetraploid goldfish genome. Hence, the BAC library will provide a useful resource for the future work on comparative genomics, polyploidy, diploidization, and evolutionary genomics in fishes.     

PCR survey of hox genes in the goldfish Carassius auratus auratus

A tetraploidization event took place in the cyprinid lineage leading to goldfishes about 15 million years ago. A PCR survey for Hox genes in the goldfish Carassius auratus auratus (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae) was performed to assess the consequences of this genome duplication. Not surprisingly, the genomic organization of the Hox gene clusters of goldfish is similar to that of the closely related zebrafish (Danio rerio). However, the goldfish exhibits a much larger number of recent pseudogenes, which are characterized by indels. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that dosage effects cause selection pressure to rapidly silence crucial developmental regulators after a tetraploidization event.     

Globins and hypoxia adaptation in the goldfish, Carassius auratus

Goldfish (Carassius auratus) may survive in aquatic environments with low oxygen partial pressures. We investigated the contribution of respiratory proteins to hypoxia tolerance in C. auratus. We determined the complete coding sequence of hemoglobin alpha and beta and myoglobin, as well as partial cDNAs from neuroglobin and cytoglobin. Like the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), C. auratus possesses two paralogous myoglobin genes that duplicated within the cyprinid lineage. Myoglobin is also expressed in nonmuscle tissues. By means of quantitative real-time RT-PCR, we determined the changes in mRNA levels of hemoglobin, myoglobin, neuroglobin and cytoglobin in goldfish exposed to prolonged hypoxia (48 h at Po(2) ~ 6.7 kPa, 8 h at Po(2) ~ 1.7 kPa, 16 h at Po(2) ~ 6.7 kPa) at 20 degrees C. We observed small variations in the mRNA levels of hemoglobin, neuroglobin and cytoglobin, as well as putative hypoxia-responsive genes like lactate dehydrogenase or superoxide dismutase. Hypoxia significantly enhanced only the expression of myoglobin. However, we observed about fivefold higher neuroglobin protein levels in goldfish brain compared with zebrafish, although there was no significant difference in intrinsic myoglobin levels. These observations suggest that both myoglobin and neuroglobin may contribute to the tolerance of goldfish to low oxygen levels, but may reflect divergent adaptive strategies of hypoxia preadaptation (neuroglobin) and hypoxia response (myoglobin).     

黄颡鱼FTR67基因的克隆及功能研究

鱼类TRIM(Tripartite motif)家族的特异性扩张产生了一个硬骨鱼类特有的亚家族finTRIM (Fish novel TRIM, FTR),为探究finTRIM在黄颡鱼(Tachysurus fulvidraco)先天抗病毒免疫中发挥的作用,文章鉴定了1个与斑马鱼(Danio rerio) FTR67同源性较高的黄颡鱼finTRIM基因,命名为TfFTR67 (Tachysurus fulvidraco FTR67)。系统进化树分析表明, FTR67在有些鱼类物种中发生了基因重复,导致基因拷贝增多。TfFTR67不受SVCV的诱导表达,是一个组成型表达的基因。过量表达TfFTR67抑制poly(I﹕C)及RLR信号分子诱导的干扰素反应,同时促进病毒在细胞中的复制。鉴于TfFTR67与斑马鱼FTR67的表达特征和功能不同,研究结果表明,鱼类FTR67在不同物种中发生了基因重复和功能歧化。     

Evolution of ABC transporters by gene duplication and their role in human disease

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes represent the largest family of transporters and these genes are abundant in the genome of all vertebrates. Through analysis of the genome sequence databases we have characterized the full complement of ABC genes from several mammals and other vertebrates. Multiple gene duplication and deletion events were identified in ABC genes in different lineages indicating that the process of gene evolution is still ongoing. Gene duplication resulting in either gene birth or gene death plays a major role in the evolution of the vertebrate ABC genes. The understanding of this mechanism is important in the context of human health because these ABC genes are associated with human disease, involving nearly all organ systems of the body. In addition, ABC genes play an important role in the development of drug resistance in cancer cells. Future genetic, functional, and evolutionary studies of ABC transporters will provide important insight into human and animal biology.     

斑马鱼一个IFIT 家族基因的鉴定及启动子分析

IFIT 家族由一类受干扰素诱导表达并具有TPR 结构域的蛋白组成, 但是在鱼类关于IFIT 基因的研究还很少。研究利用哺乳类IFIT 家族基因IFI56 的序列搜索斑马鱼基因组数据库鉴定出一个未知基因, 该基因具有哺乳类IFIT 家族保守的基因组结构, 编码蛋白具有保守的TPR 结构域, 暂命名为IFIT-A。RT-PCR 分析表明, Poly I:C 能够诱导IFIT-A 基因转录水平上调。与哺乳类IFIT 家族基因相似, 斑马鱼IFIT-A 启动子存在ISG 基因特有的典型ISRE 结构域。荧光素酶活性实验揭示Poly I:C 和重组IFN 蛋白能激活斑马鱼IFIT-A 启动子活性。此外, 过量表达IFN 调控因子IRF3 和IRF7 能诱导斑马鱼IFIT-A 启动子活性。实验结果证明IFIT-A基因是斑马鱼IFIT 家族成员, IRF3 和IRF7 在其诱导表中具有重要调控作用。       

Temporal pattern of loss/persistence of duplicate genes involved in signal transduction and metabolic pathways after teleost-specific genome duplication

Background  

Recent genomic studies have revealed a teleost-specific third-round whole genome duplication (3R-WGD) event occurred in a common ancestor of teleost fishes. However, it is unclear how the genes duplicated in this event were lost or persisted during the diversification of teleosts, and therefore, how many of the duplicated genes contribute to the genetic differences among teleosts. This subject is also important for understanding the process of vertebrate evolution through WGD events. We applied a comparative evolutionary approach to this question by focusing on the genes involved in long-term potentiation, taste and olfactory transduction, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, based on the whole genome sequences of four teleosts; zebrafish, medaka, stickleback, and green spotted puffer fish.     

Opsin gene duplication and divergence in ray-finned fish

Opsin gene sequences were first reported in the 1980s. The goal of that research was to test the hypothesis that human opsins were members of a single gene family and that variation in human color vision was mediated by mutations in these genes. While the new data supported both hypotheses, the greatest contribution of this work was, arguably, that it provided the data necessary for PCR-based surveys in a diversity of other species. Such studies, and recent whole genome sequencing projects, have uncovered exceptionally large opsin gene repertoires in ray-finned fishes (taxon, Actinopterygii). Guppies and zebrafish, for example, have 10 visual opsin genes each. Here we review the duplication and divergence events that have generated these gene collections. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that large opsin gene repertories in fish have been generated by gene duplication and divergence events that span the age of the ray-finned fishes. Data from whole genome sequencing projects and from large-insert clones show that tandem duplication is the primary mode of opsin gene family expansion in fishes. In some instances gene conversion between tandem duplicates has obscured evolutionary relationships among genes and generated unique key-site haplotypes. We mapped amino acid substitutions at so-called key-sites onto phylogenies and this exposed many examples of convergence. We found that dN/dS values were higher on the branches of our trees that followed gene duplication than on branches that followed speciation events, suggesting that duplication relaxes constraints on opsin sequence evolution. Though the focus of the review is opsin sequence evolution, we also note that there are few clear connections between opsin gene repertoires and variation in spectral environment, morphological traits, or life history traits.