基因重组卡介苗的优点及应用

基因重组卡介菌（rBCG）是借助分子生物学技术,将外源基因导入BCG中构建而成的多价疫苗,rBCG可诱导长期的体液免疫和细胞免疫,初步的研究结果已显示出rBCG具有广阔的应用前景,有望发展成为一种经济有效的新型疫苗以预防传染病和一些肿瘤。     

新型兽用疫苗的研究进展

新型兽用疫苗是免疫学和病毒学的研究热点,主要包括亚单位疫苗、基因工程缺失苗、重组病毒活载体疫苗和基因疫苗。上前已经被广泛的应用于研究和疫病的防治上。最近的疫苗发展方向集中于在基因疫苗上。高效、安全、稳定、成本低是疫苗开发的重点。本文介绍了新型疫苗的现状,以及今后发展的趋势和策略。     

基因疫苗的特点、应用和最新进展

基因免疫是９０年代初刚刚兴起的新方法,受到国内外的广泛重视,成为当前分子生物学研究的重点和热点之一。本文总结了基因疫苗和基因免疫的有关概念,基因疫苗的优点和疫苗的安全性问题,研究基因疫苗和基因免疫的意义与应用,基因疫苗的免疫效果及其最新进展     

伪狂犬病新型疫苗研究进展

伪狂犬病是多种家畜和野生动物的一种重要传染病,给世界畜牧业特别是养猪业造成了巨大的经济损失,疫苗免疫是预防控制该病的主要手段。综述了伪狂犬病亚单位疫苗,核酸疫苗,重组疫苗,基因缺失疫苗等新型疫苗的研究进展。     

伪狂犬病新型疫苗研究进展*

伪狂犬病是多种家畜和野生动物的一种重要传染病 ,给世界畜牧业特别是养猪业造成了巨大的经济损失。疫苗免疫是预防控制该病的主要手段。综述了伪狂犬病亚单位疫苗、核酸疫苗、重组疫苗、基因缺失疫苗等新型疫苗的研究进展。     

DNA疫苗在寄生虫病疫苗研制中的前景

疫苗是人类与传染病斗争的最有效武器.纵观疫苗的发展过程,人们将巴斯德及后来许多学者开创的减毒和灭活疫苗称为第一次疫苗革命,将由微生物的天然及纯化组分或由基因重组产物而生产的疫苗称为第二次疫苗革命,本世纪90年代兴起的核酸疫苗技术则被誉为第三次疫苗革命[1].     

转基因植物疫苗免疫原基因表达研究概述

近年来 ,随着基因工程、蛋白质工程以及免疫学理论与技术的迅速发展 ,以开发新型高效疫苗为目标的新的研究领域异常活跃 ,基因工程亚单位疫苗、基因缺失疫苗、重组病毒活载体疫苗、核酸疫苗各展风姿 ,但这些系统存在设备复杂 ,成本高 ,免疫原性较差和外源微生物污染的缺陷 .为克服上述缺陷 ,进入 2 0世纪 90年代 ,以植物为生物反应器的疫苗研究策略迅速发展 ,短短几年以植物为生物反应器的可食性疫苗取得了可喜的进展 ,这些进展也开辟了植物生物技术革命的新天地 .1　转基因植物基因疫苗研究原理和策略利用转基因植物生产疫苗 ,是将抗原基因…     

肿瘤基因疫苗的研究进展

基因疫苗技术自从20世纪90年代问世以来被迅速应用到传染病、免疫缺陷、肿瘤等重大疾病的预防和治疗的研究中,有一部分已经进入临床试验阶段.肿瘤基因疫苗可以打破免疫耐受,增强免疫原性,诱导机体产生针对肿瘤的体液和细胞反应,既有预防又有治疗肿瘤的作用.能够防治肿瘤的基因疫苗发展迅猛,主要包括与肿瘤相关抗原（TAAs）有关的全长、表位、独特型（Id）和融合DNA疫苗,能够自主复制的RNA疫苗,与树突细胞（DCs）相关的肿瘤基因疫苗等.肿瘤基因疫苗的分子作用机制及其存在的弊端也日益成为关注的问题.     

人乳头瘤病毒16型预防性疫苗的相关研究进展

人类乳头瘤病毒１６型（ＨＰＶ１６）在宫颈癌患者中检出率高达９０％。近年来通过基因工程方法对ＨＰＶ的晚期基因（Ｌ１和Ｌ２基因）编码的外壳蛋白产物的研究很多,发现主要壳蛋白（Ｌ１）可自我组装成病毒样颗粒（ｖｉｒｕｓ－ｌｉｋｅｐａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ,ＶＬＰ）,并可用作预防性疫苗;基于次要壳蛋白（Ｌ２）的预防性疫苗和核酸水平的预防性疫苗也很有前途。本文着重从近几年国际上ＨＰＶ１６预防性疫苗的基础性工作进展及预防性疫苗研究现状等方面及趋势作一综述。     

乙型肝炎病毒全S基因疫苗诱导小鼠的特异性免疫应答

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染是我国常见病及多发病.HBV难以清除的原因之一就是机体的免疫功能障碍.目前虽然基因重组HBV表面抗原(HBsAg)疫苗预防HBV感染取得了较好的效果,但基因重组HBsAg疫苗主要能诱导特异性体液免疫,不能刺激机体的细胞免疫应答.近年来发现基因疫苗可诱导机体产生细胞及体液免疫反应,特别是诱导细胞免疫反应的能力优于蛋白、多肽类疫苗,更适应于慢性病毒感染的预防与治疗[1,2].为了探讨应用HBV基因疫苗预防HBV感染的可能性,本文构建了HBV全S基因和HBsAg基因疫苗,观察和比较了这两种疫苗经肌肉注射接种到Balb/C小鼠体内后的细胞及体液免疫功能的变化.     

Construction of EGFP-tagged rBCG of E.tenella and distribution in chickens

Chicken coccidiosis is a major parasitic disease with substantial economic burden to the poultry industry. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) tagged recombinant Bacille Calmette-Guerin (rBCG), as a fusion protein with coccidian rhomboid antigen was constructed to track rBCG in vivo in chickens in this study. Immunization of chickens with one dose of rBCG pMV361-Rho/EGFP induced humoral immune response. The colonization of rBCG in liver, spleen, lung, kidney and caecum was observed by laser confocal microscopy. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR showed a rise expression level of rhomboid protein on the 7th day and a peak on the 14th day and disappearance on the 28th day after immunization. These results have significant implications for the development of rBCG vaccines against avian coccidiosis. Supported by Grants from the Foundation of the Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Department of China (Grant No. 20050211-2) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.30170696, 30500370 and 30671580).     

B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin as adjuvant of humoral immune response in recombinant BCG vaccination

The B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LTB), a nontoxic molecule with potent biological properties, is a powerful mucosal and parenteral adjuvant that induces a strong immune response against co-administered or coupled antigens. In this paper, the effect of LTB on the humoral immune response to recombinant BCG (rBCG) vaccination was evaluated. Isogenic mice were immunized with rBCG expressing the R1 repeat region of the P97 adhesin of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae alone (rBCG/R1) or fused to LTB (rBCG/LTBR1). Anti-R1 systemic antibody levels (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, IgM, and IgA) were measured by ELISA using recombinant R1 as antigen. With the exception of IgM, LTB doubled the anti-R1 antibody levels in rBCG vaccination. The IgG1/IgG2a mean ratio showed that both rBCG/LTBR1 and rBCG/R1 induced a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response. Interestingly, anti-R1 serum IgA was induced only by rBCG/LTBR1. These results demonstrate that LTB has an adjuvant effect on the humoral immune response to recombinant antigens expressed in BCG.     

A novel recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin strain expressing human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and Mycobacterium tuberculosis early secretory antigenic target 6 complex augments Th1 immunity

Since Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin strain (BCG) fails to protect adults from pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), there is an urgent need for developing a new vaccine. In this study, we constructed a novel recombinant BCG strain (rBCG) expressing human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and the 6 kDa early secretory antigenic target (ESAT6) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, named rBCG:GE (expressing GMCSF-ESAT6 complex), and evaluated the immunogenicity of the construct in BALB/c mice. Our results indicated that the rBCG:GE was able to induce higher titer of antibody than the conventional BCG, the rBCG:G (expressing GM-CSF) and the rBCG:E (expressing ESAT6). Moreover, the rBCG:GE also elicited a longer-lasting and stronger Th1 cellular immune responses than the other groups, which was confirmed by the incremental proliferation of splenocytes, the increased percentages of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells of spleen, the elevated level of interferon-γ in splenocyte culture after tuberculin-purified protein derivative stimulation, and the increased concentration of GM-CSF in serum. The data presented here suggested the possibility that the recombinant BCG:GE might be a good vaccine candidate to TB.     

Immune responses and protective efficacy induced by 85B antigen and early secreted antigenic target-6 kDa antigen fusion protein secreted by recombinant bacille Calmette-Guérin

In an attempt to improve immune responses and protective efficacy, we constructed two recombinant bacille Calmette-Guérin (rBCG) strains expressing an 85B antigen (Ag85B) and early secreted antigenic target-6 kDa antigen (ESAT6) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) fusion protein. Both rBCG strains have the same protein insertion but in a different order (Ag85B-ESAT6 and ESAT6-Ag85B). The cultured supernatant of rBCG strains and the sera from the mice immunized with the fusion protein Ag85B-ESAT6 or ESAT6-Ag85B formed a band with a fraction size of 37 kDa, equalivalent to the sum of Ag85B and ESAT6. Six weeks after BALB/c mice were immunized with BCG or rBCG, spleen lymphocytes showed significant proliferation in response to culture filtrate protein of MTB. Compared with the BCG group, mice vaccinated with rBCG elicited a high level increase of immunoglobulin G antibodies to culture filtrate protein in the serum. The gamma-interferon levels in the lymphocyte culture medium supernatants increased remarkably in the rBCG1 group, significantly higher than that of the BCG immunized group (p<0.05). Four weeks after vaccination, mice were infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv and a dramatic reduction in the numbers of MTB colony forming units in the spleens and lungs was observed in the two rBCG immunization groups. Although these rBCG strains were more immunogenic, their protective effect was comparable to the classical BCG strain, and there were no significant differences between two rBCG groups (p>0.05).     

Cell-mediated immunity induced by recombinant Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin strains against an intracellular bacterial pathogen: importance of antigen secretion or membrane-targeted antigen display as lipoprotein for vaccine efficacy

Live recombinant vaccines expressing defined pathogen-derived Ags represent powerful candidates for future vaccination strategies. In this study, we report on the differential induction of protective cell-mediated immunity elicited by different recombinant Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) strains displaying p60 Ag of Listeria monocytogenes in secreted, cytosolic, or membrane-attached form for T cell recognition. Anti-listerial protection evoked by the membrane-linked p60 lipoprotein of rBCG Mp60 and that of the p60 derivative secreted by rBCG Sp60-40 were nearly equal, whereas cytosolic p60 displayed by rBCG Np60 failed to protect mice from listeriosis. In vivo depletion of CD4 or CD8 T cell subpopulations in rBCG Mp60-vaccinated mice before listerial challenge revealed interactions of both T cell subsets in anti-listerial protection. In rBCG Sp60-40-vaccinated animals, CD4 T cells predominantly contributed to anti-listerial control as shown by the failure of anti-CD8 mAb treatment to impair the outcome of listeriosis in rBCG Sp60-40-vaccinated mice after L. monocytogenes challenge. Hence, differential Ag display by rBCG influences cell-mediated immunity, which in turn may impact vaccine efficacy due to the different requirements of CD4 or CD8 T cells for pathogen elimination.     

Induction of humoral immunity in response to immunization with recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG expressing the S1 subunit of Bordetella pertussis toxin

Two recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG (rBCG) vaccine strains were developed for the expression of cytoplasmically located S1 subunit of pertussis toxin, with expression driven by the hsp60 promoter of M. bovis (rBCG/pPB10) or the pAN promoter of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (rBCG/pPB12). Both strains showed stable expression of equivalent levels of recombinant S1 in vitro and induced long-term (up to 8 months) humoral immune responses in BALB/c mice, although these responses differed quantitatively and qualitatively. Specifically, rBCG/pPB12 induced markedly higher levels of IgG1 than did rBCG/pPB10, and mice immunized with the former strain developed specific long-term memory to S1, as indicated by the production of high levels of S1-specific IgG in response to a sublethal challenge with pertussis toxin 15 months after initial immunization. When considered in combination with previous studies, our data encourage further evaluation of rBCG as a potential means of developing a low-cost whooping cough vaccine based on defined antigens.     

评价空肠弯曲菌外膜蛋白PEB1介导的重组BCG与上皮细胞的结合能力

目的：评价PEBl介导的屋尘螨抗原（Derp2）重纽BCG疫苗（PEBI-Derp2．rBCG）与人上皮细胞的结合能力。方法：采用体外细胞培养的方法,分别将普通BCG、胞壁型Derp2-rBCG和胞壁型融合蛋白PEBl-Derp2-rBCG与HeLa细胞及人类肠粘膜上皮细胞（HIEC）进行共孵育,利用HE和抗酸染色法对各组细胞与疫苗的黏附结果进行染色,光学显微镜下计数各组的黏附率,并进行比较;对以上各组分别加入PEBl蛋白,进行黏附阻断,观察对结合能力的影响。结果：孵育24小时后,无论HeLa细胞还是H匝CPEBl-Derp2．rBCG组较普通BCG组和Derp2-rBCG组的黏附率明显提高,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）;PEBl蛋白的加入对PEBl．Derp2-rBCG的黏附功能有明显抑制作用（P〈O．05）;但是,Derp2-rBCG组与普通BCG组比较没有明显差异（P〉o．05）,PEBl蛋白的加入对二者的黏附亦无影响（P〉0．05）。结论：PEBl具有介导增强PEBl-Derp2-rBCG与上皮细胞黏附的能力。     

Enhanced and Enduring Protection against Tuberculosis by Recombinant BCG-Ag85C and Its Association with Modulation of Cytokine Profile in Lung

Background

The variable efficacy (0–80%) of Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette Guréin (BCG) vaccine against adult tuberculosis (TB) necessitates development of alternative vaccine candidates. Development of recombinant BCG (rBCG) over-expressing promising immunodominant antigens of M. tuberculosis represents one of the potential approaches for the development of vaccines against TB.

Methods/Principal Findings

A recombinant strain of BCG - rBCG85C, over expressing the antigen 85C, a secretory immuno-dominant protein of M. tuberculosis, was evaluated for its protective efficacy in guinea pigs against M. tuberculosis challenge by aerosol route. Immunization with rBCG85C resulted in a substantial reduction in the lung (1.87 log₁₀, p<0.01) and spleen (2.36 log₁₀, p<0.001) bacillary load with a commensurate reduction in pathological damage, when compared to the animals immunized with the parent BCG strain at 10 weeks post-infection. rBCG85C continued to provide superior protection over BCG even when post-challenge period was prolonged to 16 weeks. The cytokine profile of pulmonary granulomas revealed that the superior protection imparted by rBCG85C was associated with the reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines - interleukin (IL)-12, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, moderate levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine - transforming growth factor (TGF)-β along with up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In addition, the rBCG85C vaccine induced modulation of the cytokine levels was found to be associated with reduced fibrosis and antigen load accompanied by the restoration of normal lung architecture.

Conclusions/Significance

These results clearly indicate the superiority of rBCG85C over BCG as a promising prophylactic vaccine against TB. The enduring protection observed in this study gives enough reason to postulate that if an open-ended study is carried out with low dose of infection, rBCG85C vaccine in all likelihood would show enhanced survival of guinea pigs.     

Manipulation of immune responses to Mycobacterium bovis by vaccination with IL-2- and IL-18-secreting recombinant bacillus Calmette Guerin

Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) has been reported to show variable efficacy as a vaccine against tuberculosis. We demonstrated that the secretion of biologically active IL-2 (rBCG/IL-2),but not IL-18 (rBCG/IL-18), by BCG improves its ability to induce and maintain a strong type 1 immune response in BALB/c mice. rBCG/IL-2 induced significantly higher Ag-specific proliferative responses, high IFN-gamma production and serum titres of IgG2a 16 weeks after vaccination. This immune profile was correlated to an increased rate of clearance of non-pathogenic mycobacteria (live BCG delivered intranasally). Surprisingly, however,this strong type 1 immune profile induced no greater protective immunity against aerosol challenge with virulent Mycobacterium bovis than that induced by normal BCG (nBCG). By comparison,vaccination with rBCG/IL-18 was found to induce significantly less IFN-gamma production in splenic lymphocytes than nBCG.This impaired induction of IFN-gamma was correlated to a significantly lower protective efficacy against M. bovis challenge, as compared to nBCG. The data suggest that manipulation of the immune response to tuberculosis and tuberculosis vaccines will require a more complete understanding of the factors that are important in generating a protective immune response.     

Mycobacterial codon optimization of the gene encoding the Sm14 antigen of Schistosoma mansoni in recombinant Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin enhances protein expression but not protection against cercarial challenge in mice

A mycobacterial codon-optimized gene encoding the Sm14 antigen of Schistosoma mansoni was generated using oligonucleotide assembly. This synthetic gene enhanced approximately fourfold the protein expression level in recombinant Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (rBCG) when compared to that obtained using the native gene in the same expression vector. Immunization of mice with rBCG expressing Sm14 via the synthetic gene induced specific cellular Th1-predominant immune responses, as determined by interferon-gamma production of Sm14-stimulated splenocytes, which were comparable to those recorded in animals immunized with an rBCG strain expressing the native gene. Administration of a single dose of the rBCG-Sm14 construct carrying the synthetic gene conferred protection against cercarial challenge in outbred Swiss mice, at a level equivalent to those provided by either a single dose of rBCG expressing the native gene or three doses of Escherichia coli-derived recombinant Sm14. Our data demonstrated that despite improving the level of antigen expression, the codon optimization strategy did not result in enhanced immunity or protection against cercarial S. mansoni challenge.