骨唾液酸蛋白通过整合素αvβ3调控ILK信号通路

旨在探究骨唾液酸蛋白(BSP)是否通过整合素αvβ3对整合素连接激酶(ILK)信号通路进行调控。BSP基因沉默乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞,流式细胞仪在细胞水平检测BSP不同水平的细胞株中整合素αvβ3的表达量。Western blotting检测磷酸化ILK水平的变化,MTT法检测细胞增殖能力。与对照组231BO-Scrambled细胞相比,BSP基因沉默组231BO-BSP27细胞中整合素αvβ3的表达水平明显下调(61.32±1.94)%(P<0.01)。整合素αvβ3鼠抗单克隆抗体(LM609)处理前的BSP基因沉默组231BO-BSP27细胞与21BO-Scrambled细胞相比,ILK磷酸化水平下调明显(39.38±1.38)%(P<0.01);LM609处理后的231BO-BSP27细胞与21BO-Scrambled细胞相比,ILK磷酸化水平下调明显(33.78±1.51)%(P<0.01)。向乳腺癌细胞231BO-scrambled和231BO-BSP27中添加LM609,MTT试验结果显示两株乳腺癌细胞的增殖能力均有降低(P<0.05)。BSP通过整合素αvβ3对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞ILK信号通路进行调控,并影响细胞增殖。     

骨唾液酸蛋白在乳腺癌骨转移中的研究进展

骨唾液酸蛋白（Bonesialoprotein,BSP）是细胞外基质中一种高度磷酸化和糖基化分泌性蛋白,它是多种癌症（乳腺癌,前列腺癌和肺癌等）进程中的重要参与者。乳腺癌细胞转染实验和裸鼠移植模型证明过表达BSP可以促进乳腺癌细胞骨转移。BSP抗体和反义核酸均可有效抑制乳腺癌细胞骨转移的发生,故BSP有可能成为一种新的诊断和治疗乳腺癌骨转移的靶蛋白。     

BSP基因RNA干扰对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231BO细胞生物学特性的影响

旨在研究RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)抑制骨唾液酸蛋白(bone sialoprotein,BSP)基因表达后对人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231BO生物学特性的影响。应用pSilencer5.1-U6Retro构建针对BSP基因的siRNA逆转录病毒重组表达质粒,将重组质粒转染293细胞制备病毒悬液感染MDA-MB-231BO细胞,利用嘌呤霉素筛选抑制BSP表达的乳腺癌细胞。Western blotting检测细胞内BSP蛋白表达,采用MTT法和集落形成试验检测细胞的增殖,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期变化。结果显示,成功构建BSP基因RNAi稳定转染的231BO-BSP27细胞。231BO-BSP27细胞内BSP蛋白表达抑制率为69.3%,与对照组细胞相比,231BO-BSP27细胞的生长速率和克隆形成率明显降低;S期细胞数量明显减少,G0/G1期细胞增多。由此证实,逆转录病毒介导的RNAi能实现BSP基因稳定沉默,从而抑制MDA-MB-231BO细胞的生长和增殖。     

整合素αvβ3对MDA-MB-231BO乳腺癌细胞AKT信号通路的调控

旨在探究整合素αvβ3的单克隆抗体LM609在BSP不同表达水平的乳腺癌细胞中对AKT(蛋白激酶B)信号通路的影响。利用免疫细胞化学法检测BSP不同表达水平的乳腺癌细胞中整合素αvβ3的表达量。BSP基因沉默乳腺癌MDA-MB-231BO细胞,Western blotting在蛋白水平检测磷酸化AKT的表达,MTT试验和细胞划痕试验分别检测细胞增殖、迁移能力的变化。结果显示,与231BO-Scrambled细胞相比,231BO-BSP27细胞中BSP蛋白水平明显降低,抑制率达到(59.43±1.71)%;LM609分别处理两株细胞后,与对照组231BO-Scrambled细胞相比,BSP基因沉默组21BO-BSP27细胞中AKT磷酸化水平下调明显,为(33.78±1.51)%(P<0.01);231BO-BSP27细胞和对照组231BO-Scrambled中细胞的增殖和迁移能力均有不同程度的下降(P<0.05)。LM609能够抑制胞内整合素αvβ3功能的表达,进而对AKT信号通路进行调控,并影响细胞增殖和迁移的发生。     

沉默FBI-1基因对三阴性乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231增殖和凋亡的影响

本研究旨在观察短发夹状RNA (short hairpin RNA, shRNA)介导的人类免疫缺陷病毒短转录诱导物连接因子1 (FBI-1)基因沉默对三阴性乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231增殖和凋亡的影响。用qRT-PCR和Western blot分别检测FBI-1、Bcl-2、Bax、cleaved-Caspase3和Survivin的mRNA和/或蛋白的表达水平;采用shRNA干扰技术沉默MDA-MB-231细胞中FBI-1基因的表达;用CCK-8法以及克隆形成实验检测细胞增殖;用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡;用裸鼠皮下成瘤实验检测细胞的成瘤能力。结果显示,MDA-MB-231细胞的FBI-1 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平明显高于正常乳腺上皮细胞MCF-10A;经shRNA靶向沉默FBI-1基因表达后,细胞增殖能力明显降低,细胞凋亡率显著增高,伴随Bcl-2和Survivin蛋白表达明显下调、Bax蛋白表达显著上调和Caspase 3活化,MDA-MB-231细胞的裸鼠皮下成瘤能力受抑制。以上结果提示,靶向沉默FBI-1基因表达可以抑制MDA-MB-231细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡并抑制细胞的裸鼠皮下成瘤能力。     

NDRG2 通过影响CD24 调控乳腺癌细胞的粘附能力

目的:阐明NDRG2(N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 2)在乳腺癌细胞中对CD24的调控及其对乳腺癌细胞粘附能力的影响。方法:RT-PCR和Western blot方法检测乳腺癌细胞MCF-7及Bcap-37中NDRG2和CD24的表达;通过腺病毒上调MCF-7细胞中NDRG2的表达,或利用siRNA下调Bcap-37细胞中NDRG2的表达,检测CD24基因和蛋白的变化。粘附实验检测改变NDRG2表达水平后对MCF-7及Bcap-37细胞粘附能力的影响。结果:MCF-7细胞中NDRG2基因和蛋白的表达水平低于Bcap-37细胞,而CD24的表达水平高于Bcap-37细胞;在MCF-7细胞中通过腺病毒载体上调NDRG2可以抑制CD24的表达并抑制其粘附能力,而在Bcap-37细胞中利用siRNA下调NDRG2的表达可以提高CD24的水平及细胞的粘附能力;结论:NDRG2通过影响CD24参与调控乳腺癌细胞的粘附能力。     

整合素β2促进人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的迁移,侵袭与粘附

本研究主要目标为探讨整合素β2 (ITGB2)的高表达对人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7迁移,侵袭与粘附能力的影响。本研究首先构建了ITGB2过表达质粒,实验设阴性对照组(pcDNA-3.1+)与ITGB2基因过表达组(pcDNA-3.1+/ITGB2)。ITGB2过表达质粒转染MCF-7细胞后,采用逆转录PCR与Western blotting方法分别检测ITGB2 mRNA转录水平与蛋白翻译水平;流式细胞术检测细胞周期的改变;划痕实验检测细胞横向迁移能力;Transwell小室实验检测细胞纵向迁移能力及侵袭能力;人脐静脉血管内皮细胞(HUVEC)粘附实验检测癌症细胞与血管内皮细胞之间的粘附能力,Western blotting实验检测侵袭相关指标MMP9,整合素经典通路中FAK蛋白磷酸化水平的改变。研究结果表明:转染ITGB2过表达质粒后,MCF-7细胞中ITGB2的m RNA水平(p<0.01)与蛋白水平(p<0.05)均显著增高;流式细胞术实验中,实验组S期的细胞所占比例与对照组无明显差异;划痕实验与Transwell小室实验中,实验组的迁移侵袭能力显著性增强;人脐静脉血管内皮细胞粘附实验中,实验组乳腺癌细胞与血管内皮细胞的粘附能力强于对照组(p<0.05);且Western blotting结果显示MMP9和p-FAK蛋白水平明显上升。由以上结果可得出结论,过表达ITGB2后会增强人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的迁移、侵袭与粘附能力,而对其增殖能力无明显影响。     

沉默CXCL1基因抑制三阴性乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的迁移、侵袭的研究

为探讨CXCL1基因对三阴性乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的迁移、侵袭作用的影响,该研究设计针对CXCL1基因的小干扰RNA,用实时荧光定量PCR和酶联免疫吸附测定试验分别在RNA和蛋白质水平上检测干扰效率;采用流式细胞术学技术检测细胞的周期和凋亡情况;采用transwell迁移和侵袭试验分别检测细胞的迁移及侵袭能力。结果显示,与siRNA-NC组细胞相比,siCXCL1-1、siCXCL1-2、siCXCL1-3细胞中CXCL1基因的mRNA和蛋白表达均下调,且si CXCL1-3干扰效率最高,mRNA及蛋白表达水平分别降低了75%(p<0.01)和46%(p<0.01)。细胞凋亡试验和细胞周期试验结果显示,沉默CXCL1基因后对三阴性乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231细胞的凋亡和周期无明显影响,差异无统计学意义(p>0.05)。transwell小室迁移和侵袭试验显示,沉默CXCL1基因能够显著抑制三阴性乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的迁移和侵袭能力(p<0.01)。研究成果为临床乳腺癌中以CXCL1基因为靶点的分子治疗提供了理论依据。     

PKM2对乳腺癌细胞有氧糖酵解、增殖和凋亡的影响

[目的]探讨siRNA介导的PKM2基因沉默对乳腺癌细胞中有氧糖酵解、细胞增殖和凋亡产生的影响。[方法]荧光定量PCR检测乳腺癌细胞转染siRNA-PKM2的效率,葡萄糖和乳酸试剂盒及Western Blot检测细胞的糖酵解能力,CCK-8法检测细胞增殖能力,Western Blot检测细胞的凋亡状况。[结果]与对照组相比,转染PKM2的siRNA 48h后,细胞摄取葡萄糖量及乳酸分泌量均明显降低(P0.05),两种与糖酵解相关的蛋白Glut1和PFK-1表达量均降低;细胞增殖速率减慢(P0.05);抗凋亡蛋白bcl-x L蛋白表达降低,促凋亡蛋白caspase-9蛋白表达增多。[结论]siRNA介导的PKM2基因沉默能抑制乳腺癌细胞的有氧糖酵解及增殖能力,并促进细胞凋亡。     

STAT3基因沉默降低小鼠乳腺癌细胞的体外迁移能力

信号转导子与转录活化子3(STAT3)是一个具有信号转导和转录调控双重功能的转录因子,有文献报道STAT3在乳腺癌中的表达显著升高,并能促进乳腺癌的转移。为了深入探索STAT3在肿瘤发生发展中的作用和影响乳腺癌转移的分子机制,采用RNA干扰技术在小鼠乳腺癌细胞株4T1中沉默STAT3的表达。MTT实验结果显示STAT3沉默对4T1细胞的增殖能力没有影响;细胞迁移实验结果表明STAT3表达被沉默后4T1细胞的迁移能力明显被抑制;定量PCR结果显示,STAT3基因沉默后4T1细胞中VEGF和IL-6的mRNA水平下降,E-cadherin表达上升,mosin表达下降;信号通路检测显示STAT3基因表达沉默后MAPK的活化明显降低。研究表明STAT3在小鼠乳腺癌细胞的迁移过程中发挥重要作用,为以STAT3基因为靶向的治疗提供了一定的实验依据。     

亲骨转移乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231BO成瘤性的初步研究

目的通过比较亲骨转移乳腺癌细胞（MDA-MB-231BO）和亲代乳腺癌细胞（MDA-MB-231）的生长曲线和致瘤性,初步探讨MDA-MB-231BO细胞的生物学特性。方法MTT法测定两种细胞的生长曲线,并将两种乳腺癌细胞接种于裸鼠腋窝处皮下,建立乳腺癌细胞异种移植瘤动物模型,30 d后处死裸鼠,肿瘤组织及相关脏器官做病理检查。结果MTT法测得MDA-MB-231BO细胞生长速率高于MDA-MB-231细胞。接种两种乳腺癌细胞的裸鼠均长出肿瘤,成瘤率为100%。病理检查符合人乳腺癌细胞特征,MDA-MB-231BO组瘤体体积明显大于MDA-MB-231组（P〈0.05）。结论MDA-MB-231BO细胞生长速率高于MDA-MB-231细胞,而且MDA-MB-231BO在裸鼠体内的致瘤性强于MDA-MB-231。     

Cas9蛋白对亲骨转移人乳腺癌细胞株生物学性质和超微结构的影响

目的：构建表达Cas9蛋白的亲骨转移人乳腺癌细胞株,并研究Cas9蛋白的表达对细胞生物学性质和超微结构的影响,为利用CRISPR/Cas9技术研究乳腺癌骨转移分子机制提供实验基础。方法：通过慢病毒载体介导Cas9蛋白基因转染亲骨转移人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231BO,通过G418筛选转染细胞,采用流式细胞术、Western blot、免疫细胞化学验证Cas9基因转染是否成功;运用实时无标记动态细胞分析技术和细胞划痕实验检测Cas9蛋白表达对细胞增殖及迁移的影响;透射电镜观察Cas9蛋白表达对细胞超微结构的影响。结果：成功构建稳定表达Cas9蛋白的亲骨转移人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231BO-Cas9,Cas9蛋白的表达对细胞的增殖、迁移和超微结构无明显影响。结论：MDA-MB-231BO-Cas9细胞可用于CRISPR/Cas9技术进一步研究。     

Role of prostaglandin E produced by osteoblasts in osteolysis due to bone metastasis

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is produced in bone mainly by osteoblasts and stimulates bone resorption. Osteolytic bone metastasis of cancers is accompanied by bone resorption. In this study, we examined the roles of PGE2 in osteolysis due to bone metastasis of breast cancer. Injection of human breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 (MDA-231), into nude mice causes severe osteolysis in the femur and tibia. The expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL), a key molecule in osteoclast differentiation, mRNAs was markedly elevated in bone with metastasis. When MDA-231 cells were cocultured with mouse calvaria, COX-2-induced PGE2 production and bone resorption progressed. The contact with MDA-231 cells could induce the expression of COX-2 and RANKL in osteoblasts by mechanisms involving MAP kinase and NF-kappaB. The blockage of PGE2 signal by indomethacin and EP4 antagonist abrogated the osteoclast formation induced by the breast cancer cells. Here, we show a PGE-dependent mechanism of osteolysis due to bone metastasis.     

Heparin-like polysaccharides reduce osteolytic bone destruction and tumor growth in a mouse model of breast cancer bone metastasis

TGF-β regulates several steps in cancer metastasis, including the establishment of bone metastatic lesions. TGF-β is released from bone during osteoclastic bone resorption and it stimulates breast cancer cells to produce osteolytic factors such as interleukin 11 (IL-11). We conducted a cell-based siRNA screen and identified heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 2 (HS6ST2) as a critical gene for TGF-β-induced IL-11 production in highly bone metastatic MDA-MB-231(SA) breast cancer cells. HS6ST2 attaches sulfate groups to glucosamine residues in heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans. We subsequently showed how heparin and a high-molecular-weight Escherichia coli K5-derived heparin-like polysaccharide (K5-NSOS) inhibited TGF-β-induced IL-11 production in MDA-MB-231(SA) cells. In addition, K5-NSOS inhibited bone resorption activity of human osteoclasts in vitro. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of K5-NSOS and fragmin in a mouse model of breast cancer bone metastasis. MDA-MB-231(SA) cells were inoculated into the left cardiac ventricle of athymic nude mice which were treated with fragmin, K5-NSOS, or vehicle once a day for four weeks. Both heparin-like glycosaminoglycans inhibited weight reduction, decreased osteolytic lesion area, and reduced tumor burden in bone. In conclusion, our data imply novel mechanisms involved in TGF-β induction and support the critical role of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans in cancer metastasis as well as indicate that K5-NSOS is a potential antimetastatic and antiresorptive agent for cancer therapy. This study illustrates the potential to translate in vitro siRNA screening results toward in vivo therapeutic concepts.     

BMP9 inhibits the bone metastasis of breast cancer cells by downregulating CCN2 (connective tissue growth factor,CTGF) expression

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which belong to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, regulate a wide range of cellular responses including cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, and apoptosis. BMP9, the latest BMP to be discovered, is reportedly expressed in a variety of human carcinoma cell lines, but the role of BMP9 in breast cancer has not been fully clarified. In a previous study, BMP9 was found to inhibit the growth, migration, and invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. In the current study, the effect of BMP9 on the bone metastasis of breast cancer cells was investigated. After absent or low expression of BMP9 was detected in the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and breast non-tumor adjacent tissues using Western blot and immunohistochemistry, In our previous study, BMP9 could inhibit the proliferation and invasiveness of breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 in vitro and in vivo. This paper shows that BMP9 inhibit the bone metastasis of breast cancer cells by activating the BMP/Smad signaling pathway and downregulating connective tissue growth factor (CTGF); however, when CTGF expression was maintained, the inhibitory effect of BMP9 on the MDA-MB-231 cells was abolished. Together, these observations indicate that BMP9 is an important mediator of breast cancer bone metastasis and a potential therapeutic target for treating this deadly disease.     

Decreased autocrine EGFR signaling in metastatic breast cancer cells inhibits tumor growth in bone and mammary fat pad

Breast cancer metastasis to bone triggers a vicious cycle of tumor growth linked to osteolysis. Breast cancer cells and osteoblasts express the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and produce ErbB family ligands, suggesting participation of these growth factors in autocrine and paracrine signaling within the bone microenvironment. EGFR ligand expression was profiled in the bone metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells (MDA-231), and agonist-induced signaling was examined in both breast cancer and osteoblast-like cells. Both paracrine and autocrine EGFR signaling were inhibited with a neutralizing amphiregulin antibody, PAR34, whereas shRNA to the EGFR was used to specifically block autocrine signaling in MDA-231 cells. The impact of these was evaluated with proliferation, migration and gene expression assays. Breast cancer metastasis to bone was modeled in female athymic nude mice with intratibial inoculation of MDA-231 cells, and cancer cell-bone marrow co-cultures. EGFR knockdown, but not PAR34 treatment, decreased osteoclasts formed in vitro (p<0.01), reduced osteolytic lesion tumor volume (p<0.01), increased survivorship in vivo (p<0.001), and resulted in decreased MDA-231 growth in the fat pad (p<0.01). Fat pad shEGFR-MDA-231 tumors produced in nude mice had increased necrotic areas and decreased CD31-positive vasculature. shEGFR-MDA-231 cells also produced decreased levels of the proangiogenic molecules macrophage colony stimulating factor-1 (MCSF-1) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), both of which were decreased by EGFR inhibitors in a panel of EGFR-positive breast cancer cells. Thus, inhibiting autocrine EGFR signaling in breast cancer cells may provide a means for reducing paracrine factor production that facilitates microenvironment support in the bone and mammary gland.     

靶向下调FOXM1 基因表达对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231 细胞增殖的影响

目的：探讨靶向抑制FOXM1 对乳腺癌细胞增殖能力的影响,为乳腺癌的个性化靶向治疗提供理论依据。方法：利用重组真 核转录载体pSilencer1.0-U6-FOXM1-shRNA,脂质体法转染乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231,下调其FOXM1基因表达。采用四甲基 偶氮唑盐(MTT) 比色法、平板克隆形成实验观察细胞增值曲线以及克隆形成能力;采用实时定量- 聚合酶链反应(Real-time qPCR)、蛋白免疫印迹法（Western blot）分别检测FOXM1 基因在mRNA、蛋白水平的表达变化。结果：重组载体pSilencer1. 0-U6-FOXM1-shRNA转染MDA-MB-231细胞后,与对照组相比,增殖速率明显下降（P<0.05）,平板克隆形成显著减少（P<0.05）, 重组载体转染后显著抑制MDA-MB-231 细胞中FOXM1 基因在mRNA、蛋白水平的表达。结论：沉默FOXM1 基因对乳腺癌细胞 株MDA-MB-231 生长具有抑制作用,为阐明乳腺癌发病机制提供了新的切入点,也为临床抑制肿瘤生长提供了新的作用靶点。     

Anti-tumor effect in human breast cancer by TAE226, a dual inhibitor for FAK and IGF-IR in vitro and in vivo

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a 125-kDa non-receptor type tyrosine kinase that localizes to focal adhesions. FAK overexpression is frequently found in invasive and metastatic cancers of the breast, colon, thyroid, and prostate, but its role in osteolytic metastasis is not well understood. In this study, we have analyzed anti-tumor effects of the novel FAK Tyr³⁹⁷ inhibitor TAE226 against bone metastasis in breast cancer by using TAE226. Oral administration of TAE226 in mice significantly decreased bone metastasis and osteoclasts involved which were induced by MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and increased the survival rate of the mouse models of bone metastasis. TAE226 also suppressed the growth of subcutaneous tumors in vivo and the proliferation and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro. Significantly, TAE226 inhibited the osteoclast formation in murine pre-osteoclastic RAW264.7 cells, and actin ring and pit formation in mature osteoclasts. Moreover, TAE226 inhibited the receptor activator for nuclear factor κ B Ligand (RANKL) gene expression induced by parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in bone stromal ST2 cells and blood free calcium concentration induced by PTHrP administration in vivo. These findings suggest that FAK was critically involved in osteolytic metastasis and activated in tumors, pre-osteoclasts, mature osteoclasts, and bone stromal cells and TAE226 can be effectively used for the treatment of cancer induced bone metastasis and other bone diseases.