重组菌BL21/pET22b-argE固定化条件研究

研究了基因工程菌BL21/pET22b-argE固定化条件。最适包埋材料为海藻酸钙,优化后的包埋条件为海藻酸钠20g.L-1(含有12 g.L-1菌液)滴至2%CaCl2溶液中,固定化16 h。固定化细胞酶拆分蛋氨酸的速率比游离细胞酶慢,但其终极拆分能力与游离细胞酶相当。固定化细胞酶反复利用8批时酶活仍保持在95%以上,具有很好的工业应用优势。     

DA-F127水凝胶包埋固定化含腈水合酶细胞

腈水合酶是一类可催化腈类化合物转化生成相应酰胺类物质的酶。含腈水合酶的游离细胞催化水合反应存在酶容易失活、细胞无法重复利用、分离纯化困难等缺陷,细胞固定化技术可有效解决这些问题。为探索合适的固定化方法,以含腈水合酶的重组E. coli细胞为研究对象,以固定化酶活回收率和批次反应情况为评价指标,筛选比较了几种常用的包埋固定化方法。结果表明,DA-F127水凝胶包埋固定化细胞不仅具有较高的酶活回收率,而且稳定性也很好。对该方法进行了固定化条件和操作稳定性优化,当DA-F127浓度为15%、UV光源距离为20cm、光照时间为6min、菌体含量为20mg/g固定化细胞时,酶活回收率为89. 74%,并且可以催化9批次150g/L的3-氰基吡啶完成转化,第九批次转化率可达98. 26%。与游离细胞催化过程相比,单位质量游离细胞的烟酰胺产量提高了12倍,具有良好的工业应用前景。     

DA-F127水凝胶包埋固定化含腈水合酶细胞

腈水合酶是一类可催化腈类化合物转化生成相应酰胺类物质的酶。含腈水合酶的游离细胞催化水合反应存在酶容易失活、细胞无法重复利用、分离纯化困难等缺陷,细胞固定化技术可有效解决这些问题。为探索合适的固定化方法,以含腈水合酶的重组E.coli细胞为研究对象,以固定化酶活回收率和批次反应情况为评价指标,筛选比较了几种常用的包埋固定化方法。结果表明,DA-F127水凝胶包埋固定化细胞不仅具有较高的酶活回收率,而且稳定性也很好。对该方法进行了固定化条件和操作稳定性优化,当DA-F127浓度为15%、UV光源距离为20cm、光照时间为6min、菌体含量为20mg/g 固定化细胞时,酶活回收率为89.74%,并且可以催化9批次150g/L的3-氰基吡啶完成转化,第九批次转化率可达98.26%。与游离细胞催化过程相比,单位质量游离细胞的烟酰胺产量提高了12倍,具有良好的工业应用前景。     

聚乙烯亚胺/戊二醛交联法固定化重组酯酶大肠杆菌细胞

利用聚乙烯亚胺/戊二醛交联法对重组酯酶大肠杆菌E.coli BL21细胞进行固定化研究,并对交联工艺条件进行优化。结果表明:在大肠杆菌细胞质量浓度200 g/L、硅藻土质量浓度2 g/L、聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)体积分数3%、交联时间1.5 h、戊二醛(GA)体积分数0.5%以及交联时间0.5 h时,固定化细胞的酯酶活力最高。固定化细胞的最适反应温度和pH分别为45℃和8.0,且温度稳定性和pH稳定性均高于游离细胞。当底物浓度为300mmol/L时,固定化细胞重复使用15批次后,其相对酶活仍能保留在80%以上。因此,该固定化细胞具有良好的操作稳定性。     

固定化细胞拆分(R,S)-α-乙基-2-氧-1-吡咯烷乙酸甲酯的研究

【目的】筛选鉴定一株产酯酶用于选择性拆分(R,S)-α-乙基-2-氧-1-吡咯烷乙酸甲酯的菌株,利用该菌株固定化细胞催化拆分外消旋底物。【方法】通过富集培养、罗丹明B平板初筛及复筛培养获得一株选择性拆分(R,S)-α-乙基-2-氧-1-吡咯烷乙酸甲酯的菌株,通过对其形态、生理生化特征及16S r DNA序列分析,确立该菌株系统发育地位。优化了利用硅藻土-戊二醛吸附交联法对该菌体细胞固定化的条件,研究固定化细胞催化性质及操作稳定性。【结果】该菌为革兰氏阴性菌,鉴定其为甲基球状菌属(Methylopila)。固定化体系最优条件:聚乙烯亚胺0.15%(V/V),戊二醛0.2%(V/V),硅藻土6 g/L,菌体质量浓度100 g/L。与游离细胞相比,固定化细胞最适p H由8.0变为8.5,最适温度由35°C变为40°C,p H稳定性和温度稳定性都有所提高。Cu~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Ca~(2+)能促进酶活,Zn~(2+)、Fe~(2+)抑制酶活。固定化细胞的有机溶剂耐受性较游离细胞有所提高。动力学分析细胞固定化后Km值变大,底物亲和力降低。利用固定化细胞水解(R,S)-α-乙基-2-氧-1-吡咯烷乙酸甲酯,底物浓度200 g/L,反应20 h,保留构型为S型,得率47.8%,对映体过量值ees为99.4%,重复使用12次后仍保留初始酶活的80%以上。【结论】开发了利用Methylopila sp.cxzy-L013固定化细胞择性拆分(R,S)-α-乙基-2-氧-1-吡咯烷乙酸甲酯的工艺,该工艺具有良好的工业应用前景。     

利用基因工程菌HC01固定化细胞转化生产D-对羟基苯甘氨酸

对一菌两酶工程菌HC01转化底物DL-对羟基苯海因(DL-HPH)的最适条件及其细胞固定化进行了研究,HC01游离细胞转化DL-HPH的最适条件为40°C、pH7.5。通过对固定化细胞酶活力测定,确定细胞固定化的最优条件为海藻酸钠浓度2.5%、细胞浓度0.029g/mL、钙离子浓度3%。固定化HC01的热稳定性比游离细胞高5°C,二价金属离子Mn2+、Mg2+、Cu2+、Co2+和Ni2+在浓度为0.1mmol/L时对固定化细胞中D-海因酶(HYD)和N-氨甲酰-D-氨基酸酰胺水解酶(CAB)两酶的活力无显著影响,Mn2+和Mg2+可分别使游离细胞中CAB活力提高至原来的2.1和2.7倍。在氮气保护下,当初始pH为9.0、转化温度为40°C、转速为80r/min,利用固定化HC01转化30g/L的DL-HPH时,36h后转化率可达97%左右,产物D-HPG经纯化后光学纯度达到99.7%,得率可达85%。     

环氧树脂固定化L-谷氨酸氧化酶

通过环氧树脂作为载体对经(NH4)2SO4盐析处理后的L-谷氨酸氧化酶(LGOX)进行固定化,优化固定化工艺条件,并利用固定化LGOX转化产α-酮戊二酸(α-KG)。结果表明:饱和度45%的(NH4)2SO4为最佳盐析浓度;当选用环氧树脂ES-105作为固定化载体、树脂加量为20 m L酶液(14 U/m L)加入3.5 g载体、固定化K3PO4缓冲液浓度为0.2 mol/L(p H 7.0)、固定化温度25℃、固定化时间24 h时,固定化LGOX酶活力最高,其酶活回收率为85.9%,比酶活55.7 U/g。利用该固定化酶转化L-谷氨酸产α-KG,当谷氨酸钠质量浓度为100 g/L,反应20 h,产物收率达98.2%。固定化酶重复使用14批次后,产物收率仍有90%以上;重复使用20批,收率有83.2%。因此,该固定化酶具有具良好的操作稳定性。     

壳聚糖固定化真菌漆酶及其用于处理酚类污染物的研究

Trametessp. AH282在液体培养条件下经邻甲苯胺诱导能有效合成漆酶同工酶A。以壳聚糖为载体,戊二醛为交联剂进行了漆酶A的固定化研究,确定酶固定化适宜条件为：0.1g壳聚糖与15 mL 5%戊二醛交联8 h后,加入30.0U酶固定12h。在此条件下获得的固定化漆酶催化能力为176.4U/g载体,酶活回收率58.5%。与游离酶相比,固定化漆酶与作用底物愈创木酚的亲和力降低,但固定化酶的稳定性有明显改善。固定化漆酶的最适温度为55℃,比游离酶提高5℃;70℃条件下保温8 h,固定化酶保留酶活56.5%,而在相同条件下游离酶酶活明显下降。使用固定化漆酶反应装置进行酚类化合物转化实验,连续进行12批次操作,固定化酶酶活仍保持60%以上,漆酶使用效率明显提高。     

游离及固定化果糖基转移酶部分酶学性质的比较研究

 从诱变、筛选的米曲霉GX0 0 10菌株所产生的果糖基转移酶 ,经过纯化和固定化操作分别制备游离酶和固定化酶 ,对两者的酶学性质进行了比较研究 .结果表明 ,两者在蔗糖转化为蔗果低聚糖的酶促反应中 ,最适pH为 5 5,在pH5 0～ 7 5之间酶活性相对稳定 .游离酶和固定化酶的适宜温度范围分别是 4 5～ 52℃和 4 0～ 55℃ .在 55℃保温 60min ,酶活性保存率分别是 61 6%和 87 5% .固定化酶的热稳定性提高 .0 1mmol LHg2 +和 1mmol LAg+能完全抑制游离酶的活性 ,但只能部分抑制固定化酶的活性 ,1mmol L的Ti2 +能完全抑制两者的活性 .以蔗糖为底物时 ,游离酶的米氏常数Km=2 15mmol L ,而固定化酶Km =386mmol L .游离酶只能使用一次 ,固定化酶反复使用 54次后 ,剩余活力为 55 2 % .用 55% (W V)蔗糖溶液与固定化酶在pH5 0 ,4 6℃下作用 12h ,可获得61 5% (总低聚糖 总糖 )产物 ,其中蔗果五糖含量达到 7 2 % .     

氨基树脂固定化L-苏氨酸醛缩酶及其应用*

L-苏氨酸醛缩酶(L-Threonine aldolase,L-TA)可以催化甘氨酸和醛合成β-羟基-α-氨基酸。β-羟基-α-氨基酸具有两个手性中心,是多种手性药物的中间体。但是,游离的L-TA难以重复利用,分离纯化困难,严重阻碍了工业化应用。固定化技术可以有效解决这些问题。利用氨基树脂NAA固定化来源于Bacillus nealsonii的L-苏氨酸醛缩酶,采用戊二醛作为交联剂,经过条件优化确定最佳固定化条件为:加酶量13 U、载体量0.6 g、0.4%(V/V)戊二醛、活化时间2 h、pH 8.5、35℃、固定化5 h。在此条件下,固定化酶酶活回收率为85.7%。在30℃下半衰期可达59天,为游离酶的6.5倍。将其应用于合成L-syn-对甲砜基苯丝氨酸,使用460 h后,残余酶活为79.4%。进一步开发了载体再利用策略,将失活固定化酶表面的氨基用戊二醛活化后,再与新的游离酶进行固定化,实现载体的再利用。利用该方法载体可重复利用两次,制备的固定化酶仍能使用460 h。该方法大大降低了固定化成本,为固定化L-TA的工业化应用打下坚实的基础。     

Carboxypeptidase a immobilization on activated styrene-maleic anhydride systems

The copolymer styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) was activated to various forms to create enzyme coupling groups. Carboxypeptidase A (CPA) was Immobilized on these supports to enhance their thermal and chemical stability. Immobilized enzyme retained 60-70% of the original activity. When kept at 60 degrees C, while free enzyme was deactivated within 30 min, the immobilized enzyme retained 40% of initial activity at the end of 3 h. The half-life of free enzyme was only 21 min, while for immobilized enzyme it was enhanced up to 3 h. Also, the immobilized enzyme could be repeatedly used over 50 times retaining almost 50% of original activity.     

Immobilization of glucansucrase for the production of gluco-oligosaccharides from Leuconostoc mesenteroides

Glucansucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides was immobilized in 1?% (w/v) with sodium alginate to produce oligosaccharides. Glucansucrase gave three activity bands of approx. 240, 178, and 165?kDa after periodic acid-Schiff staining with sucrose. The immobilized enzyme had 40?% activity after ten batch reactions at 30?°C and 75?% activity after a month of storage at 4?°C, which is six times more stable than the free enzyme. Immobilized enzyme was more stable at lower (3.5?4.5) and higher (6.5?7.0) pH ranges and higher temperatures (35?40?°C) compared with the free enzyme. Immobilized and free glucansucrase were employed in the acceptor reaction with maltose and each produced gluco-oligosaccharide ranging from trisaccharides to homologous pentasaccharides.     

Adsorption of peroxidase on Celite 545 directly from ammonium sulfate fractionated white radish (Raphanus sativus) proteins

This paper demonstrates the direct immobilization of peroxidase from ammonium sulfate fractionated white radish proteins on an inorganic support, Celite 545. The adsorbed peroxidase was crosslinked by using glutaraldehyde. The activity yield for white radish peroxidase was adsorbed on Celite 545 was 70% and this activity was decreased and remained 60% of the initial activity after crosslinking by glutaraldehyde. The pH and temperature-optima for both soluble and immobilized peroxidase was at pH 5.5 and 40°C. Immobilized peroxidase retained higher stability against heat and water-miscible organic solvents. In the presence of 5.0 mM mercuric chloride, immobilized white radish peroxidase retained 41% of its initial activity while the free enzyme lost 93% activity. Soluble enzyme lost 61% of its initial activity while immobilized peroxidase retained 86% of the original activity when exposed to 0.02 mM sodium azide for 1 h. The K_m values were 0.056 and 0.07 mM for free and immobilized enzyme, respectively. Immobilized white radish peroxidase exhibited lower V_max as compared to the soluble enzyme. Immobilized peroxidase preparation showed better storage stability as compared to its soluble counterpart.     

Glucose oxidase immobilization on a novel cellulose acetate-polymethylmethacrylate membrane

Glucose oxidase (GOD) was immobilized on cellulose acetate-polymethylmethacrylate (CA-PMMA) membrane. The immobilized GOD showed better performance as compared to the free enzyme in terms of thermal stability retaining 46% of the original activity at 70 degrees C where the original activity corresponded to that obtained at 20 degrees C. FT-IR and SEM were employed to study the membrane morphology and structure after treatment at 70 degrees C. The pH profile of the immobilized and the free enzyme was found to be similar. A 2.4-fold increase in Km value was observed after immobilization whereas Vmax value was lower for the immobilized GOD. Immobilized glucose oxidase showed improved operational stability by maintaining 33% of the initial activity after 35 cycles of repeated use and was found to retain 94% of activity after 1 month storage period. Improved resistance against urea denaturation was achieved and the immobilized glucose oxidase retained 50% of the activity without urea in the presence of 5M urea whereas free enzyme retained only 8% activity.     

Hydroxybenzotriazole increases the range of textile dyes decolorized by immobilized laccase

Laccase from Coriolopsis gallica UAMH8260 was immobilized on activated agarose and tested for repeated decolorization of industrial dyes. Immobilized enzyme retained 85% of the initial activity after 10 cycles, and 70% after 3 months of intermittant use in the decolorization of Reactive Blue 198 dye. Free laccase decolorized 13 of 38 industrial dyes tested but, in the presence of 1 mM 1-hydroxybenzotriazole as a free radical mediator, the enzyme decolorized 26 of the 38 dyes increasing both the range and rate of decolorization. Immobilized laccase showed a higher thermal stability at 70 °C than free enzyme but no increased resistance to organic solvents.     

Cellulases immobilization on chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles: application for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agave Atrovirens</Emphasis> lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis

In the present study, Trichoderma reesei cellulase was covalently immobilized on chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles using glutaraldehyde as a coupling agent. The average diameter of magnetic nanoparticles before and after enzyme immobilization was about 8 and 10 nm, respectively. The immobilized enzyme retained about 37 % of its initial activity, and also showed better thermal and storage stability than free enzyme. Immobilized cellulase retained about 80 % of its activity after 15 cycles of carboxymethylcellulose hydrolysis and was easily separated with the application of an external magnetic field. However, in this reaction, K _m was increased eight times. The immobilized enzyme was able to hydrolyze lignocellulosic material from Agave atrovirens leaves with yield close to the amount detected with free enzyme and it was re-used in vegetal material conversion up to four cycles with 50 % of activity decrease. This provides an opportunity to reduce the enzyme consumption during lignocellulosic material saccharification for bioethanol production.     

The potential of immobilized bacterial α-amylase on coconut coir,a smart carrier for biocatalysts

Purified α-amylase from a soil bacterium Bacillus sp. SKB4 was immobilized on coconut coir, an inexpensive cellulosic fiber, with the cross-linking agent glutaraldehyde. The catalytic properties and stability of the immobilized enzyme were compared with those of its soluble form. The enzyme retained 97.2% of its activity and its catalytic properties were not drastically altered after immobilization. The pH optimum and stability of the immobilized enzyme were shifted towards the alkaline range compared to the free enzyme. The optimum temperature for enzymatic activity was 90°C in both forms of the enzyme. The soluble and immobilized enzyme retained 19% and 70% of original activity, respectively, after pre-incubation for 1 h at 90°C. Immobilized amylase was less susceptible to attack by heavy metal ions and showed higher K_m and V_max values than its free form. The bound enzyme showed significant activity and stability after 6 months of storage at 4°C. All of these characteristics make the new carrier system suitable for use in the bioprocess and food industries.     

Immobilized uroporphyrinogen I synthetase from Rhodopseudomonas palustris

Rhodopseudomonas palustris uroporphyrinogen I synthetase (URO-S) has been chemically attached to Sepharose 4B and some of its properties have been studied. When 7-8 mg protein/ml activated Sepharose was used, immobilized URO-S retained 45% of the activity of the original soluble preparation, with a coupling yield of 66% after a period of 15 h. Optimal incubation conditions for the activity of gel-enzyme were determined. Unlike the soluble enzyme, the Sepharose-bound URO-S showed a biphasic substrate saturation curve, indicating that a protein conformational change had occurred during the process of immobilization. Immobilized URO-S stored at 4 degrees C for 35 days retained 90% of activity and when repeatedly used, up to 5 times, retained 48% of the original activity. Attachment of URO-S to Sepharose led to an enhanced thermal stability.     

Immobilization of β-d-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis on functionalized silicon dioxide nanoparticles: characterization and lactose hydrolysis

β-D-Galactosidase (BGAL) from Kluyveromyces lactis was covalently immobilized to functionalized silicon dioxide nanoparticles (10-20 nm). The binding of the enzyme to the nanoparticles was confirmed by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Functionalized nanoparticles showed 87% immobilization yield. Soluble and immobilized enzyme preparation exhibited pH-optima at pH 6.5 and 7.0, respectively, with temperature optima at 35 and 40°C, respectively. Michaelis constant (K(m)) was 4.77 and 8.4mM for free and immobilized BGAL, respectively. V(max) for the soluble and immobilized enzyme was 12.25 and 13.51 U/ml, respectively. Nanoparticle immobilized BGAL demonstrated improved stability after favoring multipoint covalent attachment. Thermal stability of the immobilized enzyme was enhanced at 40, 50 and 65°C. Immobilized nanoparticle-enzyme conjugate retained more than 50% enzyme activity up to the eleventh cycle. Maximum lactose hydrolysis by immobilized BGAL was achieved at 8h.