冻干风疹活疫苗生产工艺研究

文报告了冻干风疹减毒活疫苗生产工艺及疫苗研制结果。在对日本化学血清疗法研究所疫苗生产株—松叶株全面检定的基础上,通过对原代兔肾细胞培养条件及病毒培养条件的试验优化,建立了疫苗生产工艺并制备出了冻干风疹活疫苗制剂,稳定性试验表明其安全有效、质量稳定可靠,而且其生产工艺切实可行、投入产出率高。     

冻干水痘减毒活疫苗转瓶生产工艺的建立

应用旋转培养的方法,建立冻干水痘减毒活疫苗的生产工艺。选择长成致密单层的2BS细胞,接种带状疱疹病毒Oka株,待细胞病变达75％以上时,收获病毒液,经超声破碎、离心、澄清,冻干后,按常规检定,疫苗各项检定符合《WHO水痘活疫苗规程》及《冻干水痘减毒活疫苗制造及检定试行规程》要求。与克氏瓶相比,应用旋转培养,不但提高了疫苗单产,降低了牛血清蛋白残留量,而且疫苗质量也保持稳定。     

北京株水痘疫苗生产工艺的建立

目的:建立北京株水痘疫苗生产工艺,采用此生产工艺生产水痘减毒活疫苗。方法:采用细胞工厂培养2BS细胞,感染北京株水痘-带状疱疹病毒工作种子批,同时感染Oka株水痘-带状疱疹病毒工作种子批作对照,经洗涤、离心、收获、原液合并、冻干制备水痘减毒活疫苗,并进行各项检定。结果:对照两种不同毒株生产的水痘减毒活疫苗无明显差异,且各项检测指标均符合要求。结论:根据结果显示,可使用此毒株生产工艺大规模生产北京株水痘疫苗,与Oka株生产水痘疫苗无差异。如果用此毒株生产水痘疫苗供应市场,将会打破Oka株水痘疫苗国内市场的垄断。     

水痘疫苗原液生产工艺改进

目的: 对现有水痘减毒活疫苗原液生产工艺进行改进,提高水痘疫苗原液产量及疫苗质量。方法: 2BS细胞传代至方瓶37代细胞,感染Oka株水痘-带状疱疹病毒工作种子批,35℃培养24h换病毒培养液(II)继续置35℃培养24h,取出使用Earle’s液洗涤方瓶细胞表面,当细胞病变达70%以上时,按120-360ml/瓶进行收获,置-65℃以下保存。经检定合格后进行合并、冻干制备水痘减毒活疫苗。结果: 使用此方法进行生产的水痘疫苗比较原工艺生产的水痘疫苗原液收获量大幅提升,并且疫苗的牛血清残留量与抗生素残留量则大幅下降,且各项检定指标全部合格。结论: 使用此方法生产水痘疫苗产量及质量比较原工艺有大幅度提升。     

冻干甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗的研制

研制冻干甲肝减毒活疫苗,提高疫苗的稳定性,便于保存及运输,保证疫苗的接种效果.采用CA-9冻干保护剂,按13.5的比例加入疫苗,制备冻干疫苗.冻干甲肝减毒活疫苗具有与液体疫苗相同的安全性及免疫原性.在2～8℃保存的有效期较液体疫苗的3～5个月提高到18个月.在室温和37℃保存的稳定性也明显提高.冻干甲肝减毒活疫苗的稳定性良好,无需低温保存、冷链运输,便于甲肝疫苗的大规模推广应用.     

腮腺炎病毒疫苗株与野毒株基因鉴别的研究进展

腮腺炎病毒的分子生物学特性已基本清楚。接种腮腺炎减毒活疫苗后的主要问题是Ｕｒａｂｅ株疫苗可引起脑膜炎,故许多国家已改用ＪｅｒｙｌＬｙｎｎ株疫苗。鉴别不同病毒株的可靠方法是分析比较病毒基因组中某些基因区域的核苷酸序列,此法有助于腮腺炎疫苗质量的监控及腮腺炎病毒分子流行病学研究。     

冻干人用狂犬病纯化疫苗的研制

在以原代地鼠肾细胞培养生产狂犬病疫苗工艺的基础上,通过对病毒收获液的浓缩倍数、灭活方式的改进及优化、冻干稳定剂的筛选、冻干曲线的确立,制备出了冻干疫苗,其质量及稳定性较液体疫苗有了整体水平的提高,各项检定结果均符合《中国生物制品规程》(2000版)。     

麻疹疫苗生产连续培养多次收获工艺研究

本研究对连续培养多次收获工艺用于麻疹疫苗生产的可行性、疫苗维持液保护剂、冻干保护剂及冻干过程等进行了大量反复试验,结果表明在现行条件下,本生产工艺具有重复性好、成本低、投入产出率高、易于质量控制等优势。对本工艺生产疫苗进行全面检定,表明成品滴度和稳定性试验指标等均高于９０版《生物制品规程》要求,并在试验基础上制定出了生产工艺流程。     

一种新的麻疹(AIK-C株)、腮腺炎(Hoshino株)和风疹(Takahashi株)三价联合活疫苗

<正>在实际应用中,接种麻疹—腮腺炎—风疹三联疫苗有明显的简化儿童免疫程序、降低费用和减少医生病人间接触等优点,并经证实安全有效。美国实际使用三联疫苗已有十多年,受试者的抗体应答并未提示一种疫苗与另一种疫苗间有相互干扰,接种联合疫苗也未增加副反应发生率和严重程度。但也有研究者报告,将腮腺炎活疫苗与其它活疫苗同时接种与单独接种单价疫苗相比,前者导致较低的腮腺炎血清阳转率。     

小瓶冻干乙脑活疫苗的冻干工艺条件探索

冻干乙脑活疫苗采用小瓶灌装的生产工艺,有利于产品的内在质量和包装质量进一步提高。但其冻干工艺条件与采用安瓿灌装时的冻干工艺条件相比,存在较大差异。这主要是由于容器改变,小瓶与冻干箱板层之间无装瓶用的托底钢盘,小瓶瓶口放置有开口胶塞等原因所致。本文通过...     

Mumps vaccine L-Zagreb, prepared in chick fibroblasts. I. Production and field trials

Leningrad-L3 Mumps Vaccine virus has been further attenuated by adaptation and passage on SPF chick embryo fibroblast cell cultures. This new mumps strain has been designated L-Zagreb and has been used to prepare mumps vaccines which meet the WHO requirements. Observations during both the field trial period prior to registration and during the later use of the vaccine showed that the few reactions observed were mild and that seroconversion was obtained in 88-98% of vaccines. The morbidity of mumps in Croatia declined more than tenfold after the introduction of the new vaccine. During a mumps epidemic, vaccine efficiency was calculated to be 97-100%.     

Hemadsorption of Mumps Virus Examined by Light and Electron Microscopy

The hemadsorption (HAD) reaction of chick embryo cells infected with mumps virus was studied by means of light and electron microscopy, with special reference to the plasma membrane of the infected cell. The concomitant observation of membrane-free aggregates of viral nucleocapsid in the cytoplasm and attached red blood cells on the surface of the same cell indicated that only infected cells hemadsorbed and that hemagglutinin is confined within the infected cell. The attachment of red blood cells to morphologically intact cell membrane prior to its differentiation into viral envelope suggested that the HAD phenomenon, dependent on the presence of hemagglutinin, was independent of the viral maturation process. The gap of low electron density normally separating the morphologically intact membrane of the tissue culture cell and that of the red blood cell at the binding site was replaced by newly formed surface projections in HAD involving a segment of differentiated plasma membrane.     

Immuno-Electron Microscopy of the Morphogenesis of Mumps Virus

The fine structure of mumps virus-infected chick embryo fibroblastic cells was examined sequentially after viral inoculation. Intracytoplasmic nucleoprotein strands, similar to those described for parainfluenza viruses, were detectable in small aggregates between 36 and 48 hr. The peripheral strands of this viral component lie beneath and along an antigenically altered bulging portion of the cell membrane. The outermost strands are consistently parallel to the differentiated segment of the plasma membrane, which is invariably associated with surface projections. As has been found with other myxoviruses, mumps virus replicates by budding from the cell surface. The virus particle, roughly spherical in shape, has a size ranging from 1,000 to 8,000 A. Filamentous forms are rarely observed in the present culture system. Ferritin-conjugated antibody specifically labels the cytoplasmic nucleoprotein, the modified cell membrane, and the virus particle. Intranuclear inclusions of low electron density and morphologically different from those described in measles virus-infected HeLa and amnion cells were observed in the nucleus of several infected cells. Immuno-electron microscopic observations suggest that the nucleoprotein synthesis rate exceeds that of cell membrane differentiation into viral envelope. This difference results in the accumulation of viral nucleoprotein in large intracytoplasmic masses which can be demonstrated by electron microscopy.     

Development of a new live attenuated mumps virus vaccine in human diploid cells

A new live attenuated mumps vaccine was developed in human diploid cells. The S-12 virus was isolated from a 10-year-old girl showing typical symptoms of mumps infection, the diagnosis was confirmed by a pediatrician. The virus was isolated in green monkey kidney cells, without passage in chick embryo cavity or chick embryo fibroblasts. Attenuation of the wild virus was performed by serial passages in human diploid cells (MRC-5). The attenuated virus was characterized by identity tests, as well as by a reduction in plaque size, as marker tests. The virus was free from adventitious agents and safe for laboratory animals as well as for monkeys. The reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the S-12 virus for man was investigated by administration of a monovalent vaccine to 20 seronegative adult male volunteers and 30 children aged 1 to 5 years without history of mumps infection or vaccination. Seroconversion was obtained in 95% of the vaccinees. The new vaccine has the advantage of not requiring specific pathogen-free eggs, and being free from avian proteins and therefore can be used in sensitized patients.     

Critical factors for the replication of mumps virus in primary chicken embryo fibroblasts defined by the use of design of experiments (DoE)

Live attenuated vaccines against mumps virus (MuV) have been traditionally produced by passaging the virus in the embryonated chicken eggs or primary chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs). Virus propagation on these cell substrates enables successful virus attenuation and retains it sufficiently antigenic to induce lasting protective immunity in humans. The aim of this study was to identify critical factors for MuV replication in primary CEFs grown on a small-scale level in order to explore possibilities for improvements in the virus replication and yield. The effect of differently prepared cells, culturing conditions, and infection conditions on virus yield was estimated by employing statistical design of experiments (DoE) methodology. Our results show that the preparation of primary CEFs and the way of their infection substantially impact virus yield and are critical for efficient MuV replication. These process parameters should be considered in further process optimization. We also demonstrate the applicability of DoE in optimization of virus replication as a crucial step in obtaining high virus yields.     

腮腺炎病毒的多肽及其在感染细胞中的合成

以差异离心和蔗糖密度梯度离心祛提纯了在鸡胚尿囊腔中繁殖的腮腺炎病毒粒子。并用SDS—PAGE分析病毒粒子的结构多肽,发现其结构多肽为11种,分子量在35K到72K之间。同时还检测到HN蛋白的多聚体和F蛋白的大亚基F1。将腮腺炎病毒分别感染Hela,Vero和CE细胞,比较这三种细胞对ME株腮腺炎病毒的敏感性,发现CE细胞是ME株的敏感宿主。用[31S]蛋氨酸标记病毒感染的CE细胞,以SDS-PAGE及放射自显影法检测到腮腺炎病毒在宿主细胞中合成了至少8种多肽,分子量在26．5K到94K之间。对这些多肽在细胞中不同时期合成情况进行了研究。还用脉冲追踪(pulsechase)技术在感染细胞中发现了FO到F这一转译后加工(Postttanslational procession)现象。此外也研究了放线菌素D和高沈度氯化钠对细胞蛋白质合成的抑制作用。     

Cell-mediated immune response to mumps virus infection in man.

The antibody and cell-mediated immune response to mumps virus infection was studied in groups of subjects after natrually acquired mumps virus infection, after parenteral immunization with live attenuated mumps vaccine, and in a population of mumps seronegative subjects. The technique of neutralization of tissue culture infectivity was utilized to study mumps specific antibody. The cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was detected by specific immune release (SIR) of radioactivity by purified lymphocytes after they were reacted with radioactive chromium (51Cr) labeled human conjunctival cell cultures chronically infected with mumps virus. No SIR activity was observed in lymphocytes obtained from cord blood and young individuals seronegative for antibody to mumps virus. Detectable SIR activity was observed in a few older seronegative subjects; however, immunization with mumps vaccine in such antibody negative subjects failed to result in the development of any antibody response in the serum. High SIR activity was observed in the lymphocytes of naturally infected and vaccinated subjects. Although all naturally infected or immunized subjects had varying levels of mumps specific antibody activity in the serum, no correlation existed between the levels of antibody and SIR activity. These observations suggest the development of mumps specific in vitro correlates of CMI after naturally acquired or vaccine-induced mumps virus infection.     

Comparison of the Neurovirulence of a Vaccine and a Wild-Type Mumps Virus Strain in the Developing Rat Brain

Prior to the adoption of widespread vaccination programs, mumps virus was the leading cause of virus-induced central nervous system (CNS) disease. Mumps virus-associated CNS complications in vaccinees continue to be reported; outside the United States, some of these complications have been attributed to vaccination with insufficiently attenuated neurovirulent vaccine strains. The development of potentially neurovirulent, live, attenuated mumps virus vaccines stems largely from the lack of an animal model that can reliably predict the neurovirulence of mumps virus vaccine candidates in humans. The lack of an effective safety test with which to measure mumps virus neurovirulence has also hindered analysis of the neuropathogenesis of mumps virus infection and the identification of molecular determinants of neurovirulence. In this report we show, for the first time, that mumps virus infection of the neonatal rat leads to developmental abnormalities in the cerebellum due to cerebellar granule cell migration defects. The incidence of the cerebellar abnormalities and other neuropathological and clinical outcomes of mumps virus infection of the neonatal rat brain demonstrated the ability of this model to distinguish neurovirulent (Kilham) from nonneurovirulent (Jeryl Lynn) mumps virus strains. Thus, this neonatal rat model may prove useful in evaluating the neurovirulence potential of new live, attenuated vaccine strains and may also be of value in elucidating the molecular basis of mumps virus neurovirulence.     

In vitro study of antiviral activity of Myramistin against measles and mumps viruses]

The study was aimed at in vitro investigation of the Myramistin antiviral activity against the measles and mumps viruses in the Vero cell culture. The experiments with addition of myramistin simultaneously or at various periods after inoculation of the monolayer by the measles virus (Edmonson strain) or mumps virus (PetroNov/03 strain) revealed pronounced dose-dependent antiviral effect of the drug. It was shown that for prevention of replication of the measles and mumps viruses the optimal concentrations were 0.05 to 0.005%. The prospects of myramistin use as a prophylactic agent for infections caused by the measles and mumps viruses are discussed.     

辽宁省2008～2011年流行性腮腺炎野病毒SH蛋白基因特征分析

本研究用Vero/Slam细胞从辽宁省2008～2011年流行性腮腺炎暴发和散发患者的临床标本中分离到13株流行性腮腺炎野病毒(Mumps virus,MuV),应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)针对MuV分离株的SH基因的316个核苷酸片段进行扩增,并对该产物进行序列测定。将这13株MuV与从GenBank下载的世界卫生组织(WHO)MuV基因型参考株一起进行分子流行病学研究。结果提示:除2011-015株外,辽宁省2008～2011年12株MuV分离株均属于F基因型,核苷酸和氨基酸同源性为94.9%～100%和83.3%～100%。与F基因型参考株序列相比,核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为92.4%～97.2%和96.5%～84.2%。表明2008～2011年辽宁省流行的F基因型MuV发生较大的型内变异。另外还发现F基因型MuV在SH基因上存在着特异性突变(CNt65,CNt105,G Nt137,C Nt192,C Nt239,GNT262),而其它基因型MuV在这些位点上均未发生改变。F基因型MuV在SH基因编码的氨基酸保守位点也发生变化。如:第2位上由S→P,第6位上由P→L,第23位上由T→N,第48位上由L→P/R。与基因分型有关的氨基酸三联体,2008-01-007毒株也发生了改变,由IML变为TMP。2011-015株病毒与F基因型参考株平均核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为87.5%和79.8%,与G型参考株平均核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为96.8%和97.4%,属于G基因型。该基因型为中国内地首次发现。