小麦(Triticum aestivum)雄核发育的细胞学研究

本工作对小麦花粉胚和愈伤组织的诱导条件和雄核发育的细胞学现象作了研究。结果如下:(1)N_6培养基诱导花粉愈伤组织的效果显著优于 MS 培养基。外源激素对于雄核发育的启动不是必需的,但对愈伤组织进一步的生长却是不可缺少的。(2)用花药整体制片法研究了雄核发育的各种途径,结果表明,不均等分裂和均等分裂的小孢子都能形成花粉胚,但前者占较大比例。(3)在部分多细胞花粉和白化苗中观察到染色体断片和微核,推测白化或畸形的花粉植株可能起源于具微核的花粉。(4)细胞的核内再复制和游离核的融合是产生二倍体和多倍体花粉植株的重要原因。     

在常温和低温条件下离体培养的小麦花药中小孢子的早期发育

本文对小麦花药培养中雄核的早期发育作了较详细的观察。描述了小孢子发育的七种类型。前三种类型(A、A_1、A_2)小孢子第一次分裂为不等分裂,形成营养细胞和生殖细胞,营养细胞分裂形成愈伤组织、胚状体和多核花粉粒。后四种类型(B、B_1、B_2、B_3)小孢子第一次分裂为均等分裂,这样,可由小孢子直接形成愈伤组织和胚状体,它们也形成多核花粉粒。在对愈伤组织和胚状体产生的途径进行观察和分析后,发现小麦花扮植株大多数来源于均等分裂的小孢子,即为B途径发育类型。 实验中还观察到花粉发育的各种异常情况,例如,在有丝分裂不同的阶段(如前期、中期和后期)都观察到同步分裂的现象。还观察到各种类型的间期核融合(如生殖核与生殖核、生殖核与营养核以及营养核与营养核)和核内有丝分裂。通过这些方式,可以形成加倍的花粉粒和愈伤组织,由此可产生自然加倍的二倍体值株。雄核的这些行为在培养花药接种后经受低温处理(—2— 2℃或—5—0℃,48小时)的情况下,表现出明显增加的趋势。     

雄核发育新途径及细胞学研究

发育早期的单核花粉，第一次有丝分裂形成2生殖核花粉，以后继续分裂形成3生殖核花粉，4生殖核花粉乃至多生殖核花粉，此时，其中的细胞仍聚集在花粉壁范围以内，成为多细胞团，当生生殖核继续分裂长到一定长大后，撑破花粉壁，成为一团游离的组织，皆由生殖核细胞组成，当此，认为是早期的幼小愈伤组织，这是雄核发育的第4条途径，称D途径，生殖核发育过程中，出现二游离生殖核发生融合的行为，这是染色体自然加倍的一种途径，同时，发现发育时期和形态大小相同的8个生殖核细胞由一个胼胝质的壁包被，形成花粉小块。     

同源四倍体萝卜雄配子体发育

利用爱氏苏木精染色-冬青油透明"技术,首次报道了同源四倍体萝卜(2n=4x=36)雄配子体的动态发育过程.结果表明:同源四倍体萝卜小孢子核经一次有丝分裂产生营养核与生殖核,生殖核再经一次有丝分裂形成两个精核,最终形成3-细胞型成熟花粉,与相应的二倍体雄配子体的整个发育过程相似;四倍体花粉具2个、3个或4个萌发孔,二倍体多为3孔花粉;四倍体雄配子体发育过程中异常频率为32%,比二倍体高20%,败育主要发生在四分体时期和单核期.     

玉米花粉植株的诱导和雄核发育的研究

本文报道了玉米花药培养的主要结果。品种之间诱导频率差异很显著。接种花药时,花粉单核中期诱导频率最高。培养基中加入500毫克/升酪朊水解物,0.5％活性炭,15％蔗糖能显著提高花粉胚状体和愈伤组织的诱导频率。在雄核发育的研究中,观察到有营养细胞发育途径,生殖细胞发育途径,营养细胞和生殖细胞混合发育途径,以及均等分裂发育途径等四种类型,并对这四种途径进行了讨论。     

核型高梁雄性不育自然突变体的研究

本文对多穗高梁自然突变体(多A)进行了细胞学、遗传学和同工酶电泳的分析研究,取得以下结果: “多A”雄性不育性状由一对细胞核隐性等位基因控制,它与核、质型雄性不育系(3A)之间未发现有亲缘关系。染色体行为在减数分裂过程中有数目不等的不联会、早离及落后现象发生,正常染色体数目为n=10。“多A”不育花粉单核期的过氧化物同工酶为11条带,“多B”可育花粉为8条带。三核期的花粉,“多A”为7条带,“多B”为5条带。     

小麦花药培养中小孢子DNA合成的放射自显影研究

用放射自显影术研究小麦花药培养中小孢子的雄核发育,发现培养24小时后3H－胸腺嘧啶核苷掺入单核晚期小孢子,2．5天后营养细胞核中有3H－胸腺嘧啶核苷掺入,由A和B途径形成多细胞花粉的过程中,超始几次孢子体分裂,细胞的DNA合成是同步进行的。在多细胞花粉形成时逐渐变为不同步,生殖核的DNA合成不活跃,偶而能被标记上,个别合成DNA的生殖细胞形成类胚柄结构,当培养基中蔗糖浓度低（3％）时,培养早期小孢子内核的DNA合成正常进行,3H－胸腺嘧啶核苷比高糖浓度（9％）更易惨入小孢子,但经1－2次分裂后,核不再分裂,细胞壁不形成,所以3％的糖浓度中,多细胞花粉不能形成,主要不是DNA不能复制,而是细胞分裂和细胞壁的形成受阻所致。     

二倍体芒小孢子发生及雄配子体发育研究

该实验通过采集天然二倍体芒不同发育时期的幼穗,进行卡宝品红染色压片和石蜡切片制作,观察芒的花药发育过程,为芒的生殖生物学及其系统发育研究奠定理论基础。结果表明:(1)天然二倍体芒雄蕊3枚,雄蕊花药四室,花药壁由4层细胞组成,从外向内依次是表皮、药室内壁、中层、绒毡层,花药壁发育属于基本型;花药成熟时,中层和绒毡层降解消失,或者仅存痕迹,只剩表皮和纤维层细胞,但此时可观察到部分绒毡层降解延迟现象。(2)花粉母细胞减数分裂为连续型,成熟花粉粒为3-细胞型;花粉母细胞减数分裂后期Ⅱ出现染色体分裂不同步现象。(3)雄配子体发育过程中,同一花粉囊的花粉粒发育不同步;雌、雄配子体发育也不同步,且雄蕊先成熟。     

柠条锦鸡儿小孢子发生和雄配子体发育

利用常规石蜡切片技术对柠条锦鸡儿小孢子发生及雄配子体发育的过程进行了观察,为柠条锦鸡儿生殖生物学提供基础资料。结果表明:(1)柠条锦鸡儿雄蕊花药4室,花药壁完全分化时,由外到内依次是表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层,花药壁发育为基本型;表皮细胞1层,发育过程中始终存在;药室内壁在花药成熟时形成带状纤维层加厚;幼小花药壁的中层1～2层细胞,在花药发育成熟时退化消失;绒毡层1层细胞,腺质绒毡层,花药成熟时消失。(2)小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中的胞质分裂为同时型,产生四面体型和左右对称型小孢子。(3)成熟花粉粒为二细胞型,扫描电镜下观察其成熟花粉粒为圆球形,外壁近光滑。(4)花粉母细胞分裂后形成的四分体小孢子中出现多核仁现象,核仁数在2～6个范围变化,推测这可能和末期Ⅱ核仁融合的不彻底有关。研究发现,柠条锦鸡儿小孢子发生和雄配子发育过程没有发现异常现象。     

小麦花药培养中小孢子DNA合成的放射自显影研究

用放射自显影术研究小麦花药培养中小孢子的雄核发育,发现培养24小时后3H－胸腺嘧啶核苷掺入单核晚期小孢子,2．5天后营养细胞核中有3H－胸腺嘧啶核苷掺入,由A和B途径形成多细胞花粉的过程中,超始几次孢子体分裂,细胞的DNA合成是同步进行的。在多细胞花粉形成时逐渐变为不同步,生殖核的DNA合成不活跃,偶而能被标记上,个别合成DNA的生殖细胞形成类胚柄结构,当培养基中蔗糖浓度低（3％）时,培养早期小孢子内核的DNA合成正常进行,3H－胸腺嘧啶核苷比高糖浓度（9％）更易惨入小孢子,但经1－2次分裂后,核不再分裂,细胞壁不形成,所以3％的糖浓度中,多细胞花粉不能形成,主要不是DNA不能复制,而是细胞分裂和细胞壁的形成受阻所致。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various