大鼠与家兔生后各年龄阶段跖肌纤维的比较

应用建立在肌球蛋白重链异构体基础上的标准肌动球蛋白ATP酶和琥珀酸脱氢酶组织化学方法,分析大鼠和家兔出生后发育各年龄阶段跖肌纤维型分布。在生后2周至24周龄的大鼠和家兔Ⅰ、ⅡX型肌纤维百分比例减少,而ⅡA、ⅡB型纤维则增加。进行大量单肌纤维的组织化学特征的比较和相关性探讨。结果显示动物平均体重与跖肌的平均湿重随生后发育逐渐增加,Ⅰ、ⅡX、ⅡA及ⅡB型纤维均在生后各年龄组的全部肌肉内被发现,但出生后2日龄组是个例外。在生后发育期间,雄性大鼠和家兔ⅡB型纤维的平均肌纤维型构成要大于雌性大鼠和家兔,而雄性大鼠和家兔Ⅰ、ⅡX、ⅡA型三种氧化组织化学分类的肌纤维型构成均小于雌性大鼠和家兔。大鼠Ⅰ、ⅡX、ⅡA和ⅡB型纤维的平均横切面积显然要比家兔的同类型肌纤维要小。在大鼠和家兔可见明显的性别差异。大鼠和家兔的ⅡX型纤维横切面积是最小的,Ⅰ、ⅡA型纤维呈中等大小,ⅡB型纤维最大。该重要的测试有助于我们深入研究啮齿类动物快肌纤维生理特征的适应。     

家兔胫骨前肌肌纤维型的分布研究

根据家兔胫骨前肌的肌纤维起止、排列和神经支配特征,将该肌分为前、后两个亚体。利用家兔８例１６侧胫骨前肌,按上述两个亚体分别取材,作恒冷箱冰冻横切,肌球蛋白ＡＴＰ酶染色,将肌纤维分为Ⅰ型、ⅡＡ型、ⅡＢ型,检测各亚体的肌纤维型构成比例,肌束内肌纤维的分布特征,并用图象分析仪测量各亚体肌纤维横切面积和直径。结果发现,前、后亚体以Ⅱ型纤维居多,前亚体ⅡＡ型纤维高达３５．４％,后亚体Ⅰ型纤维多达２４．５％,两者的ⅡＢ型纤维均达５０％左右。而左、右侧之间无差异,肌束周边部内Ⅰ型纤维仅占１２．７～１３．３％,ⅡＢ型纤维高达５９．９～６０．０％,说明受肌束膜压迫影响,ⅡＢ型肌纤维血供少,以适应无氧酵解的功能。各亚体的Ⅰ型纤维较细,Ⅱ型纤维较Ⅱ粗,Ａ型与ⅡＢ型二者相似。作者认为,前亚体主要参与快速有力的足背屈运动,后亚体则维持踝关节的稳定,保持足弓的形状和弹性,以便适应该肌的站立、跑动和跳跃的功能。     

几种实验动物骨骼肌肌球蛋白ATP酶与SDH酶染色的比较

本文为研究ATP酶和SDH酶两种反应法在骨骼肌分型方面的异同。在兔、豚鼠、大白鼠和小鼠的腓肠肌的恒冷连续切片中,取相邻的两片分别做ATP酶和SDH酶反应,然后选取两片相对应部位做显微摄片,并进行比较。结果显示:两种酶反应中,Ⅰ型纤维的吻合率是83％,Ⅱ型纤维的吻合率为68％。本文认为,ATP酶和SDH酶两种反应所作的分型不能视为等同。     

大鼠和家兔生后发育各阶段比目鱼肌纤维的比较

为研究大鼠与家兔骨骼肌各类型肌纤维的数量和二维分布以及生后发育对其影响,取生后2d和2、4、6、8、10周龄(体重10g和32、95、190、280、320g)大鼠及生后2d和2、4、8、12、16、20、24周龄(体重100g和220、400、750、1200、1600、2100、2500g)家兔的比目鱼肌做琥珀酸脱氢酶染色。实验结果表明,大鼠和家兔比目鱼肌纤维被分成Ⅰ型(SO),ⅡX型(FO)和ⅡA型(FOG)3型。使用图像分析系统分析每型肌纤维在生后发育各阶段的相关变化,大鼠和家兔比目鱼肌中：Ⅰ型纤维分布于整块肌肉,其数量随着生后发育而增加。幼体ⅡX型纤维分布在整块肌肉中,其数量随生后发育而减少;ⅡA型分布在肌肉中深层,数量几乎无变化;至成体时只有少量的ⅡX和ⅡA分布在肌表层。整个发育期间未见ⅡB型纤维。ⅡA型纤维直径最大,Ⅰ型中等,而ⅡX型最小。家兔3型肌纤维的平均横切面积比大鼠的大。这些结果表明大鼠和家兔后肢肌各种类型肌纤维的数量比例和分布随生长过程发生改变。     

家兔与大鼠腓肠肌的生后发育比较

研究分析了家兔、大鼠腓肠肌在生后各年龄阶段的内侧头、外侧头的内侧亚体、中间亚体或外侧浅亚体、外侧亚体或外侧深亚体内快慢肌纤维的发育情况，应用大体解剖结合组织化学方法确定了其肌亚体，并进行琥珀酸脱氢酶染色、图像分析两型肌纤维的直径特征，以及肌构筑学与肌诱发电位的测量。结果表明：家兔在生后1个月时，内侧亚体从其深面凸现于内侧头与外侧亚体之间，中间亚体居于内侧亚体远端；大鼠内侧头未能区分肌亚体，其外侧头分为内侧亚体、外侧浅亚体，而外侧深亚体居于外侧浅亚体的深面呈重叠状：生后2、3天均未能分出Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维，也未见有原始肌束；Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维比例随年龄增长而变化，内侧亚体的Ⅱ型肌纤维比例在家兔与大鼠的生后发育中始终占优，而在其它各肌亚体内，Ⅱ型肌纤维的比例在发育中不恒定，直至成年后Ⅱ型肌纤维才趋于稳定并占优。在生长发育过程中，各肌亚体内Ⅱ型肌纤维的直径在各年龄段均大于Ⅰ型肌纤维。生后6个月家兔外侧头内侧亚体(FL／CSA)比值越大，倾向于速度型构筑；内侧头、中间亚体和外侧亚体(CSA／MW)比值越大，倾向于力量型构筑。大鼠腓肠肌外侧头内侧亚体乙酰胆碱酯酶染色显示葡萄状运动神经末梢支配慢肌纤维，斑点状运动终板位于快肌纤维。     

尾部悬吊对达乌尔黄鼠比目鱼肌形态及 mATP 酶活性的影响

采用尾部悬吊法建立后肢骨骼肌废用的动物模型,以肌球蛋白ATP酶(mATPase)法测定比目鱼肌的mATPase活性,依据mATPase染色结果进行肌纤维分型,并测量肌纤维横截面积(Cross-section area,CSA),首次观察了尾部悬吊对达乌尔黄鼠比目鱼肌湿重、CSA和梭外肌、梭内肌纤维mATPase活性的影响,并与尾部悬吊大鼠进行了比较。旨在探讨冬眠动物骨骼肌在废用状态下的变化。结果显示,尾部悬吊14d可使大鼠比目鱼肌湿重体重比下降35.52%(P<0.001),Ⅰ型肌纤维CSA和Ⅱ型肌纤维CSA分别下降18.91%和20.68%(P<0.05);肌纤维平均CSA减少20.45%(P<0.01)。比目鱼肌中Ⅰ型肌纤维的构成比由对照组的80.61%降低为66.83%,Ⅱ型肌纤维的构成比由19.39%增加到33.17%(P<0.001);梭内肌纤维mATPase活性增强,核袋1纤维的mATPase染色由阴性(-)转变为强阳性( ),核袋2纤维和核链纤维由阳性( )转变为强阳性( )。而达乌尔黄鼠在尾部悬吊14d后,比目鱼肌湿重仅比对照组下降0.05%,Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维CSA与平均CSA分别比对照组减少0.84%、0.63%和0.37%,均无明显差异(P>0.05);与对照组相比,比目鱼肌中Ⅰ型肌纤维的构成比从82.55%减少到77.30%,Ⅱ型肌纤维的构成比由17.45%增加到22.70%(P<0.05);梭内肌纤维mATPase活性亦明显升高,核袋1纤维的mATPase染色由对照组的阴性(-)转化为强阳性( ),核袋2纤维及核链纤维则由对照组的阳性( )转化为核袋2纤维呈阳性( ),核链纤维则呈弱阳性( )。结果表明:尾部悬吊可致大鼠比目鱼肌明显萎缩;达乌尔黄鼠比目鱼肌则无明显萎缩;两者比目鱼肌梭内、外肌mATPase活性均明显升高。     

大鼠快、慢肌纤维肌球蛋白的特征

根据生化和收缩功能特性的研究,肌纤维可分为三种基本类型:慢收缩氧化型,快收缩氧化、醣酵解型和快收缩醣酵解型。由于收缩快慢不同,要求对ATP有不同的水解速率,这样,快慢二类纤维的肌球蛋白可能也会存在差别。当然,从对肌球蛋白轻链的分析我们已经知道,在快、慢肌之间轻链是有区别的。但是轻链的特征还未用来区别快、慢肌纤维类型;而用测酶系活力的方法来研究纤维类型,因各种酶活力又互相重迭,使分析结果复杂化,从鉴别的角度来考虑也不够满意。如果我们用单肌纤维为材料分析其完整肌     

不同低氧时间对SD大鼠颏舌肌肌纤维类型的影响

目的:观察不同低氧时间大鼠颏舌肌肌纤维类型的变化。方法:建立低氧模型,血气分析证实模型成功建立。在低氧不同时间点分别取低氧组和正常组雄性SD大鼠颏舌肌进行HE染色,肌球蛋白ATP酶组织化学染色和RT-PCR检测肌纤维类型的变化。结果:血气分析结果证实低氧组氧分压与血氧饱和度较对照组发生明显下降(P0.05)。低氧1周组、2周组、3周组、4周组较正常组氧分压下降至55.04±2.31 mm Hg,52.69±1.51 mm Hg,49.80±1.39 mm Hg,50.11±3.02 mm Hg(P0.05);血氧饱和度下降至77.51±1.81%,70.13±2.90%,74.20±1.95%,74.97±2.36%(P0.05)。HE染色和肌球蛋白ATP酶组织化学染色法显示低氧2、3、4周组Ⅱ型肌纤维所占比例较相应正常组依次升高:45.92±1.8%,57.44±2.1%,56.89±2.6%,在第三周时达到顶峰(P0.05)。RT-PCR结果也同样验证了这一规律。结论:随着低氧活动的进行,颏舌肌肌纤维类型发生有规律的转化,从而影响着肌肉的功能。     

金皮猪肉质相关组织学特征与CAST基因HinfI多态性的关系研究

本实验选择具有优良肉质的本地金华猪与肉质较差的引进品种皮特兰猪杂交所产的金皮F2代为研究对象,利用PCR-RFLP的方法检测金皮F2代猪CAST基因型的频率,并以肌球蛋白重链（MHC）免疫组织化学、过碘酸希夫反应和苏木精-伊红等多种组织学方法,研究猪背腰最长肌的肌肉组织学特性,并对其进行图像分析,在此基础上采用SAS分析其相互关系。结果发现．PAS染色后肌纤维可区分为三种类型。PAS阴性（Ⅰ）、PAS反应强阳性（Ⅱ-a）和PAS反应强度中间型（Ⅱ-b）。利用肌球蛋白重链单克隆抗体MHCs和MHCf染色结果表明．金皮F2代杂交猪背腰最长肌MHCs阳性（慢肌）纤维的比例为7．62％,快肌纤维为92.38％。CAST基因的扩增产物具有524bp和632bp两个Hinfl多态性片段,定义等位基因为A（114＋192＋400＋632bp）,B（114＋192＋400＋524bp）。AA、BB和AB基因型频率分别为0．1795、0．5897和0．2308,A和B的基因型频率分别为0．4743和0．5256。AA、BB和AB单型对眼肌面积．系水率、pH值、导电率等参数均无显著的影响。CAST基因的HinfI多态性对肌纤维的轴比有显著影响,AA单型有产生较多轴比较大（近似椭圆形）肌纤维的倾向．而BB则控制形成更多的轴比更小（近似于圆形）的肌纤维。具有AA单型的个体具有更多的肌间结缔组织．而具有BB单型的个体的肌间结缔组织较少．AB单型的个体介于两者之间。     

慢性缺氧大鼠膈肌纤维类型适应性变化

采用肌球蛋白ＡＴＰ酶（ｍＡＴＰ酶）组化将肌纤维分为Ⅰ、ⅡＡ和ⅡＢ三种类型,通过慢性常压和减压间断缺氧大鼠模型,观察慢性缺氧（分别缺氧１个月和３个月）大鼠膈肌纤维类型的适应性变化,并与肢体肌肉进行比较。结果表明,慢性缺氧大鼠膈肌纤维由酵解型向氧化型转化,主要表现为ⅡＡ纤维比例上升（Ｐ＜０．０５）和ⅡＢ（Ｐ＜０．０５－０．０１）下降,肋膈肌变化大于脚膈肌和肢体肌肉。肌肉间适应性变化的差异可能与其功能要求不同有关。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Progress in glial cell studies in some laboratories in China

Glial cells in the central nervous system(CNS) consist of a heterogeneous population of cell types,each characterized by distinct morphological features,physiological properties,and specific markers.In contrast to the previous view that glial cells were passive elements in the brain,accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells are active participants in various brain functions and brain disorders.This review summarizes recent progress of glial cell studies from several groups in China,ranging from studie...