西瓜种质资源遗传亲缘关系的RAPD分析

利用 RAPD 技术对国内外32份西瓜主栽品种与其骨干亲本及野生类型的遗传亲缘关系进行了研究。从720个随机引物(10bp)中筛选出15个能产生稳定多态性的引物用于 RAPD 反应,共扩增出104条 DNA 带,其中多态性 DNA 条带43条,占41.35%,平均每个引物扩增的 DNA 条带的数目为7.0条。聚类分析将供试材料分为6个类群:1个东亚生态型类群、1个美国生态型类群、2个中间生态型类群和2个非洲野生型类群,与传统的西瓜生态型分类基本吻合。每个生态型类群都有其特有的扩增(缺失)条带,同时分析了同一生态型中各个品种之间的亲缘关系及其品种的特异条带。本实验结果不仅从分子水平验证了西瓜是遗传基础狭窄的作物,而且在分子水平对西瓜传统分类与地理生态型分类进行了分析。     

西瓜种质资源遗传亲缘关系的RAPD分析

利用RAPD技术对国内外32份西瓜主栽品种与其骨干亲本及野生类型的遗传亲缘关系进行了研究。从720个随机引物（10bp)中筛选出15个能产生稳定多态性的引物用于RAPD反应,共扩增出104条DNA带,其中多态性DNA条带43条,占41．35％,平均每个引物扩增的DNA条带的数目为7．0条。聚类分析将供试材料分为6个类群：1个东亚生态型类群、1个美国生态型类群、2个中间生态型类群和2个非洲野生型类群,与传统的西瓜生态型分类基本吻合。每个生态型类群都有其特有的扩增（缺失）条带,同时分析了同一生态型中各个品种之间的亲缘关系及其品种的特异条带。本实验结果不仅从分子水平验证了西瓜是遗传基础狭窄的作用,而且在分子水平对西瓜传统分类与地理生态型分类进行了分析。     

红掌品种亲缘关系SRAP分析

利用相关序列扩增多态性（SRAP）分子标记,从100对引物组合中筛选出 26对多态性高、条带清晰的SRAP引物,对33个红掌品种进行遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析。结果如下：（1）26对引物共扩增出366条条带,其中有314条多态性条带,多态性比率为85.79%。引物组合产生的条带数在9～23之间,平均每对引物组合扩增出14.1条和12.1条多态性条带。（2）根据SRAP扩增结果,利用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,33份材料的遗传相似系数在0.55～0.94之间,在遗传相似系数0.786处可将33个红掌品种分为5个类群。结果表明,供试品种遗传多样性丰富,本研究为品种鉴定和杂交育种提供了参考信息。     

中国主要黑芝麻品种的遗传多样性分析

利用SRAP和SSR各23对引物对20个中国主要黑芝麻品种进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示,23对SRAP引物共扩增出DNA带672条,其中多态性带152条,比率为22.62%,平均每对引物扩增总带数和多态性条带分别为29.22条和6.61条。23对SSR多态性引物共扩增出DNA带92条,每对引物扩增出3~6条,平均4.00条;每对引物扩增出多态性带1~5条,平均3.09条,多态性带比率平均为77.17%。20个黑芝麻品种间的遗传相似系数为0.8547~0.9804,遗传距离为0.0159~0.0921,遗传多样性匮乏,遗传基础狭窄。聚类结果表明,来自主产区江西的11个品种明显聚在一起,且江西黑芝麻品种的遗传相似系数高于其他省份品种,遗传距离低于其他省份品种,与其他省份品种的差异均达到极显著水平。加强资源引进和利用是拓宽中国黑芝麻品种遗传基础的迫切要求。     

51个春兰(Cymbidium goeringii)品种的AFLP遗传多样性分析

为了揭示春兰品种的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,为春兰种质资源的有效利用和开发提供依据,采用AFLP技术对51个春兰品种进行了遗传多样性分析,经筛选得到了8对条带清晰、多态性高的引物,共扩增出1315条DNA片段,其中多态性条带为1217条,平均1对引物扩增条带164条,多态性带152条,多态性位点频率为92.5%,表明春兰品种具有丰富的遗传多态性。49个品种含有特有带。51个品种间遗传相似系数变化范围为0.501~0.716,聚类分析表明,51个春兰品种共分为5个类群,来自同一地区的品种并没有聚在一起,表明春兰品种的遗传背景混乱。AFLP分子标记技术能有效地分析春兰品种的遗传多样性和亲缘关系。     

应用RAPD标记分析黑麦属品种的遗传多样性

四川农业大学小麦研究所侯永翠、郑有良、魏育明等研究人员对黑麦遗传多样性课题作了研究。他们采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)标记 ,对黑麦属 (SecaleL) 7个品种共 1 2份材料进行了遗传多样性检测 ,发现被检测材料间RAPD标记多态性较高 ,在 4 0个随机引物中 ,有 2 5个引物约占整个的 6 2 .5 %的扩增产物具有多态性。这 2 5个中共扩增出 1 6 7条带 ,其中 89条带约占 5 3.2 %具有多态性 ,每个引物可扩增出 1～ 1 0条多态性带 ,平均为 3～ 6条。RAPD标记遗传距离GD变异范围为 0 .1 382～ 0 .4 5 1 2 ,平均为 0 .2 71 2。通过聚类分析表…     

采用RAPD技术探讨花椒的遗传多样性及其与环境的关系

采用RAPD分子标记方法分析11个花椒品种的遗传多样性,以及遗传多样性与环境因素的相关性。从60条随机引物中筛选出10条引物,共扩增出67条带,平均每个引物扩增出6．7条,其中56条具有多态性,多态比例为84％。根据品种间的遗传距离构建的聚类分析树状图,11个花椒品种的相似系数在0．08-0．92之间,可分为2个类群,这种分类与花椒的叶的外形分类结果一致。不同地域种植的同一品种材料遗传距离较大,显示花椒的遗传多样性与地域分布有关系。     

37份龙眼种质资源亲缘关系的ISSR分析

本研究利用ISSR技术对37份龙眼种质资源进行遗传多样性检测.研究结果表明,从100条ISSR引物中筛选出7条重复性好,条带清晰的引物对37份龙眼品种基因组DNA进行扩增,共扩增出54条带,其中43条具有多态性,比率为79.6%.不同龙眼品种间遗传相似系数变幅为0.69～0.97,平均达0.83,说明ISSR标记能够揭示材料间较高的遗传多样性.UPGMA聚类结果表明,ISSR标记能将37份龙眼品种完全区分开,并能将来源于中国、越南和泰国的37份龙眼品种分别聚类到中国、越南和泰国三大品种群,说明龙眼品种资源的亲缘关系与地理因素有关,三个国家的龙眼品种之间存在较大的遗传差异.本研究结果将为为龙眼品种资源的研究利用提供参考.     

乌塌菜种质资源遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR技术对48份乌塌菜种质资源进行遗传多样性分析。从60条随机引物中筛选出稳定性强、条带清晰且多态性丰富的9条引物进行PCR扩增,共扩增出103条谱带,平均每个引物扩增出11.4条带,其中多态性带85条,多态性位点百分率为82.68%。不同乌塌菜种质间遗传相似系数变幅为0.59~0.97,说明ISSR标记能够揭示材料间较高的遗传多样性。利用UPGMA聚类分析,ISSR标记能将48份乌塌菜品种完全区分开,48份乌塌菜种质被划分为4个类群,聚类结果与叶片颜色相关,为乌塌菜品种资源的研究利用提供参考。     

基于ISSR方法的芦笋育种亲本间亲缘关系分析

为了解芦笋(Asparagus officinalis L.)育种亲本间的遗传关系,采用ISSR方法对19份芦笋育种亲本进行亲缘关系和遗传多样性分析。结果表明,18条引物共扩增出187条谱带,多态性比率达93.6%。UPGMA聚类分析表明,亲本的相似系数为0.56~0.80,在相似系数0.62处可将亲本分成3大类群,第Ⅰ类群为美国芦笋品种?绿龙?;第Ⅱ类群由荷兰品种?金林?人工培育的部分亲本和美国品种?格兰德?组成;第Ⅲ类群为其余亲本组成。同一品种不同个体间也可能存在较大的遗传距离,芦笋经倍性育种培育出的个体表现出丰富的遗传多样性。这为芦笋杂交育种中的亲本筛选提供了理论依据。     

Resistance to Asparagus virus 1 in the Wild Relative Asparagus amarus

Five asparagus cultivars, three breeding lines and the wild relative Asparagus amarus were tested for natural infection by Asparagus virus 1 (AV‐1) in experimental fields at two locations over 3 and 4 years, respectively. In the first year after re‐planting the annual crowns in the field, more than 90% of tested plants of cultivars were infected by AV‐1. In the third and fourth year, 100% of tested plants of cultivars were AV‐1 infected. In comparison, all plants of the wild relative A. amarus were completely free of AV‐1, suggesting a high level of resistance. Additionally, 1‐year‐old glasshouse‐cultivated plants of A. officinalis and A. amarus were placed in an AV‐1 provocation cabin under field conditions. Seven months later, 100% of the A. officinalis plants showed a high virus concentration in ELISA, whereas no AV‐1 was detectable in the A. amarus plants. This result was confirmed by highly sensitive AV‐1‐specific RT‐PCR. To exclude vector resistance, the feeding behaviour of green peach aphid Myzus persicae was tested over 12 h using the electrical penetration graph method. Both asparagus genotypes were accepted by the aphids as potential hosts, but the feeding time was significantly longer on A. amarus. A genetic distance analysis of the various cultivars of Asparagus officinalis and selected wild relatives of the JKI collection was carried out, resulting in a clear discrimination of cultivars and wild relatives, especially A. amarus. The potential breeding value of the putative resistance carrier is discussed.     

N-Carboxymethyl-l-serine,a New Acidic Amino Acid from Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) Shoots

A strongly acidic amino acid—N-carboxymethyl-L-serine—, not previously known in nature, has been isolated from asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) shoots. Some unique properties of this amino acid, such as a much bigger mobility to anode on high voltage paper electrophoresis (pH 3.6) than aspartic acid and characteristic changes of NMR spectra in aqueous solution with various pD, were discussed in relation to its structure.     

Steroidal saponins from Asparagus acutifolius

Six new steroidal saponins (1-6) were isolated from the roots of A. acutifolius L., together with a known spirostanol glycoside (7). Their structures were elucidated mainly by extensive spectroscopic analysis (1D and 2D NMR, FABMS and HRESIMS). Compounds 4-7 demonstrated antifungal activity against the human pathogenic yeasts C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis with MICs values between 12.5 and 100 microg/ml.     

Isolation and Identification of Fructo-oligosaccharides in Roots of Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.)

Eight fructo-oligosaccharides were isolated from purified oligosaccharide fractions of the roots of Asparagus officinalis L. (Liliaceae). By examination of constituent sugars, gas-liquid-chromatographic analysis of methyl derivatives, and investigation of partial acid hydrolyzates and products of β-fructofuranosidase action, they were confirmed to be 1^F(1-β -fructofuranosyl)_n sucrose [n = 1 (1-kestose), 2 (nystose), and 3], 6^G (1-β-fructofuranosyl)_n sucrose [n = 1 (neokestose), 2, and 3], 1^F,6^G-di-β-fructofuranosyl sucrose, and a new pentasaccharide 1^F (1-β-fructofuranosyl)₂-6^G-β-fructofuranosyl sucrose.     

A Bitter Principle of Asparagus: Isolation and Structure of Furostanol Saponin in Asparagus Storage Root

During an examination of components contributing to the bitter taste of asparagus bottom cut (Asparagus officinalis L.), two new furostanol saponins were isolated from roots extractives. Their chemical structures were established as 5β-furostane-3β,22,26 triol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl (1→2)-β-d-glucopyranoside 26-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and 5β-furostane-3β,22,26 triol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl (1→2) [β-d-xylopyranoxyl (1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranoside 26-O-β-d-glucopyranoside respectively.     

用形态与分子标记研究石刁柏种质资源遗传多样性

采用RAPD分子标记结合形态学指标对43份石刁柏种质资源的遗传多样性进行评价。田间试验相关分析表明,茎粗、林高、茎数与产量呈极显著正相关,三者是影响石刁柏产量的主要因素。茎粗、株高、产量与一级笋率呈显著正相关。花梗全紫的石刁柏一级笋率相对较高。根据形态学指标将材料分为7大类。在分子标记中,从60个随机引物中筛选出12个能产生清晰、稳定可重复DNA片段的引物,对供试材料进行RAPD扩增。在供试材料中共获得183条扩增产物,产生的DNA片段大小主要分布在200～1600bp之间,其中170条具有遗传多态性,约占总数的92．92％。各基因型间的Nei氏相似性系数分布在0．407～0．931之间,平均相似性为0．765,可见石刁柏各基因型之间的遗传多态性较为丰富。经UPGMA方法建立的树状图,可将参试品种划分为8大类群。形态学指标与遗传多样性指标的相关分析结果显示：分枝节间距、花梗颜色、每簇拟叶数、最长分枝长度、茎粗5个形态学指标与遗传多样性指标之间存在一定的相关性。     

In Vitro Preservation of Asparagus Officinalis

A simple systems for in vitro storage of health asparagus germplasm was developed. High percent (90 %) of shoots cultured in a standard multiplication medium were maintained viable in vitro at 5 °C in darkness for 12 months. This percent was decreased to 60 % when cultures were stored for 18 months. At normal temperature, shoots and callus cultures also survived for 1 year under osmotic stress on medium containing 40 g dm^-3 mannitol.     

Comparative genomic analyses in Asparagus.

Garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) belongs to the monocot family Asparagaceae in the order Asparagales. Onion (Allium cepa L.) and Asparagus officinalis are 2 of the most economically important plants of the core Asparagales, a well supported monophyletic group within the Asparagales. Coding regions in onion have lower GC contents than the grasses. We compared the GC content of 3374 unique expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from A. officinalis with Lycoris longituba and onion (both members of the core Asparagales), Acorus americanus (sister to all other monocots), the grasses, and Arabidopsis. Although ESTs in A. officinalis and Acorus had a higher average GC content than Arabidopsis, Lycoris, and onion, all were clearly lower than the grasses. The Asparagaceae have the smallest nuclear genomes among all plants in the core Asparagales, which typically have huge genomes. Within the Asparagaceae, European Asparagus species have approximately twice the nuclear DNA of that of southern African Asparagus species. We cloned and sequenced 20 genomic amplicons from European A. officinalis and the southern African species Asparagus plumosus and observed no clear evidence for a recent genome doubling in A. officinalis relative to A. plumosus. These results indicate that members of the genus Asparagus with smaller genomes may be useful genomic models for plants in the core Asparagales.     

Steroidal saponins from Asparagus africanus.

The structures of two new monodesmosidic spirostanosides and a new bisdesmosidic furostanol glycoside isolated from the roots of Asparagus africanus Lam. (Liliaceae) have been elucidated as (25R)-3 beta-hydroxy-5 beta-spirostan-12-one 3-O-{beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[alpha-1-arabinopyranosyl-(1--> 6)]-beta- D-glucopyranoside} (1), (25R)-5 beta-spirostan-3 beta-ol 3-O-{beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1--> 6)]-beta- D-glucopyranoside} (2) and 26-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-22 alpha-methoxy-(25R)-furostan-3 beta,26-diol 3-O-{beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[beta-D-glucopyranoside} (3), respectively, by the combined use of one and two dimensional NMR experiments. The complete 13C and 1H assignments of the peracetyl spirostanosides and the furostanol oligoside were derived. The interconversions between the methoxyl and hydroxyl group at C-22 of the furostanol glycoside was investigated and the genuine furostanol oligoside of A. africanus appears to be the hydroxyl type based on the comparative study of the methanol, pyridine and dioxane extracts.