脑心通胶囊辅助治疗不稳定型心绞痛的临床疗效和安全性的Meta分析

目的：系统评价脑心通胶囊辅助治疗不稳定型心绞痛的临床疗效及其安全性。方法：计算机检索PubMed（1966-2012．3）、EMbase（1974-2012.3）、CochraneLibrary（2012年第3期）、CBM（1978-2012．3）、CNKI（1994-2012．3）、VIP（1989-2012．3）。纳入脑心通胶囊联合常规药物治疗不稳定型心绞痛的随机对照试验（RCT）,并补充检索纳入研究的参考文献;按Cochrane系统评价方法对纳入研究进行资料提取及质量评估后,采用RevMan5．1软件进行统计学分析。结果：共纳入11个RCT,包括共1384例患者,Meta分析结果显示：与常规药物治疗相比,脑心通胶囊联合常规药物明显缓解不稳定型心绞痛患者的临床症状,差异有统计学意义[RR=1．24,95％CI（1．18-1．31）,P〈0．01],提高了心电图的改善率[RR=1．35,95％CI（1．24-1．47）,P〈0．01]。结论：目前研究表明脑心通胶囊辅助治疗不稳定型心绞痛的短期疗效明显优于常规治疗,但其不良反应和远期疗效尚不确定,需要更多高质量随机对照试验进一步证实。     

乳酸菌阴道胶囊辅助治疗 外阴阴道念珠菌病的中文文献Meta分析

摘要：目的 系统评价乳酸菌阴道胶囊辅助治疗外阴阴道念珠菌病（VVC）的疗效及安全性。方法 计算机联机检索Cochrane图书馆、CNKI、VIP、万方数据库（各数据库检索时间为创建至2014年12月）中关于乳酸菌阴道胶囊辅助治疗VVC的随机对照试验（RCT）,用RevMan 5.3软件对数据进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入18篇RCT,包括2 405例患者。Meta分析结果显示,乳酸菌阴道胶囊辅助治疗VVC效果优于对照组[RR=2.43,95%CI（1.98,2.98）,P<0.00001]。结论 基于现有临床证据,乳酸菌阴道胶囊辅助治疗VVC有效,安全性高。但由于纳入研究数量较少,研究质量不统一,本结论尚需要更多大样本、高质量临床RCT予以证实。     

硝苯地平缓释片联合缬沙坦治疗原发性高血压疗效和 安全性的Meta 分析

摘要目的：系统评价硝苯地平缓释片联合缬沙坦治疗原发性高血压的疗效和安全性。方法：计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane Library 、CBM、CNKI、VIP 等数据库,按照纳入和排除标准纳入依硝苯地平缓释片联合缬沙坦治疗原发性高血压的随机对照试验 （RCT）,并补充检索纳入研究的参考文献;按Cochrane 系统评价方法由两名评价员独立评价纳入文献质量、提取资料并交叉核对 无误后,采用RevMan 5.1 软件进行统计学分析。结果：共纳入4 个RCT,包括共450例患者,其研究质量均为C级。Meta 分析结 果显示：硝苯地平缓释片联合缬沙坦治疗原发性高血压的显效率[RR=1.29, 95%CI(1.08～1.55), P< 0.01]、总有效率[RR=1.19, 95% CI(1.10～1.29), P<0.01]和无效率[RR=0.38, 95%CI(0.24～0.62), P<0.01]与单用硝苯地平缓释片比较,两组差异有统计学意义,两组 有效率差异无统计学意义[RR=1.02, 95%CI(0.97～1.32), P>0.01]。结论：现有证据表明：硝苯地平缓释片联合缬沙坦治疗原发性高 血压在显效率,总有效率和无效率方面优于硝苯地平缓释片单用,不良反应与苯地平缓释片单用无明显差异,但远期疗效尚不清 楚,尚需更多高质量的随机双盲对照试验证实。     

乳酸菌阴道胶囊降低外阴阴道念珠菌病复发的中文文献Meta分析

目的系统评价乳酸菌阴道胶囊降低外阴阴道念珠菌病(VVC)复发的疗效及安全性。方法计算机联机检索Cochrane图书馆、CNKI、VIP、万方数据库(各数据库检索时间为创建至2014年12月)中关于乳酸菌阴道胶囊降低VVC复发的随机对照试验(RCT),用RevMan 5.3软件对数据进行Meta分析。结果共纳入18篇RCT,包括2 450例患者。Meta分析结果显示,乳酸菌阴道胶囊降低VVC复发的效果优于对照组[RR=0.34,95%CI(0.28,0.41),P0.000 01]。结论基于现有临床证据,乳酸菌阴道胶囊降低VVC复发有效,安全性高。但由于纳入研究数量较少,研究质量不统一,本结论尚需要更多大样本、高质量临床RCT予以证实。     

双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊/散治疗儿童功能性便秘临床疗效的Meta分析

目的采用Meta分析评价双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊/散治疗儿童功能性便秘的临床疗效。方法检索中国知网、万方、维普、Pubmed、Embase、Web of Science数据库,检索时限均从建库至2015年12月,收集国内外应用双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊/散治疗儿童功能性便秘的所有随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)和前瞻性非随机对照试验(non-randomized controlled trial,non-RCT),纳入文献时间从2005年1月至2013年12月。按照纳入与排除标准选择文献,进一步提取纳入研究的资料并评价其方法学质量后,采用Cochrane协作网提供的RevMan 5.2软件进行Meta分析。结果检索文献无RCT研究,纳入9个前瞻性non-RCT研究,合计673例患者,其中治疗组(对照组常规治疗+双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊/散)345例,对照组328例。Meta分析结果显示:治疗组的治疗有效率优于对照组[OR=4.81,95%CI=(2.32,9.97),P0.0001];治疗组儿童功能性便秘复发率低于对照组[OR=0.19,95%CI(0.05,0.68),P=0.01]。结论双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊/散与常规治疗药物联用可以提高儿童功能性便秘的总体疗效,同时可以有效降低儿童功能性便秘的复发率。     

乳酸菌阴道胶囊辅助治疗外阴阴道念珠菌病的中文文献Meta分析

目的系统评价乳酸菌阴道胶囊辅助治疗外阴阴道念珠菌病(VVC)的疗效及安全性。方法计算机联机检索CNKI、VIP、万方数据库(各数据库检索时间为创建至2014年12月)中关于乳酸菌阴道胶囊辅助治疗VVC的随机对照试验(RCT),用RevMan 5.3软件对数据进行Meta分析。结果共纳入18篇RCT,包括2 405例患者。Meta分析结果显示,乳酸菌阴道胶囊辅助治疗VVC效果优于对照组[OR=2.43,95%CI(1.98,2.98),P0.000 01]。结论基于现有临床证据,乳酸菌阴道胶囊辅助治疗VVC有效,安全性高。但由于纳入研究数量较少,研究质量不统一,本结论尚需要更多大样本、高质量临床RCT予以证实。     

阴道用乳酸菌制剂辅助治疗RVVC的Meta分析

目的系统评价阴道用乳酸菌制剂辅助治疗复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病(RVVC)的疗效及安全性。方法计算机检索CNKI、万方、维普、PubMed及Cochrane等数据库(检索时间为各数据库创建时间至2018年1月),纳入关于阴道用乳酸菌制剂辅助治疗RVVC的临床随机对照试验(RCT),采用RevMan 5.3软件对相关研究进行Meta分析。结果共纳入32篇RCT,包括3 635例患者,结果显示:阴道用乳酸菌制剂辅助治疗RVVC的痊愈率优于单纯抗菌药物[P0.001,OR=2.15,95%CI(1.81,2.54)],总有效率高[P0.001,OR=3.26,95%CI (2.5,4.26)],复发率低[P0.001,OR=0.19,95%CI (0.15,0.25)],不良反应发生率低,Begg′s检验表明纳入的RCT研究无发表偏倚(P=0.1020.05)。结论基于现有临床证据,阴道用乳酸菌制剂辅助治疗RVVC疗效优于单纯抗菌药物,可有效改善临床症状,减少疾病发作次数,安全性高,不良反应发生率低,值得临床推广使用。     

双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊/散治疗新生儿黄疸临床疗效的Meta分析

摘要：目的 采用Meta分析方法评价双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊/散治疗新生儿黄疸的临床疗效。方法 计算机检索中国知网、万方、维普、Pubmed、Embase、Web of Science数据库,检索时限均从建库至2015年12月,收集国内外应用双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊/散治疗新生儿黄疸的所有随机对照试验（randomized controlled trial,RCT）和前瞻性非随机对照试验（non-randomized controlled trial,non-RCT）,纳入文献时间从2001年1月至2014年12月不等。按照纳入与排除标准选择文献、提取资料并评价质量后,采用Cochrane协作网提供的RevMan 5.2软件进行Meta分析。结果 检索文献无RCT研究,纳入17篇前瞻性non-RCT研究文献,合计1988例患者,其中治疗组（对照组常规治疗措施+双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊/散）1 004例,对照组984例。Meta分析结果显示：治疗组的有效率优于对照组［OR=3.36,95%CI（2.14,5.27）,P<0.001］;治疗组新生儿黄疸持续天数低于对照组［Mean Deviation（MD）=-2.13,95%CI（-2.63,-1.62）,P<0.001］;治疗后第3天经皮胆红素值治疗组低于对照组［MD=-29.66,95%CI（-42.78,-16.54）,P<0.001］。结论 双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊/散与常规治疗措施联用可以提高新生儿黄疸的总体疗效,同时可以有效减少新生儿黄疸的持续天数,加快黄疸的消退。     

溃疡性结肠炎缓解期服用益生菌制剂维持治疗的Meta分析

目的系统评价益生菌制剂用于溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)缓解期维持治疗的疗效。方法采用计算机检索和手工检索两种方法,以益生菌及其近义词、溃疡性结肠炎等主题词检索Cochrane国际协作网随机对照试验(RCT)注册数据库、PubMed、Embase数据库和中国期刊网等数据库(1978-2009),所选文献符合缓解期UC的诊断标准,以美沙拉嗪为对照的随机对照试验。采用Cochrane系统评价员手册4.2.2推荐的方法纳入文献,并对其进行Meta分析。结果共纳入6个RCT,包括629名患者,Meta分析结果显示:临床复发率益生菌组与美沙拉嗪差异无显著性(OR=0.84,95%CI:0.59~1.19,P=0.33)。结论益生菌制剂与美沙拉嗪对于UC缓解期维持治疗的疗效相近,益生菌制剂是有效的溃疡性结肠炎缓解期维持治疗药物。     

口服氟康唑联合克霉唑栓治疗念珠菌性阴道炎临床疗效的meta分析

目的通过meta分析探讨口服氟康唑联合克霉唑栓阴道给药(实验组)与单用口服氟康唑(对照组)治疗念珠菌阴道炎的临床疗效。方法通过计算机检索PubMed数据库、Cochrane图书馆、Embase数据库、中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI)、万方数据库、维普数据库,并进一步对纳入文献的参考文献进行扩大检索。对符合纳入标准的随机对照研究(RCT)按Cochrane系统评价的方法,独立进行资料提取、质量评价并交叉核对后,采用Stata 14.0软件进行meta分析。结果共纳入13篇研究,共计1 346例患者。口服氟康唑联合克霉唑栓比单用口服氟康唑有着更高的总有效率,两者差异有统计学意义(RR=1.09,95%CI=1.00～1.19,P=0.038)。在治疗后3个月复发率方面,两者差异有统计学意义(RR=0.24,95%CI=0.12～0.48,P=0.000)。结论 meta分析结果表明口服氟康唑联合克霉唑栓阴道给药治疗念珠菌阴道炎有着更好的临床疗效。     

硝苯地平缓释片联合缬沙坦治疗原发性高血压疗效和安全性的Meta分析

目的：系统评价硝苯地平缓释片联合缬沙坦治疗原发性高血压的疗效和安全性。方法：计算机检索PubMed、CochraneLi-brary、CBM、CNKI、V1P等数据库,按照纳入和排除标准纳入依硝苯地平缓释片联合缬沙坦治疗原发性高血压的随机对照试验（RCT）,并补充检索纳入研究的参考文献;按Cochrane系统评价方法由两名评价员独立评价纳入文献质量、提取资料并交叉核对无误后,采用RevMan5．1软件进行统计学分析。结果：共纳入4个RCT,包括共450例患者,其研究质量均为C级。Meta分析结果显示：硝苯地平缓释片联合缬沙坦治疗原发性高血压的显效率[RR=1．29,95％CI（1．08～1．55）,P〈O．011、总有效率[RR=I．19,95％CI（1．10～1．29）,P〈0．01]和无效率[RR=0．38,95％CI（0．24～0．62）,P〈0．01]与单用硝苯地平缓释片比较,两组差异有统计学意义,两组有效率差异无统计学意义[RR=I．02,95％CI（0．97～1．32）,P〉0．01]。结论：现有证据表明：硝苯地平缓释片联合缬沙坦治疗原发性高血压在显效率,总有效率和无效率方面优于硝苯地平缓释片单用,不良反应与苯地平缓释片单用无明显差异,但远期疗效尚不清楚,尚需更多高质量的随机双盲对照试验证实。     

Acupuncture Therapy for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

ObjectiveAcupuncture has commonly been used in China, either alone or in combination with Western medicine, to treat sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL). The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the efficacy and safety of acupuncture therapy for patients with SSHL.MethodsWe searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals (VIP), and Chinese Biomedical literature service system (SinoMed) to collect randomized controlled trials of acupuncture for SSHL published before July 2014. A meta-analysis was conducted according to the Cochrane systematic review method using RevMan 5.2 software. The evidence level for each outcome was assessed using the GRADE methodology.ResultsTwelve trials involving 863 patients were included. A meta-analysis showed that the effect of manual acupuncture combined with Western medicine comprehensive treatment (WMCT) was better than WMCT alone (RR 1.33, 95%CI 1.19–1.49) and the same as the effect of electroacupuncture combined with WMCT (RR 1.33, 95%CI 1.19–1.50). One study showed a better effect of electroacupuncture than of WMCT (RR 1.34, 95%CI 1.24–1.45). For mean changes in hearing over all frequencies, the meta-analysis showed a better effect with the combination of acupuncture and WMCT than with WMCT alone (MD 10.85, 95%CI 6.84–14.86). However, the evidence levels for these interventions were low or very low due to a high risk of bias and small sample sizes in the included studies.ConclusionThere was not sufficient evidence showing that acupuncture therapy alone was beneficial for treating SSHL. However, interventions combining acupuncture with WMCT had more efficacious results in the treatment of SSHL than WMCT alone. Electroacupuncture alone might be a viable alternative treatment besides WMCT for SSHL. However, given that there were fewer eligible RCTs and limitations in the included trials, such as methodological drawbacks and small sample sizes, large-scale RCTs are required to confirm the current findings regarding acupuncture therapy for SSHL.     

乳杆菌治疗幽门螺杆菌感染疗效的Meta分析

目的系统评价乳杆菌治疗幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)感染的有效性。方法计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials、Clinicatrials.gov、中国临床试验注册中心(http://www.chictr.org.cn/)、中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库。检索时间从建库至2016年6月30日。此外追索已纳入文献和综述的参考文献。经两位研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料和评价质量,交叉核对后,采用Stata 12.0进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入17个RCT,共1 758例患者。Meta分析结果:乳杆菌联合常规三联疗法能提高H.pylori根除率[OR=2.762,95%CI(2.163,3.526),P0.001],降低不良反应发生率[OR=0.334,95%CI(0.242,0.461),P0.001],但乳杆菌单独应用对H.pylori根除率结果与对照组比较差异无统计学意义。根据乳杆菌给药疗程的亚组分析结果,0~14(含14)d乳杆菌联合给药方案显著提高了H.pylori根除率[OR=2.893,95%CI(2.187,3.827),P0.05],14~28(含28)d给药疗程也显著提高了H.pylori根除率[OR=2.619,95%CI(1.652,4.153),P0.05]。乳杆菌联合三联疗法在欧洲人群及亚洲人群的亚组分析中,均提高了H.pylori根除率。结论乳杆菌联合三联疗法有利于提高H.pylori根除率,并能降低总不良反应的发生,在H.pylori感染相关疾病的治疗中具有一定意义。     

口服益生菌对结直肠癌患者术后感染影响的Meta分析

目的系统评价口服益生菌对结直肠癌患者术后感染的影响。方法计算机检索PubMed、The Cochrane Library、EMbase、CNKI、WanFang Data和VIP数据库,搜集有关益生菌干预结直肠癌患者术后感染的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trials,RCTs),检索时限均为建库至2020年3月。由2名研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料并进行质量评价,采用RevMan 5.3软件与Stata 14.0软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入13个RCTs(1122例患者),Meta分析结果显示:益生菌干预的试验组术后感染的总发生率低于对照组(OR=0.32,95%CI:0.24~0.44)。同时,试验组手术部位感染(OR=0.42,95%CI:0.27~0.66)、尿路感染(OR=0.30,95%CI:0.16~0.59)和肺部感染(OR=0.38,95%CI:0.23~0.66)的发生率也低于对照组,但腹腔脓肿(OR=0.55,95%CI:0.20~1.51)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组研究对象在吻合口瘘(OR=0.41,95%CI:0.19~0.87)和住院时间(WMD=-1.44,95%CI:-2.18~-0.71)差异也具有统计学意义。亚组分析结果提示2种及2种以上益生菌的联合效果可能高于单一益生菌干预的效果。结论结直肠癌患者口服益生菌可降低术后感染的发生率,改善患者预后。     

米卡芬净预防血液系统恶性肿瘤患者侵袭性真菌感染有效性和安全性的Meta分析

目的系统评价米卡芬净预防血液系统恶性肿瘤患者侵袭性真菌感染(IFIs)的有效性及安全性,为临床治疗提供循证参考。方法计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane图书馆、中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据,检索时限为建库起至2021年1月,收集米卡芬净(试验组)对比常规抗真菌药物(两性霉素B及三唑类抗真菌药,对照组)的随机对照试验(RCT),对符合纳入标准的临床研究进行资料提取并采用Cochrane系统评价员手册5.0.2进行质量评价后,采用Rev Man 5.3统计软件对突破性IFIs、真菌感染死亡率、全因死亡率及因不良反应停药的发生率进行Meta分析。结果共纳入9项RCT,合计2 479例患者。Meta分析结果显示,试验组患者突破性IFIs发生率[OR=0.74,95%CI(0.50,1.07),P=0.11]、真菌感染死亡率[OR=0.73,95%CI(0.46,1.17),P=0.19]和全因死亡率[OR=0.94,95%CI(0.69,1.28),P=0.7]与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义;因不良反应停药的发生率[OR=0.46,95%CI(0.32,0.66),P<0.0001]显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义。结论米卡芬净用于预防血液系统恶性肿瘤患者IFIs的效果与两性霉素B及三唑类抗真菌药物相当,且安全性更高。     

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention after Fibrinolysis for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BackgroundPercutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), fibrinolysis and the combination of both methods are current therapeutic options for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).MethodsWe searched PubMed, EMBASE, Google scholar and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy and safety of PCI after fibrinolysis within 24 hours, which was compared with primary PCI alone and ischemia-guided or delayed PCI. Meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.30 following the methods described by the Cochrane library.ResultsA total of 16 studies including 10,034 patients were enrolled. As compared with primary PCI alone group, the short-term mortality (5.8% vs 4.5%, RR 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.65) and re-infarction rate (4.1% vs 2.7%, RR 1.46, 95%CI 1.05–2.03) were higher in the immediate PCI group (median/mean time ≤ 2 h after fibrinolysis). However, the short-term mortality and re-infarction rate showed no statistically significant differences in the early PCI group (2–24 hours after fibrinolysis). The rate of major bleeding events was higher both in the immediate PCI (6.3% vs 4.4%, RR 1.43, 95%CI 1.11–1.85) and the early PCI group (6.4% vs 4.4%, RR 1.46, 95%CI 1.03–2.06) as compared with primary PCI alone group. As compared with ischemia-guided or delayed PCI, early PCI was associated with significantly reduced re-infarction (2.4% vs 4.0%, RR 0.61, 95%CI 0.41–0.92) and recurrent ischemia (1.5% vs 5.3%, RR 0.29, 95%CI 0.12–0.70) at short-term. And the reduced re-infarction rate was also observed at long-term.ConclusionsEarly PCI after fibrinolysis, with a relatively broader time for PCI preparation, can bring the similar effects with primary PCI alone and is better than ischemia-guided or delayed PCI in STEMI patients with symptom onset < 12 h who cannot receive timely PCI. However, immediate PCI after fibrinolysis is detrimental.     

The Efficacy of Synchronous Combination of Chemotherapy and EGFR TKIs for the First-Line Treatment of NSCLC: A Systematic Analysis

Background

The combination of chemotherapy and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) currently has become the hotspot issue in the treatment of non-small lung cancer (NSCLC). This systematic review was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of the synchronous combination of these two treatments with EGFR TKIs or chemotherapy alone in advanced NSCLC.

Methods

EMBASE, PubMed, the Central Registry of Controlled Trials in the Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), Chinese biomedical literature database (CNKI) and meeting summaries were searched. The Phase II/III randomized controlled trials were selected by which patients with advanced NSCLC were randomized to receive a combination of EGFR TKIs and chemotherapy by synchronous mode vs. EGFR TKIs or chemotherapy alone.

Results

A total of six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including 4675 patients were enrolled in the systematic review. The meta-analysis demonstrated that the synchronous combination group of chemotherapy and EGFR TKIs did not reach satisfactory results; there was no significant difference in overall survival (OS), time to progression (TTP) and objective response rate (ORR), compared with monotherapy (OS: HR = 1.05, 95%CI = 0.98–1.12; TTP: HR = 0.94, 95%CI = 0.89–1.00; ORR: RR = 1.07, 95%CI = 0.98–1.17), and no significant difference in OS and progression-free survival (PFS), compared with EGFR TKIs alone (OS: HR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.83–1.46; PFS: HR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.67–1.10). The patients who received synchronous combined therapy presented with increased incidences of grade 3/4 anemia (RR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.10–1.79) and rash (RR = 7.43, 95% CI = 4.56–12.09), compared with chemotherapy, grade 3/4 anemia (RR = 6.71, 95% CI = 1.25–35.93) and fatigue (RR = 9.60, 95% CI = 2.28–40.86) compared with EGFR TKI monotherapy.

Conclusions

The synchronous combination of chemotherapy and TKIs is not superior to chemotherapy or EGFR TKIs alone for the first-line treatment of NSCLC.     

The Efficacy and Safety of Leflunomide for the Treatment of Lupus Nephritis in Chinese Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective

To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of leflunomide as a new immunosuppressive medicine in lupus nephritis (LN) through a meta-analysis.

Methods

A systematic review evaluating the efficacy and safety of leflunomide compared with cyclophosphamide in adult patients with LN was performed. Data from relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) performed before December 2014 was collected from several databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI and CBM). No language restrictions were applied. Efficacy outcomes included overall remission, SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score, 24-hour proteinuria and serum creatinine. Safety data were analyzed. The effects of treatment on these outcomes were summarized as relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and mean differences were pooled using a fixed or random effects model.

Results

Eleven RCTs with Jadad score of 3 or greater were identified and included a total of 254 patients. Cyclophosphamide was served as the control drug in all trials. The SLEDAI score, urine protein level and serum creatinine decreased significantly following leflunomide treatment (P<0.05). Leflunomide was superior to cyclophosphamide in achieving complete and total remission, but no difference in SLEDAI score was found between these two treatments (P>0.05). Additionally, patients receiving leflunomide treatment showed favorable renal function profiles, especially regarding the 24-hour proteinuria (mean difference: -0.58, 95%CI: -0.78~-0.37, P<0.01) and serum creatinine (mean difference: -0.20, 95%CI: -0.39~-0.01, P<0.05). In the safety comparison, leflunomide was safer than cyclophosphamide regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs), including liver damage (RR = 0.53, 95%CI: 0.33~0.87, P<0.05), alopecia (RR = 0.38, 95%CI: 0.17~0.85, P<0.05), leukopenia (RR = 0.25, 95%CI: 0.08~0.77, P<0.05) and infection (RR = 0.54, 95%CI: 0.32~0.92, P<0.05), without increased risk of gastrointestinal reaction, rash or herpes zoster infection.

Conclusions

Leflunomide is a promising therapy for LN treatment, primarily because of the comparable efficacy and favorable safety profile determined by this meta-analysis of RCTs. Larger RCTs with longer duration of observation are necessary to provide strong evidence of the efficacy and safety of leflunomide in LN patients.     

The Effectiveness of Acupuncture in Prevention and Treatment of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

Acupuncture therapy for preventive and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting(PONV), a condition which commonly present after anaesthesia and surgery is a subject of growing interest.

Objective

This paper included a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of different type of acupuncture and acupoint selection in PONV prevention and treatment.

Methods

Randomised controlled trials(RCTs) comparing acupuncture with non-acupuncture treatment were identified from databases PubMed, Cochrane, EBSCO, Ovid, CNKI and Wanfangdata. Meta-analysis on eligible studies was performed using fixed-effects model with RevMan 5.2. Results were expressed as RR for dichotomous data, with 95%CI.

Results

Thirty RCTs, 1276 patients (intervention) and 1258 patients (control) were identified. Meta-analysis showed that PC6 acupuncture significantly reduced the number of cases of early vomiting (postoperative 0-6h) (RR=0.36, 95%CI 0.19,0.71; P=0.003) and nausea (postoperative 0-24h) (RR=0.25, 95%CI 0.10,0.61; P=0.002), but not early nausea (postoperative 0-6h) (RR=0.64, 95%CI 0.34,1.19; P=0.150) and vomiting (postoperative 0-24h) (RR=0.82, 95%CI 0.48,1.38; P=0.450). PC6 acupressure significantly reduced the number of cases of nausea (RR=0.71, 95%CI 0.57,0.87; P=0.001) and vomiting (RR=0.62, 95%CI 0.49,0.80; P=0.000) at postoperative 0-24h. PC6 electro-acupoint stimulation significantly reduced the number of cases of nausea (RR=0.49, 95%CI 0.38,0.63; P<0.000) and vomiting (RR=0.50, 95%CI 0.36,0.70; P<0.000) at postoperative 0-24h. Stimulation of PC6 with other acupoint(s) significantly reduced the number of cases of nausea and vomiting (RR=0.29, 95%CI 0.17,0.49; P<0.000) at postoperative 0-24h. Stimulation of other acupoint(s)(non PC6) also significantly reduced the number of cases of nausea and vomiting (RR=0.63, 95%CI 0.49,0.81; P=0.000) at postoperative 0-24h. However, the quality of study was generally low in studies of PC6 combined with other acupoint(s) and other acupoint(s). Details of blinding were not reported in most reports.

Conclusions

Besides PC6, PC6 combined with other acupoint(s) and other alternative acupoint(s) might be beneficial in prevention and treatment of PONV, the evidence justifies future high-quality studies.