油桐种子脂肪酸延长代谢的转录表达与调控机理研究

油桐是我国四大木本油料植物之一,当前对油桐的研究主要集中在栽培选优及低产林改造方面,而对油桐脂肪酸延长代谢的分子机理研究尚未见报道。本研究以油桐果实膨大期、油脂转化初期和油脂转化高峰期的种子为材料,采用高通量RNA测序技术对油桐种子脂肪酸延长代谢的3个不同时期转录组进行比较,以nr、Swiss-Prot、KEGG和COG 4个蛋白数据库为参考,对油桐种子脂肪酸延长代谢进行了综合性分析。研究结果表明,参与油桐种子脂肪酸延长代谢途径的非冗余基因序列共37条,涉及的主要酶功能基因有9种;在果实膨大期、油脂转化初期和油脂转化高峰期中,调控脂肪酸延长代谢途径的基因存在明显的表达差异。综合分析结果绘制了油桐种子脂肪酸延长代谢途径,揭示了调控油桐种子脂肪酸延长代谢过程的基因作用规律。这些研究结果为油脂合成的遗传改良提供了资源和技术基础,同时为油桐分子设计育种提供了一定的科学依据。     

圆口铜鱼亲本与子代肝脏转录组特征及对比分析

通过Illumina HiseqTM 2000测序平台首次开展了圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)亲本与子代肝脏转录组测序并对比分析其测序结果。对转录组进行拼接和组装, 共获得80688个Unigene, Unigene的长度主要分布在401—600 bp, 占总Unigene的43.56%。与Nr、GO、COG、KEGG等公共数据库比对并进行功能注释, 经分析圆口铜鱼亲本与子代差异表达基因共2701个, 其中上调1240个, 下调1461个。差异基因表达模式聚类热图显示, 同一样本不同重复基因表达相似。将差异基因映射到代谢通路KEGG数据库进行富集分析, 并对37个KEGG显著富集的代谢通路(P<0.05)构建其基因共表达网络, 结果显示丙酸盐代谢、丙酮酸代谢、原核生物固碳途径、乙醛和二羧酸代谢、脂肪酸代谢、萜类骨架生物合成是KEGG差异表达基因的核心代谢途径, 且这些基因在圆口铜鱼子代中表达量均显著上调。该结果丰富了圆口铜鱼基因组数据, 并首次从分子水平比较了圆口铜鱼亲本和子代的代谢差异, 同时解释了在同一循环水系统中子代不易患病的现象。     

转录组测序揭示油桐脂肪酸的合成途径

油桐是我国重要的木本油料植物,过去对油桐的研究主要集中于栽培和常规育种,与油桐种仁油脂合成相关的分子机理研究还未见报道。本研究采用转录组测序（RNA-Seq）技术,比较了油桐种子油脂合成3个不同时期的转录组,获得了大量差异表达的Unigene序列。通过GO（GeneOntology）分类和代谢途径富集性分析将这些差异表达的Unigene归类于包含脂肪酸生物合成途径在内的128个代谢途径。随后将脂肪酸生物合成途径中的54个Unigene序列在KEGG（KyotoEncyclopediaofGenesandGenomes）数据库中进行比对,获得了14个关键酶的同源蛋白质。本研究通过对编码这些同源蛋白质的基因在油桐种子油脂合成期的表达模式进行分析,以期为油桐油脂合成,尤其是桐酸合成机理的解析提供理论参考,并为进一步的理论研究和油桐的遗传改良提供潜在的基因资源,从而提高油桐的单位面积产量。     

木薯品种(系)类胡萝卜素代谢相关基因和蛋白表达水平分析

以白心木薯华南6068、华南9号、紫叶黄心木薯BGM019和粉红木薯Mirasol为材料,探究木薯块根膨大期和成熟期与类胡萝卜素代谢通路相关的14个基因和4种蛋白质表达水平变化。用HPLC检测块根β-胡萝卜素含量的变化,分别用qRT-PCR和Western blot方法对类胡萝卜素代谢通路相关基因和蛋白酶的表达水平进行分析。以华南6068为对照,研究结果表明:华南9号和紫叶黄心木薯BGM019成熟期中的类胡萝卜素合成途径关键基因PSY2、LCYB基因显著高于膨大期,而降解相关的关键基因CCD1、NCED3在成熟期的表达量显著低于膨大期(P0.05)。粉红木薯Mirasol成熟期中PSY2、LCYB的显著下调与CCD1、NCED3的显著上调(P0.05)是造成β-胡萝卜素含量差异的原因之一。通过分析不同木薯品种(系)在膨大期和成熟期块根类胡萝卜素代谢途径相关基因的表达水平,有助于解析β-胡萝卜素积累的分子机理。此外,Western blot结果显示抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶、超氧化物歧化酶和HSP70虽然和块根类胡萝卜素代谢途径没有直接关联,但它们在木薯膨大期和成熟期块根表达水平有显著差异(P0.05)。     

基于油桐种子3个不同发育时期转录组的油脂合成代谢途径分析

油桐是我国重要的木本油料植物, 过去对油桐的研究主要集中于栽培和常规育种, 与油桐种仁油脂合成相关的分子机理研究还未见报道。文章采用RNA-seq技术对油桐种子油脂合成的3个不同时期的转录组进行比较, 获得了大量差异表达的Unigene序列。在此基础上, 通过GO分类和Pathway富集性分析将这些差异表达Unigene归类于128个代谢途径, 其中包含与油脂合成相关的脂肪酸生物合成和甘油磷脂代谢途径。桐酸经脂肪酸生物合成途径合成后通过甘油磷脂代谢途径以桐油的形式贮存。将这两个代谢途径的Unigene序列在KEGG数据库中进行比对, 获得了一些关键酶的同源蛋白质。文章通过对编码这些同源蛋白质的基因在油桐种子油脂合成期的表达模式进行分析, 以期为油桐油脂合成, 尤其是桐酸合成机理的解析提供理论参考, 并为油桐的遗传改良提供潜在的基因资源, 从而提高油桐的单位面积产量。     

茶丽纹象甲为害诱导的茶树防御反应分析

基于转录组测序,获得了茶树新梢叶片被茶丽纹象甲为害前后的差异基因表达谱,并从信号监测与转导、转录因子、次生代谢物生成等方面分析了相关基因的表达变化情况,为进一步研究茶丽纹象甲为害诱导的茶树防御机制奠定基础。结果表明:(1)茶丽纹象甲为害茶树新梢叶片后共检测到显著上调表达基因309个,显著下调表达基因297个,这些显著差异表达基因共分成23类。(2)检测到信号监测与转导过程中合计17个单基因上调表达2.0～2.8倍,包括富含亮氨酸重复序列的类受体蛋白激酶基因、促分裂原活化蛋白激酶级联信号系统蛋白激酶基因、茉莉酸信号通路基因、钙离子信号基因、水杨酸代谢通路基因;检测到21个转录因子单基因上调表达1.8～2.8倍,包括bHLH、WRKY、bZIP、MYB、UAF等转录因子;检测到苯丙类、类黄酮及萜类物质代谢过程中合计8个单基因上调表达2.1～2.5倍,包括苯丙酮酸互变异构酶基因、肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶基因、二氢黄酮醇还原酶基因、花色素还原酶基因、法尼基二磷酸合成酶基因、法尼醇脱氢酶基因。研究认为,茶丽纹象甲为害诱导信号转导、转录因子及次生代谢过程中的基因增量表达以机械损伤作用为主,昆虫口腔分泌物对这些基因的诱导表达具有协同促进作用。     

卵巢成熟期和退化期星斑川鲽脑垂体和下丘脑组织的转录组比较分析

为了解星斑川鲽（Starry Flounder,Platichthys stellatus）脑组织基因表达与卵巢发育调控的关系,发掘相关功能基因,研究提取卵巢成熟期和退化期星斑川鲽雌鱼脑垂体和下丘脑组织总RNA,运用HiSeq 2000高通量测序技术进行转录组测序分析。测序结果经拼接组装后共获得30640条Unigenes,Blast同源性比对显示,其中24128条Unigenes获得注释;经eggNog功能注释后29137条Unigenes序列分为26类,分别涉及信号转导、翻译机制等生理生化过程。KEGG pathway数据比对显示,卵巢成熟期涉及98种代谢途径,135条序列表达上调;卵巢退化期涉及192种代谢途径,648条序列表达上调。Unigenes表达量及表达差异分析表明在卵巢成熟期334条序列表达上调,卵巢退化期987条序列表达上调。获得功能注释的Unigene中,408条涉及生殖调控和内分泌调控,参与生殖调控的信号分子有1508条。试验采用实时定量PCR研究了涉及生殖调控和内分泌调控基因促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）、神经激肽B（NKB）、促性腺激素（GtH）、促滤泡激素（FSH）、肿瘤转移抑制因子（Kiss）以及催乳素释放肽受体（PrRPR）在卵巢两个不同发育时期脑垂体和下丘脑的表达情况,结果表明除FSH外,其余均在卵巢退化期时期脑组织中表达升高,与转录组测序结果趋势一致。     

基于高通量测序的都匀地区福鼎大白种茶树根茎叶分析

为探究茶树中茶多酚等产物代谢途径的相关基因,该研究以贵州都匀地区福鼎大白种茶树的根茎叶为对象,利用高通量测序技术构建茶的转录组数据库并筛选其根茎叶差异表达基因。结果表明:共获得70.88 Gb Clean Data,各样品Clean Data均达到6.33 Gb,Q30碱基百分比在93.22%以上。将Clean Reads与中国种茶树参考基因组进行序列比对,比对效率从87.83%到91.14%。基于比对结果,进行可变剪接预测分析和基因结构优化分析,发掘新基因13 531个,其中10 244个得到功能注释。利用FPKM进行基因表达量分析,根据基因在不同样品中表达量识别差异表达基因。叶与茎的差异基因有5 595个,其中2 769个在茎中上调,2 826个下调,叶与根有9 650个差异基因,5 056个上调,4 594个下调,茎与根中有5 644个差异基因,2 938个上调,2 706个下调,并通过GO和KEGG分析,将差异基因进行功能注释和富集分析。上述结果为揭示都匀地区福鼎大白种茶参与类黄酮、茶氨酸和咖啡碱等代谢途径相关的基因提供了参考,为选育优良品种等提供了理论依据。     

黑果枸杞果实成熟发育过程表达谱差异分析

对黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum Murr.)3个不同发育时期的果实进行转录组测序,分析对比黑果枸杞果实不同发育时期相关基因表达谱的变化。提取果实RNA进行Illumina高通量测序,利用GO、KEGG等公共数据库进行功能注释、分类,利用数字基因表达谱技术对比分析。结果显示,KEGG pathway富集分析表明亮氨酸生物合成途径在变色期对比青果期有7个差异表达基因,黑熟期对比变色期有35个差异表达基因,且全部为上调表达。在糖酵解途径中3个不可逆的反应步骤限速酶基因在黑熟期均为上调表达。对黑果枸杞亮氨酸合成和糖酵解涉及到的基因进行了功能和代谢通路的分析,为黑果枸杞种质资源探索提供理论基础。     

刺芹侧耳不同发育时期的转录组差异分析

为了探讨刺芹侧耳子实体生长发育时期的基因表达变化,本文利用高通量测序技术对刺芹侧耳不同发育时期（菌丝期、原基期、子实体时期）进行RNA-Seq分析,在转录水平上解析差异表达基因在刺芹侧耳生长发育过程中的作用和功能。KEGG功能富集显示,菌丝期差异表达基因主要富集在碳代谢和氨基酸代谢中,其中三羧酸循环中编码柠檬酸合酶、乌头酸水合酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶、琥珀酰辅酶A合成酶、琥珀酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶的基因表达量均上调,说明碳代谢和氨基酸代谢是菌丝时期的主要能量来源;原基期上调的差异表达基因主要富集在脂肪酸代谢,其中RT-PCR定量结果显示原基期编码脂肪酸合酶的基因和编码脂酰辅酶A合成酶的基因下调,编码超氧化物酶的基因和编码过氧化氢酶的基因上调,表明脂肪酸代谢和抗氧化酶对刺芹侧耳原基期维持机体的稳定和生物应激方面起着重要作用。子实体时期上调的差异表达基因主要富集在剪接体、类固醇的生物合成以及AMPK信号通路中,说明环境因子对子实体时期有一定的影响。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.