文殊兰叶子化学成分及抗炎活性研究

本文对西双版纳傣药痹通剂的配方植物文殊兰的叶子进行了化学成分分离以及抗炎活性研究。通过色谱柱分离纯化,从文殊兰叶子的甲醇提取物中分离得到13个化合物,并运用现代波谱学技术分别鉴定为:7,4'-二羟基黄烷(1)、7,4'-二羟基-8-甲基黄烷(2)、杜鹃素(3)、stigmast-4-ene-3β,6β-diol(4)、byzantionoside B(5)、daucosterol+stigmasterol-3-O-glucopyranoside(6)、(6R,9R)-3-oxo-α-ionol-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(7)、5-hydroxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-2-methylchromone(8)、正丁基吡喃果糖苷(9)、豆甾醇(10)、豆甾醇苷(11)、β-谷甾醇(12)、胡萝卜苷(13),其中化合物2~8为首次从该植物中分离得到。文殊兰叶子提取物具有显著的NO抑制活性,即显著的抗炎活性,本次实验分离得到的化合物7,4'-二羟基-8-甲基黄烷(2)和杜鹃素(3)具有一定的抗炎活性。     

槐角化学成分及其抗骨质疏松作用研究

研究槐角的化学成分及其抗骨质疏松作用。利用硅胶柱、ODS反相硅胶柱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱和半制备型高效液相等色谱技术对槐角进行分离纯化,并结合化合物的理化性质和波谱数据确定化合物的结构。从槐角中分离得到15个化合物,分别为染料木素(1)、山萘酚(2)、鸢尾苷(3)、芒柄花苷(4)、α-鼠李异洋槐素(5)、鹰嘴豆芽素A-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6)、南酸枣苷(7)、thevetiaflavon(8)、香豌豆酚-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(9)、山萘酚-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(10)、槲皮苷(11)、山萘酚-3-O-β-D-槐糖苷(12)、染料木素-7,4'-双葡萄糖苷(13)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-槐糖苷(14)、山萘酚-3-O-β-D-槐糖-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(15)。其中化合物6~12、14为首次从该种植物中分离得到,化合物7、8、10、14为首次从该属植物中分离得到。对所分离的化合物进行了抗骨质疏松体外药理活性筛选,结果表明除化合物7和15以外,其他化合物均具有促进成骨细胞增殖作用。     

黄花棘豆生物碱成分研究

采用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20和半制备HPLC等色谱手段对草原毒草黄花棘豆(Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge)生物碱成分进行分离纯化,从全草提取物中分离得到8个生物碱成分。利用MS、1H NMR和13C NMR波谱技术鉴定化合物结构为槐定碱(1)、槐胺(2)、异槐定碱(3)、苦参碱(4)、7,11-去氢苦参碱(5)、槐果碱(6)、羽扇豆碱(7)和苦马豆素(8)。化合物1~6为首次从棘豆属植物中分离得到。     

两种柳珊瑚Anthogorgia caerulea和Menella kanisa的化学成分及其抗海洋污损生物附着活性研究北大核心CSCD

采用多种色谱分离技术,从北部湾的两种柳珊瑚Anthogorgia caerulea和Menella kanisa分离出7种次级代谢产物,运用MS、1H NMR和13C NMR等波谱方法并结合文献对照分别鉴定为N-(1-羟甲基-2-羟基)3,6-二烯-十七烷基-十六脂肪酸酰胺(1),邻苯二甲酸二丙酯(2),3-(2-苯乙基)苯酚(3),对甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯(4),邻苯二甲酸二己酯(5),梾木甙(6),次黄嘌呤核苷(7),其中化合物1为新化合物,其他化合物均首次从小月柳珊瑚(Menella kanisa)和花柳珊瑚(Anthogorgia caerulea)中分别分离得到。除化合物3,7外均显示出抗海洋污损生物藤壶幼虫附着能力,其中以化合物6的活性最好,化合物1的活性次之,其抗藤壶幼虫附着EC50分别为6. 89,8. 72μg/m L。     

两种柳珊瑚Anthogorgia caerulea和Menella kanisa的化学成分及其抗海洋污损生物附着活性研究

采用多种色谱分离技术,从北部湾的两种柳珊瑚Anthogorgia caerulea和Menella kanisa分离出7种次级代谢产物,运用MS、1H NMR和13C NMR等波谱方法并结合文献对照分别鉴定为N-(1-羟甲基-2-羟基)3,6-二烯-十七烷基-十六脂肪酸酰胺(1),邻苯二甲酸二丙酯(2),3-(2-苯乙基)苯酚(3),对甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯(4),邻苯二甲酸二己酯(5),梾木甙(6),次黄嘌呤核苷(7),其中化合物1为新化合物,其他化合物均首次从小月柳珊瑚(Menella kanisa)和花柳珊瑚(Anthogorgia caerulea)中分别分离得到。除化合物3,7外均显示出抗海洋污损生物藤壶幼虫附着能力,其中以化合物6的活性最好,化合物1的活性次之,其抗藤壶幼虫附着EC50分别为6. 89,8. 72μg/m L。     

结合分子相似性、药效团和分子对接筛选新的HIV-1蛋白酶抑制剂

结合分子相似性、药效团和分子对接建立兼顾计算效率和预测准确度的HIV-1蛋白酶抑制剂筛选方法。首先通过对现有HIV-1蛋白酶抑制剂分子进行相似性分析,选取代表性的HIV-1蛋白酶抑制剂作为模板分子,构建和优化药效团模型,并从1万个化合物中优先筛选出500个化合物。而后采用分子对接方法进一步考察化合物与HIV-1蛋白酶结合情况,得到4个新的活性候选化合物,并进行其结合自由能计算和抗突变性分析。结果表明新候选化合物ST025723和HIV-1蛋白酶表现出较好的相互作用和抗突变性,具有深入研究的价值,同时也证明分子相似性、药效团和分子对接相结合能够快速有效地发现新颖活性候选化合物。     

山豆根正丁醇部位化学成分及其抗菌活性研究

山豆根为豆科植物越南槐(Sophora tonkinensis)的干燥根和根茎,常用于治疗咽喉部感染性疾病,其大极性提取物已经报道了具有较好的抑菌活性潜力。为了深入探究山豆根大极性抗菌活性成分,该文综合运用硅胶柱色谱、ODS柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱、半制备HPLC等分离纯化方法对山豆根正丁醇部位化学成分进行分离鉴定,并开展了单体成分抗细菌(粪肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、大肠杆菌)和真菌(白色念珠菌)的活性评价。结果表明:从山豆根正丁醇部位中共分离鉴定得到10个化合物,分别为2',4',7-trihydroxy-6,8-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl) flavanone (1)、染料木苷(2)、2-(2',4'-二羟基苯基)-5,6-二氧亚甲基苯并呋喃(3)、maltol-β-D-glucopyranoside (4)、leonuriside A (5)、松柏醇-9-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(6)、光甘草酚(7)、2-(2',4'-dihydroxy-phenyl)-8,8-dimethyl-10-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-8H-pyrano [2,3-d]chroman-4-one (8)、氧化苦参碱(9)、番石榴酸(10),其中化合物4-6首次从该植物中分离得到。生物活性测试结果表明化合物1-3具有一定的抑菌作用,化合物2对绿脓杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)值为15.6μg·mL~(-1),化合物3对白色念珠菌和大肠杆菌的MIC值均为31.3μg·mL~(-1)。     

苦参黄酮类成分的研究

苦参(Sphora flavescens Ait)为豆科槐属植物,根入药,具有清热、燥湿、杀虫之功效。近年来国内外对苦参的研究较为重视。我们对苦参的化学成分进行了系统的研究,从苦参总黄酮中分离出8种黄酮类化合物:高丽槐素(maackiain,1)、4-甲氧基高丽槐素(4-methoxy-maackiain,2)、三叶豆紫檀甙(trifolirhizin,3)、降脱水淫羊藿素(nor-anhydroicaritin,4)、异苦参酮(isokurarinone,5)、槐属二氢黄酮 B(sopho-raflavanone B,6)、降苦参酮(nor-kurarinone,7)和芒柄花素(formoronetin,8)。化合物1、2和6是首次从苦参中得到的。本文报道苦参黄酮类化合物的研究。     

华泽兰根的化学成分及其体外抑菌活性研究北大核心CSCD

利用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20、HPLC等各种色谱分离技术,从华泽兰根的乙醇提取物中分离得到9个化合物,通过理化性质和NMR波谱数据对它们进行了结构鉴定,分别为:达玛二烯醇乙酸酯(1)、(2R,3S)-5-乙酰基-6-羟基-2-异丙烯基-3-乙氧基苯并二氢呋喃(2)、豆甾醇(3)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(4)、12,13-dihydroxyeuparin(5)、5-乙酰-6-羟基-2-异丙烯基苯并呋喃(6)、2,5-二乙酰基-6-羟基苯并呋喃(7)、ruscodibenzofuran(8)、2-乙酰-5-(1-炔丙基)-噻吩-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)。化合物1、2、4和8为首次从该种植物中分离得到,其中2、4和8为首次从该属植物中分离得到。采用牛津杯法评价部分化合物对5种病原菌的抑菌活性,并用肉汤稀释法测定各自的MIC值,结果显示,测试化合物对5种菌具有不同程度的抑菌活性,其中,1、6和8对肺炎克雷伯菌有较强抑菌活性,MIC值分别为0.98、0.98μg/m L和0.49μg/m L,化合物7对大肠埃希菌显示较强抑菌活性(MIC≤3.91μg/m L),化合物1、2、6和7对铜绿假单胞菌有较强抑菌活性,MIC值均为7.81μg/m L,可见化合物1及苯并呋喃类化合物2、6、7、8为华泽兰根主要抑菌活性成分。     

pH区带精制逆流色谱法分离制备越南槐中具有抑制α-糖苷酶活性的生物碱北大核心CSCD

越南槐(Sophora tonkinensis)为豆科(Leguminosae)灌木,广泛分布于中国西南地区。其根为中药“山豆根”,常被用于治疗胃、牙龈、咽喉、肺等部位的炎症。为了充分利用越南槐药用植物资源,该研究建立了pH区带精制逆流色谱法分离制备越南槐地上部位中生物碱的方法。以二氯甲烷-甲醇-水(5∶3∶2,V/V)为溶剂系统,上相添加20 mmol·L^(-1)盐酸作为固定相,下相添加10 mmol·L^(-1)三乙胺作为流动相对越南槐地上部位中的总生物碱进行分离制备。分离得到的化合物结构经高分辨质谱,核磁共振数据分析鉴定。同时用PNPG法对分离得到的化合物进行α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性的测试。结果表明:从1.2 g总生物碱中一次分离制备得到183 mg苦参碱和404 mg氧化苦参碱,用高效液相检测其纯度分别为98.7%和98.2%。α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性的测试结果显示苦参碱和氧化苦参碱对α-葡萄糖苷酶都具有较弱的抑制作用,其IC_(50)值分别为(724.60±90.93)mg·L^(-1)和(115.90±14.05)mg·L^(-1)。该研究结果表明,尽管寻找到一个合适的溶剂系统比较耗时,但pH区带精制逆流色谱法仍是一种简单且能有效分离越南槐地上部位中生物碱的方法。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

New geographical distribution and host records of rust fungi from northern Thailand

Ten species of rust fungi (Crossopsora 2, Maravalia 1, Pileolaria 1, Puccinia 1, Ravenelia 1, Sphaerophragmium 1, Uredo 2, and Uromyces 1) are newly recorded together with six new host plants in Thailand.Contribution no. 194, Laboratory of Plant Parasitic Mycology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan     

Tracking down the "head blob": comparative analysis of wingless expression in the developing insect procephalon reveals progressive reduction of embryonic visual system patterning in higher insects

The evolution of larval head morphology in holometabolous insects is characterized by reduction of antennal appendages and the visual system components. Little insight has been gained into molecular developmental changes underlying this morphological diversification. Here we compare the expression of the segment polarity gene wingless (wg) in the pregnathal head of fruit fly, flour beetle and grasshopper embryos. We provide evidence that wg activity contributes to segment border formation, and, subsequently, the separation of the visual system and protocerebrum anlagen in the anterior procephalon. In directly developing insects like grasshopper, seven expression domains are formed during this process. The activation of four of these, which correspond to polar expression pairs in the optic lobe anlagen and the protocerebral ectoderm, has shifted to postembryonic stages in flour beetle and Drosophila. The remaining three domains map to the protocerebral neuroectoderm, and form by disintegration of a large precursor domain in flour beetle and grasshopper. In Drosophila, the precursor domain remains intact, constituting the previously described “head blob”. These data document major changes in the expression of an early patterning gene correlated with the dramatic evolution of embryonic visual system development in the Holometabola.