人血清脂蛋白的超速离心分离——Ⅱ.人血清极低密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白性质的鉴定

本文对硫酸右旋糖酐粗制的VLDL和LDL混合液,再以区带超离心分离提纯的VLDL和LDL的样品,进行纯度鉴定、理化性质、免疫活性和化学组成的分析。琼脂糖和聚丙烯酰胺电泳结果证明,经脂质和蛋白染色均呈现一条带;免疫双扩散和免疫电泳只呈现一条沉淀弧;超速离心分析LDL只有一个单一面尖锐的峰,上浮速率为6.75,与直接由人血清分离者无明显差异。证实本实验方法所得VLDL和LDL为较纯的制品,但从VLDL和LDL各管的琼脂糖电泳行为、电子显微镜中的分子颗粒大小以及VLDL在分析超速离心中的上浮速率均提示:二者有亚类的存在,特别是VLDL。VLDL和LDL的化学组成分析说明LDL与文献上报道数据一致,但VLDL有一定差异。本方法为大量制备纯净的VLDL和LDL提供了一个有效的方法。     

一次密度梯度超速离心分离人血清的VLDL、LDL、HDL_2、HDL_3及无脂血清

本文将密度梯度、离心力和离心时间作适当的组合和配比:即不连续密度梯度1.000—1,400g/mlNaBr溶液、离心力168,000g、22小时,10℃,在Beckman L8-80型、区带头Ti-14一次超速离心将血清中四种主要脂蛋白和无脂血清相互分开,获得五个明显的蛋白峰。前四个峰经琼脂糖电泳,聚丙烯酰胺电泳,免疫双扩散和分析超速离心鉴定分别为VLDL、LDL、HDL_2和HDL_3,不含清蛋白。峰五为无脂血清,仅含0.046mg/dl胆固醇和0.2mg/dl甘油三酯,本法重复性佳,分离样品多(50ml),效果好,操作简单,并可延长离心机头的使用期限。已用于研究各种因素对脂蛋白含量的影响及其代谢间的相互关系。     

人血清脂蛋白的超速离心分离 Ⅱ.人血清极低密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白性质的鉴定

本文对硫酸右旋糖酐粗制的VLDL和LDL混合液,再以区带超离心分离提纯的VLDL和LDL的样品,进行纯度鉴定、理化性质、免疫活性和化学组成的分析。琼脂糖和聚丙烯酰胺电泳结果证明,经脂质和蛋白染色均呈现一条带;免疫双扩散和免疫电泳只呈现一条沉淀弧;超速离心分析LDL 只有一个单一面尖锐的峰,上浮速率为6.75,与直接由人血清分离者无明显差异。证实本实验方法所得VLDL 和LDL 为较纯的制品,但从VLDL 和LDL 各管的琼脂糖电泳行为、电子显微镜中的分子颗粒大小以及VLDL 在分析超速离心中的上浮速率均提示:二者有亚类的存在,特别是VLDL。VLDL 和LDL 的化学组成分析说明LDL 与文献上报道数据一致,但VLDL 有一定差异。本方法为大量制备纯净的VLDL 和LDL 提供了一个有效的方法。     

北京鸭血清LDL-apo A-I及其性质的初步研究

载脂蛋白(apo)A-I主要存在于血清高密度脂蛋白(HDL)组分中,少量存在于极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)中。我们在研究北京鸭血清脂蛋白时偶然发现鸭低密度脂蛋白(LDL)     

兔主动脉平滑肌细胞低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白(LRP)的诱导表达调节

在兔主动脉平滑肌细胞 ( SMC)培养基中分别加入正常低密度脂蛋白 ( N- LDL)、氧化低密度脂蛋白 ( ox- LDL)、正常极低密度脂蛋白 ( N- VLDL)、氧化极低密度脂蛋白 ( ox- VLDL)和 β-极低密度脂蛋白 (β- VLDL )培养 2 4 h后 ,用定量 RT- PCR和配体结合实验检测平滑肌细胞 LRP的m RNA和蛋白质水平的表达 .结果表明 :五种脂蛋白均能在转录和翻译水平诱导兔主动脉平滑肌细胞的 LRP表达 ,尤以富含胆固醇的 N- LDL ,ox- LDL和β- VLDL的刺激作用更明显 .用胆固醇单独或与脂蛋白共同温育 SMC后 ,发现胆固醇本身可促进 SMC的 LRP蛋白水平的表达 ,脂蛋白与胆固醇的共同刺激作用更为显著 .结果提示 :上述五种脂蛋白对 SMC上 LRP的表达有上调作用 ,其机制可能主要是通过其中的胆固醇来实现的 .     

载脂蛋白B的分子生物学基础

载脂蛋白B(apoB)是富含甘油三酯和胆固醇的脂蛋白(CM、VLDL和LDL)特有的蛋白质成分。apoB₁₀₀是LDL受体的专一性配基,介导血中LDL-胆固醇(LDL-Ch)被外周组织细胞摄取和清除。载脂蛋白B基因遗传变异和apoB异常,血中LDL-Ch堆积,导致动脉粥样硬化发生是冠心病危险因素。     

人血浆载脂蛋白E的分离提纯

利用仅2.5h的不连续密度梯度超速离心,可自人血浆分离获得纯净的极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)。VLDL脱脂后,其可溶成分经Heparin-Sepharose CL-6B亲和层析柱,可分为低盐洗脱峰Ⅰ和高盐洗脱峰Ⅱ。峰Ⅱ经SDS-PAGE鉴定为单一染色带,测定其分子量为33 900。此即为纯净的人血浆载脂蛋白E,载脂蛋白E的分离提纯为制备其羊克隆抗体和进行血浆浓度及表型测定提供了有利条件。     

人血清极低密度脂蛋白体外代谢的研究

本文利用脂蛋白脂肪酶(LPL)在体外研究人血清极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)的代谢变化,及其与其他脂蛋白的关系。发现在适宜条件下,LPL水解VLDL核中的甘油三酯(TG),释放游离脂肪酸(FFA),同时VLDL浊度变小,透光度增加。反应后产物通过密度梯度超速离心方法分离,发现分解代谢产物在密度为1.020～1.045g/ml之间有新生组分产生,其电泳迁移率增快,着色带增宽。电镜观察这些新组分的颗粒比天然VLDL为小,而比低密度脂蛋白(LDL)为大,并有空泡状不规则脂质体的单层形成,以及一些非球形、具有触角或尾巴状的构形,很可能是脂解后VLDL的过剩表面,是新生高密度脂蛋白(HDL)的前体。这些结果说明人血清VLDL经LPL分解代谢后,其结构,形态和组分均发生了明显的变化。     

人血清脂蛋白的超速离心分离——Ⅰ.人血清极低密度及低密度脂蛋白的大量分离

本文报道了用区带转头超速离心分离人血清两种低密度脂蛋白的新方法,该法先用硫酸右旋糖酐粗提,浓缩,得到人血清中VLDL和LDL混合液,然后再用溴化钠密度梯度区带超速离心法将VLDL、LDL及其中少量的杂蛋白分开,最后获得较大量纯净的VLDL及LDL制品。本法分离效果好,重复性佳,固定离心条件后,特别是离心速度和时间,可在相同的位置获得VLDL和LDL样品。又由于分离时样品已浓缩,区带超速离心后仍能保持较高的浓度,因而可直接观察VLDL和LDL所在的管数,简化了步骤、缩短了时间,不需浓缩即可使用,避免了在样品浓缩过程中可能产生的变化。本文为大量制备纯净的VLDL及LDL提供了一较大量分离的方法。     

人血清脂蛋白的超速离心分离——Ⅰ.人血清极低密度及低密度脂蛋白的大量分离

本文报道了用区带转头超速离心分离人血清两种低密度脂蛋白的新方法,该法先用硫酸右旋糖酐粗提,浓缩,得到人血清中VLDL 和LDL 混合液,然后再用溴化钠密度梯度区带超速离心法将VLDL、LDL 及其中少量的杂蛋白分开,最后获得较大量纯净的VLDL及LDL制品。本法分离效果好,重复性佳,固定离心条件后,特别是离心速度和时间,可在相同的位置获得VLDL和LDL样品。又由于分离时样品已浓缩,区带超速离心后仍能保持较高的浓度,因而可直接观察VLDL和LDL所在的管数,简化了步骤、缩短了时间,不需浓缩即可使用,避免了在样品浓缩过程中可能产生的变化。本文为大盆制备纯净的VLDL及LDL提供了一较大量分离的方法。     

The serum lipoprotein pattern of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

1. The serum lipoprotein pattern of water buffalo was studied by means of electrophoresis and the lipoproteins were isolated by ultracentrifugation on the basis of their hydrated density. 2. High density lipoproteins (HDL) showed a higher level of cholesterol than did the other lipoproteins. Moreover, the level of phospholipids was higher in HDL than in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). 3. The buffalo B100 apoprotein was similar to that of man and rat. Three apoproteins similar to human apo E, apo AI and AII were found in buffalo HDL, buffalo VLDL contained essentially apo B protein.     

Effect of Feeding Xenobiotics on Serum High Density Lipoprotein and Apolipoprotein A-I in Rats

The effects on serum cholesterol level were examined in rats fed on various xenobiotics. The hypercholesterolemia induced by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) was characterized in rats, from which lipoproteins were isolated by ultracentrifugation. A dietary addition of 0.03% PCB, 0.3% chloretone, 0.1% aminopyrine, or 0.2% 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol (BHT) resulted in a significant increase in serum cholesterol, although the chemical structure of each of these xenobiotics was different. The serum cholesterol level was markedly increased by one month of PCB feeding, the effect of PCB on the serum phospholipid level being similar. The serum triglyceride level transiently increased within 7 days of feeding with PCB diet. PCB feeding resulted in the elevation of all lipoproteins, including VLDL, LDL, HDL₁, and HDL₂, a marked increase being observed in HDI₁. Both HDL₁ and HDL₂ isolated from PCB-treated rats contained more apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) and less apo E than normal. VLDL isolated from PCB-treated rats had more cholesterol and apo E, but less apo C than that of the control animals. These data demonstrate that PCB feeding resulted in increased VLDL rich in cholesterol and apo E, and increased HDL rich in apo A-I. This experimentally induced hypercholesterolemia resulting in apo A-I-rich HDL would be a useful model for investigating the metabolism of apo-A-I and HDL.     

Apolipoprotein and lipid distribution between vesicles and HDL-like particles formed during lipolysis of human very low density lipoproteins by perfused rat heart

A study was undertaken to determine the relative association of lipid and apolipoproteins among lipoproteins produced during lipolysis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) in perfused rat heart. Human VLDL was perfused through beating rat hearts along with various combinations of albumin (0.5%), HDL2, the infranatant of d greater than 1.08 g/ml of serum, and labeled sucrose. The products were resolved by gel filtration, ultracentrifugation, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The composition of the lipoprotein products was assessed by analysis of total lipid profiles by gas-liquid chromatography and immunoassay of apolipoproteins. A vesicle particle, which trapped and retained 1-2% of medium sucrose, co-isolated with VLDL and VLDL remnants by gel filtration chromatography but primarily with the low density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction when isolated by ultracentrifugation. The vesicle was resolved from apoB-containing LDL lipolysis products by hydroxylapatite chromatography of the lipoproteins. The vesicle lipoprotein contained unesterified cholesterol (34%), phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin (50%), cholesteryl ester (6%), triacylglycerol (5%), and apolipoprotein (5%). The apolipoprotein consisted of apoC-II (7%), apoC-III (93%), and trace amounts of apoE (1%). When viewed by electron microscopy the vesicles appeared as rouleaux structures with a diameter of 453 A, and a periodicity of 51.7 A. The mass represented by the vesicle particle in terms of the initial amount in VLDL was: cholesterol (5%), phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin (3%), apoC-II (0.5%), apoC-III (2.2%). The majority of the apoC and E released from apoB-containing lipoproteins was associated with neutral-lipid core lipoproteins proteins which possessed size characteristics of HDL. The vesicles were also formed in the presence of HDL and serum and were not disrupted by serum HDL. It is concluded that lipolysis of VLDL in vitro results in the production of VLDL remnants and LDL apoB-containing lipoproteins, as well as HDL-like lipoproteins. A vesicular lipoprotein which has many characteristics of lipoprotein X found in cholestasis, lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency, and during Intralipid infusion is also formed. The majority of apolipoprotein C and E released from apoB-containing lipoproteins is associated with the HDL-like lipoprotein. It is suggested that the formation and stability of the vesicle lipoprotein may be related to the high ratio of cholesterol/phospholipid in this particle.     

Responses of plasma apolipoproteins to gonadectomy and androgen substitution in male rats

To obtain information on testosterone effects on plasma apolipoproteins, the amount and composition of apo-proteins in lipoproteins of 5 density classes (VLDL, LDL, HDL2b, HDL2a, HDL3) was estimated in 3 groups of adult male rats: normal control rats, castrated rats, and rats injected daily with testosterone propionate (200 micrograms/day) for one week after castration. Apoproteins were separated by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after ultracentrifugation of plasma, and determined colorimetrically. Total amount of apoprotein carried in LDL (d = 1.006-1.063 g/ml) and HDL2b (d = 1.063-1.100 g/ml) was higher in castrated than in control rats, but was not significantly different from controls in testosterone substituted rats. LDL apo B and HDL2b apo E were higher in castrated than in normal rats; control levels were observed in androgen substituted rats. Except for a greatly increased relative amount of HDL2b apo E, and a decreased percentage of HDL2b apo A-I in castrated rats, there were no significant alterations by castration of apoprotein composition of the lipoproteins. The results raise the question whether the androgenic state might affect processes related to the effects of plasma LDL apo B and HDL apo E.     

Effects of chronic glucagon administration on rat lipoprotein composition

Male adult rats of the Wistar strain received daily at 9 a.m. and 5 p.m. 10 micrograms of Zn-protamine glucagon (Novo) for 21 days by subcutaneous injections. Plasma levels of cholesterol, triacylglycerol and phospholipids were decreased by 47, 40 and 21%, respectively. Lipoproteins were separated by sequential ultracentrifugation. Concentrations of cholesterol, phospholipids and proteins were decreased in chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL2 (1.040-1.063 g/ml) and HDL, LDL2 being the most affected by glucagon treatment (-70%). Triacylglycerol levels were decreased only in chylomicrons and VLDL. The relative proportions of cholesterol, triacylglycerol, phospholipids and proteins in lipoproteins were virtually unchanged by glucagon, suggesting a reduced number of some lipoprotein particles in plasma. However, lipoproteins of glucagon-treated rats were depleted in cholesteryl esters, while the proportion of triacylglycerol increased in LDL and HDL. Apo E contents were decreased in plasma, LDL1 (1.006-1.040 g/ml), LDL2 and HDL, whereas apo B100 proportions increased in VLDL and LDL1 in glucagon-treated rats. Glucagon appeared to be a potent hypolipidemic agent affecting mainly the apo-E-rich lipoproteins.     

Concentration and composition of serum lipoproteins in the fetal rat]

1. Concentration and composition of the "very low density lipoproteins" (VLDL), "low density lipoproteins" (LDL) and "high density lipoproteins" (HDL) and of non-floatable lipids of fetal rat serum (day 22 of pregnancy) were determined by ultracentrifugation, thin-layer chromatographic separation of the floated lipids and quantitation of the lipid and protein moiety. 2. The concentration of VLDL is in the fetal rat by one order of magnitude lower, and that of LDL, 5fold higher than in the adult animal; the concentration of HDL in fetal serum amounts to 60% of the value of adult animals. 3. The composition of LDL and HDL of fetal serum does not differ from that in the serum of adult animals; in contrast, the fetal VLDL have a higher proportion of protein and cholesterol and a lower proportion of triglycerides than the VLDL of adult serum. The electrophoretic mobility of the fetal VLDL is lower than that of adult VLDL.     

Interactions between human and carp (Cyprimus carpio) low density lipoproteins (LDL) and LDL receptors

1. We have compared the concentration and chemical composition of carp and human plasma lipoproteins and studied their interaction with human fibroblast LDL receptors. 2. The main lipoproteins in carp are of high density (HDL) in contrast to low density lipoproteins (LDL) in human. 3. Carp lipoproteins are devoid of apolipoprotein (apo) E, a major ligand for interaction with LDL receptors in mammals. 4. Carp very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and LDL but not HDL nor apoA-I cross react with human LDL in their interaction with LDL receptors on human cultured fibroblasts. 5. Carp liver membranes possess high affinity receptors that are saturable and have calcium dependent ligand specificity (apoB and apoE) similar to human LDL receptor. Carp VLDL and LDL but not HDL nor its major apolipoprotein complexed to L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine dimyristoyl (apoA-I-DMPC) competed with the specific binding of human LDL to this receptor.     

A density gradient study of the lipoprotein and apolipoprotein distribution in the chicken, Gallus domesticus

Plasma lipoproteins from 5-week old male chickens were separated over the density range 1.006-1.172 g/ml into 22 subfractions by isopycnic density gradient ultracentrifugation, in order to establish the distribution of these particles and their constituent apolipoproteins as a function of density. Lipoprotein subfractions were characterized by electrophorectic, chemical and morphological analyses, and their protein moieties were defined according to net charge at alkaline pH, molecular weight and isoelectric point. These analyses have permitted us to reevaluate the density limits of the major chicken lipoprotein classes and to determine their main characteristics, which are as follows: (1) very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), isolated at d less than 1.016 g/ml, were present at low concentrations (less than 0.1 mg/ml) in fasted birds; their mean diameter determined by gradient gel electrophoresis and by electron microscopy was 20.5 and 31.4 nm respectively; (2) as the the density increased from VLDL to intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL), d 1.016-l.020 g/ml) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL, d 1.020-1.046 g/ml), the lipoprotein particles contained progressively less triacylglycerol and more protein, and their Stokes diameter decreased to 20.0 nm; (3) apolipoprotein B-100 was the major apolipoprotein in lipoproteins of d less than 1.046 g/ml, with an Mr of 350000; small amounts of apolipoprotein B-100 were detectable in HDL subfractions of d less than 1.076 g/ml; urea-soluble apolipoproteins were present in this density range as minor components of Mr 38000-39000, 27000-28000 (corresponding to apolipoprotein A-1) and Mr 11000-12000; (4) high density lipoprotein (HDL, d 1.052-1.130 g/ml) was isolated as a single band, whose protein content increased progressively with increase in density; the chemical composition of HDL resembled that of human HDL2, with apolipoprotein A-1 (M 27000-28000) as the major protein component, and a protein of Mr 11000-12000 as a minor component; (5) heterogeneity was observed in the particle size and apolipoprotein distribution of HDL subfractions: two lipoprotein bands which additional apolipoproteins of Mr 13000 and 15000 were detected. These studies illustrate the inadequacy in the chicken of the density limits applied to fractionate the lipoprotein spectrum, and particularly the inappropriateness of the 1.063 g/ml density limit as the cutoff for LDL and HDL particle populations in the species.     

Lipoprotein metabolism in the suckling rat: characterization of plasma and lymphatic lipoproteins

Suckling rat plasma contains (in mg/dl): chylomicrons (85 +/- 12); VLDL (50 +/- 6); LDL (200 +/- 23); HDL1 (125 +/- 20); and HDL2 (220 +/- 10), while lymph contains (in mg/dl): chylomicrons (9650 +/- 850) and VLDL (4570 +/- 435) and smaller amounts of LDL and HDL. The lipid composition of plasma and lymph lipoproteins are similar to those reported for adults, except that LDL and HDL1 have a somewhat higher lipid content. The apoprotein compositions of plasma lipoproteins are similar to those of adult lipoproteins except for the LDL fraction, which contains appreciable quantities of apoproteins other than apoB. Although the LDL fraction was homogeneous by analytical ultracentrifugation and electrophoresis, the apoprotein composition suggests the presence of another class of lipoproteins, perhaps a lipid-rich HDL1. The lipoproteins of lymph showed low levels of apoproteins E and C. The triacylglycerols in chylomicrons and VLDL of both lymph and plasma are rich in medium-chain-length fatty acids, whereas those in LDL and HDL have little or none. Phospholipids in all lipoproteins lack medium-chain-length fatty acids. The cholesteryl esters of the high density lipoproteins are enriched in arachidonic acid, whereas those in chylomicrons, VLDL, and LDL are enriched in linoleic acid, suggesting little or no exchange of cholesteryl esters between these classes of lipoproteins. The fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and lysophosphatidylcholine were relatively constant in all lipoprotein fractions, suggesting ready exchange of these phospholipids. However, the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylethanolamine in plasma chylomicrons and VLDL differed from that in plasma LDL, HDL1, and HDL2. LDL, HDL1, and HDL2 were characterized by analytical ultracentrifugation and shown to have properties similar to that reported for adult lipoproteins. The much higher concentration of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins in lymph, compared to plasma, suggests rapid clearance of these lipoproteins from the circulation.     

Evaluation of rat and rabbit sera lipoproteins in experimentally induced hyperlipidemia by analytical ultracentrifugation

Animals of various species are widely used as models with which to study atherosclerosis and the lipoprotein metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate the lipoprotein profiles in Wistar rats and New Zealand white rabbits with experimentally induced hyperlipidemia by means of ultracentrifugation. The Schlieren curves were utilized to compare suckling and adult rat sera to determine whether aging causes alterations in lipoprotein profiles. A striking feature of the data is the high concentration of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), (>5.2 mmol/l cholesterol) in the 2-week old rat serum pool which was greatly decreased in the 3-weeks rat serum pool (<1.3 mmol/l cholesterol). Additional experiments were performed to permit a direct comparison of the amounts of lipoprotein present in rat sera in experimental hyperlipidemia post-Triton WR 1339 administration. Rapid changes in concentrations in very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), LDL and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) were observed after Triton injection. The administration of Triton WR 1339 to fasted rats resulted in an elevation of serum cholesterol levels. Triton physically alters VLDL, rendering them refractive to the action of lipolytic enzymes in the blood and tissues, preventing or delaying their removal from the blood. Whereas the VLDL concentration was increased markedly, those of LDL and HDL were decreased at 20 h after Triton treatment. Rabbits were fed a diet containing 2% cholesterol for 60 days to develop hyperlipidemia and atheromatous aortic plaques. A combination of preparative and analytical ultracentrifugation was used to investigate of LDL aliquots, to prepare radioactive-labeled lipoproteins and to study induced hyperlipidemia in rabbits. Analytical ultracentrifugation was applied to investigate the LDL flotation peaks before and after cholesterol feeding of rabbits. Modified forms of LDL were detected in the plasma of rabbits with experimentally induced atherosclerosis. ApoB-containing particles, migrating as LDL, intermediate density lipoproteins and VLDL were the most abundant lipoproteins. Gamma camera in vivo scintigraphy on rabbits with radiolabeled lipoproteins revealed visible signals corresponding to atherosclerotic plaques of the aorta and carotid arteries.