用于全眼段成像和视轴参数测量的四焦点开关光学相干断层扫描

本文演示了四焦点开关傅里叶域光学相干断层扫描系统用于全眼段成像和体内视轴参数（VAP）测量的可行性. 使用包括不同厚度平行玻璃板的两个同步转盘来将探测光束的焦点位置从角膜以及晶状体的前部和后部切换到视网膜. 该过程同时增加了参考光束的深度范围. 这种多级聚焦的方法可以使探测光束完全聚焦在人眼的每个部分. 初步实验表明,该方法可以实现全眼段成像和包括中央角膜厚度、前房深度、晶状体厚度和轴长在内的VAP测量.     

复眼透镜光学信息保密编码及译码的研究——Ⅰ.昆虫复眼成像特性及编、译码技术原理

本文根据光学并列型和光学重叠型两类昆虫复眼的屈光系统,具有分解和综合二维图像的光学特性,提出了一种新的用复眼透镜实现二维图像光学信息编码和译码的技术原理.利用复眼透镜和一个特制的随机抽样编码的掩模板,可将一幅有序的二维图像(或者文献、资料等)编码形成为一幅无序的,具有良好保密性能的分解编码像,而且,还能将此编码像反演综合再现出原始图像.它不仅实现了对二维图像信息的多通道并行处理,而且还具有传输量大、速度快、保密性强等优点.我们利用此种复眼透镜光学信息编、译码的技术原理,对二维图像的光学信息进行了分解编码记录及综合译码再现.     

复眼透镜光学信息保密编码及译码的研究——Ⅰ.昆虫复眼成像特性及编、译码技术原理

本文根据光学并列型和光学重叠型两类昆虫复眼的屈光系统,具有分解和综合二维图像的光学特性,提出了一种新的用复眼透镜实现二维图像光学信息编码和译码的技术原理.利用复眼透镜和一个特制的随机抽样编码的掩模板,可将一幅有序的二维图像(或者文献、资料等)编码形成为一幅无序的,具有良好保密性能的分解编码像,而且,还能将此编码像反演综合再现出原始图像.它不仅实现了对二维图像信息的多通道并行处理,而且还具有传输量大、速度快、保密性强等优点.我们利用此种复眼透镜光学信息编、译码的技术原理,对二维图像的光学信息进行了分解编码记录及综合译码再现.     

蕾后期和花前期切花菊品种'神马'不同部位叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的比较

对蕾后期和花前期切花菊(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)品种'神马'('Jinba')不同部位叶片光合作用参数日变化、叶绿素荧光参数、光响应曲线及参数进行了研究.结果表明:蕾后期和花前期品种'神马'叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和净光合速率(Pn)的日变化均为单峰曲线,峰值出现在10:00或12:00;胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的日变化则先降低后升高,谷值出现在12:00.蕾后期和花前期品种'神马'叶片Tr、Ci和Gs值的平均值总体上随叶片位置降低而逐渐升高;蕾后期不同部位叶片Pn值的平均值差异较小,花前期叶片Pn值的平均值则随叶片位置降低而逐渐降低.随着叶片位置降低,蕾后期和花前期品种'神马'叶片的初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、表观量子效率(AQE)和最大净光合速率(Pmax)以及蕾后期的暗呼吸速率(Rd)均逐渐降低,而花前期的Rd值以及蕾后期和花前期的光补偿点(LCP)均逐渐升高.随着光合有效辐射(PAR)升高,蕾后期不同部位叶片以及花前期中部叶和下部叶的Pn值呈先急剧升高后趋于平稳的变化趋势,而花前期上部叶的Pn值则呈先急剧升高后逐渐下降的变化趋势.研究结果显示:在切花菊设施栽培过程中适当补充光照可提高切花菊品质.     

Fe(Ⅲ)对藻类生长及光谱特征的影响

利用室内培养实验,研究不同Fe(Ⅲ)浓度处理下太湖藻类叶绿素含量、藻类反射光谱随时间的变化规律。通过导数光谱技术、"红边"光学参数(红边位置)对藻类光谱信息进行定量提取,并与藻类叶绿素含量、藻体Fe(Ⅲ)含量进行相关分析,建立了培养液Fe(Ⅲ)浓度-藻类叶绿素含量-藻类光谱的定量关系。结果表明:适宜的Fe(Ⅲ)浓度(18μmol·L-1)有利于藻类生长及叶绿素合成,过高Fe(Ⅲ)浓度(30μmol·L-1)在培养前期能促进藻类叶绿素的合成,但在培养后期会抑制藻类叶绿素的合成,缺铁(0μmol·L-1)使叶绿素的合成受到显著的抑制;不同Fe(Ⅲ)浓度下藻类光谱植被指数(SR705、ND705)、红边位置与藻类叶绿素含量的相关性显著(P0.05)。     

脂肪酶的底物特异性及其应用潜力

不同来源的Lipase对底物油脂中脂肪酸的链长、不饱和度及不饱和脂肪酸的双键位置表现出不同的脂肪酸特异性;对甘油酯中Sn-1(3)和Sn-2位酯键具有不同的位置特异性;对甘油酯中立体对映结构的1位和3位酯键呈现不同的立体特异性,脂肪酶能够催化酯水解和酯合成(或酯交换)反应,用于制备甘油单酯、多不饱和脂肪酸及其酯和具有光学活性的有机化合物,因此它在油酯加工和有机合成中具有很大的应用潜力.     

一种微距测量组织光学参数的方法

测量生物组织的光学参数是近红外光学检测(NIR)的主要任务之一,然而常规的近红外光学检测由于受扩散近似的限制,测量的距离一般大于2cm-3cm。本文从提高近红外光学检测空间分辨率的角度,设计了一种可用于测量生物组织局部、浅表光学参数的方法。通过使用光纤探针,实现了在微小光源-探测器间距时(＜1mm)测量组织光学参数。模型实验的结果表明该方法可反映生物组织中吸收系数及散射系数的变化率。     

基于二次判别的果蝇启动子识别

通过对果蝇polⅡ启动子和非启动子的序列特征分析,计算了序列每个位点单碱基保守性M1(l)值和六联体保守性M6(l)值。从而分别选取两个区域的六联体频数作为离散源参数,利用离散增量结合二次判别函数(IDQD)对启动子进行了预测。对于从编码区和内含子中选取的非启动子数据集,启动子的预测成功率分别达到93%和89%。比较结果显示IDQD模型能够有效地提高启动子预测成功率。     

内陆湖泊水体固有光学特性的典型季节差异

固有光学特性是水体光学性质的重要内容,是水色反演分析模型建立的基础.本研究利用定量滤膜技术（QFT）和后向散射测量仪BB9,对太湖梅梁湾夏、冬季水体的有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)吸收系数、总悬浮物吸收系数和总悬浮物后向散射系数进行了观测.在分别对两季节水体组分吸收系数、后向散射系数光谱特征分析的基础上,阐明其季节差异性,并结合水质参数的变化,揭示导致两季节水体固有光学特性不同的原因,达到通过固有光学量反映水环境状态的目的.初步建立了后向散射系数与悬浮物浓度的关系模型,为分析模型的构建提供了参数保障.     

拟除虫菊酯的结构与害虫抗药性的关系

以家蝇Musca domestica vicina L.为试虫,用汰选方法研究了家蝇对六种不同拟除虫菊酯的抗性发展.结果表明,家蝇对不同化学结构和不同光学异构体组分的拟除虫菊酯抗性差别很大.对溴氧菊酯、顺式氯氰菊酯抗性发展很快,氯氰菊酯次之,氰戊菊酯、氰戍菊酯A和氰戊菊酯A_σ抗性发展较慢.用抗溴氰菊酯家蝇品系和点滴法测定了十种拟除虫菊酯和七种有机磷杀虫剂的毒力,讨论了它们之间的交互抗性和结构与抗性的关系.溴氰菊酯(抗性比值24.00)、氯氰嫡酯(抗性比值20.11)、顺式氯氰菊酯(抗性比值38.10)和二氯苯醚菊酯(抗性比值11.04),结构相近的交互抗性比较严重.氰戊菊酯(抗性比值4.64)、氰戊菊酯A(抗性比值5.97)、戊菊酯(抗性比值4.49)和氟氰菊酯(抗性比值4.12)化学结构中醇部分与溴氰菊酯相同、酸部分不同,它们与溴氰菊酯交互抗性水平较低.联苯菊酯(抗性比值1.98)化学结构中酯和醇部分都与溴氰菊酯不同,其交互抗性水平较低,杀螟松等七种有机磷杀虫剂,除敌敌畏与溴氰菊酯有轻微交互坑性外,其它均无交互抗性.     

Near-field optical analysis of living cells in vitro

Near-field optical analysis (NOA) provides morphological nanoscale mappings of living cells in liquid cell culture media and nondestructive insight into cell functionality. Here we show for the first time the performance of NOA in imaging living cells. Unlabeled human endothelial cells attached to polished titanium disks were analyzed with hydrophobically coated optical biosensors mounted to a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM). Biosensors and titanium substrates could be simply implemented in standard NSOM and high-throughput NOA.     

Multifactor-Controlled Non-Monotonic Plasmon Shift of Ordered Gold Nanodisk Arrays: Shape-Dependent Interparticle Coupling

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption spectra of gold nanodisks hexagonally arranged in planar arrays have been studied by using coupled dipole method and quasi-static approximation. The calculation results reveal that the increasing aspect ratio (AR) of gold disks in the close-packed nanoarray leads to SPR blue shift firstly and then red shift. The critical AR corresponding to the maximum blue shift can be controlled by tuning the interparticle distance and particle size. The physical mechanism of this non-monotonic SPR shift is investigated based on the competition between the influences from shape factor and arranging structure of the array. Although increasing the semi-minor axis of gold disk reduces the AR and leads to a blue shift of SPR, this increasing semi-minor axis also reduces the average gap between two neighboring disks and enhances their coupling. Furthermore, the coulombic attraction between two neighboring disks introduces an additional plasmon damping and results in a red shift of SPR. This competition between AR and interparticle coupling improves the tuning ability of SPR in anisotropic metallic nanoparticle arrays and presents a potential for design and fabrication of optical biochip based on SPR.     

A barrier to lateral diffusion of porphyropsin in Necturus rod outer segment disks

Microspectrophotometry was used to study lateral diffusion of the visual pigment, porphyropsin , in the disk membrane in intact mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) rod outer segments (ROS), isolated in frog Ringer's solution. A concentration gradient of unbleached visual pigment was produced on the disks by rapidly photobleaching 40% of the pigment in an area spanning 1/4 or 1/2 of the cell's width. The change in optical density of the cells at 580 nm was then followed with time on either the bleached or unbleached side. The temperature dependence of porphyropsin diffusion yielded a Q10 of 2.5 between 10 and 20 degrees C with an activation energy of 12 +/- 2 kcal. At completion of pigment diffusion, the center and edge of the disk had, respectively, attained only 90 and 55% of the concentration expected. Computed diffusion coefficients (5.4 X 10(-9) cm2/s) were similar at the center and periphery of the disk immediately after the flash, however, an additional slow component for diffusion was detected at the periphery. A comparison of optical density at 525 nm along the diameter of ROS before and after the flash showed a persistent (20 min) postbleach concentration gradient of unbleached porphyropsin . This suggests that 15% of the prophyropsins may be sequestered into distinct areas on a mudpuppy disk and are not free to diffuse over the whole surface. This argument is supported by the observation that mudpuppy disks are separated into petal -shaped regions by incisures, some of which penetrate nearly to the disk center.     

Transversal and lateral exciton energy transfer in grana thylakoids of spinach

The excitation energy transfer between photosystem (PS) II complexes was studied in isolated grana disks and thylakoids using chlorophyll a fluorescence induction measurements in the presence of DCMU under stacked and destacked conditions. Destacking of grana was achieved using a sonication protocol in a buffer without MgCl(2). The degree of stacking was controlled and quantified by atomic force microscopy and by the concomitant absorption changes. As expected from the literature, intact thylakoids showed a strong dependency of the connectivity of PSII centers, the F(m)/F(o) ratio as well as the fraction of PSIIbeta centers on the MgCl(2) concentration. In contrast, these parameters did not change in isolated grana disks. In particular, the connectivity remained constantly high irrespective of the degree of destacking. These differences were explained by the high protein density in grana disks, which hinders separation and mixing of proteins sufficiently to change energy transfer properties. Due to the occurrence of stroma lamella in intact thylakoids, intermixing of PSII and PSI is possible and allows for changes in F(m)/F(o) ratio as is the separation of LHCII from PSII, thus leading to an increase in the fraction of PSIIbeta. Even if mixing and separation of proteins are impaired in isolated grana disks, destacking should lead to a decrease in connectivity if transversal excitation energy transfer between two opposite membranes is significant. Because the connectivity is constant over all degrees of destacking employed, we conclude that the energy transfer in granas is mainly lateral.     

Large disk intermediate precedes formation of apolipoprotein A-I-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine small disks

Small approximately 8.5 nm disks formed spontaneously when dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) were incubated with apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) (100:1 molar ratio). However, in a time course study, the transient production of approximately 11 nm large disks was detected and isolated by gel filtration. The intermediate large disks contained three apoA-I molecules and were stable over time; however, when additional apoA-I was added, they formed small disks containing two molecules of apoA-I. The reaction kinetics of apoA-I with DMPC LUVs was monitored by fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and two phases were observed, supporting the presence of the intermediate in the formation of small disks. The lipid dynamics of LUVs and disks were assayed, revealing the presence of sequestered lipid-protein domains upon apoA-I binding to DMPC LUVs. In addition, the lipids in the intermediate large disks were more constrained than those in the small disks. We propose that apoA-I binds with DMPC LUVs to form small lipid-protein domains on the LUV; then the domains are released to form large disks, which can mature in the presence of additional apoA-I to form small disks. Thus, the formation of small apoA-I lipid disks proceeds through the formation of a large disk intermediate.     

Appetitive Responses to Computer-Generated Visual Stimuli by Female Rhombodera basalis, Deroplatys lobata, Hierodula membranacea, and Miomantis sp. (Insecta: Mantodea)

We used computer-generated stimuli to assess the stimulus parameters eliciting prey-directed behaviors in four mantis species: Rhombodera basalis (60 mm body length), Deroplatys lobata (70 mm), Hierodula membranacea (80 mm), Miomantis sp (38 mm). All responded appetitively to erratically moving disks subtending 10° or more. R. basalis responded more consistently to checkered (versus solid black) disks; only D. lobata displayed a size preference (14–23 deg disks); Miomantis sp. struck at disks as large as did the largest species; only Miomantis sp. displayed approaching behavior. H. membranacea and R. basalis preferred black disks on a white background (versus the reverse), and red disks (versus blue or green) on a brightness-matched grey background. All preferred elongated stimuli moving parallel (versus perpendicular) to their long axes.     

Particle-loaded membranes for sample concentration and/or clean-up in bioanalysis

Solid-phase extraction nowadays is a major sample preparation tool. The latest development in this area is the introduction of particle-loaded membranes (membrane-extraction disks). The potential of these extraction membranes in bioanalysis is discussed with respect to recoveries, reproducibility, sensitivity and speed. A comparison is made between liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction using traditional sorbents and extraction disks, and off-line and on-line techniques. Particle-loaded membranes are available in disks with diameters of 4–90 mm. The 25–90 mm disks are mainly used for off-line extractions of mainly environmental samples, while the 4 mm disks are available in the so-called drug tubes that can be used in the same way as conventional extraction cartridges for the extraction of drugs from biological fluids. The main advantage of using drug tubes is the smaller desorption volume and, therefore, the increased sensitivity. Cutting smaller disks, from the commercially available disks, allows the use of on-line extractions in column-switching systems. The main conclusion is that in many cases particle-loaded membranes are more efficient than packed solid-phase extraction cartridges.     

Formation of amylase in disks of bean hypocotyl

Amylase activity has been studied in disks of hypocotyl of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Although some activity is present in untreated hypocotyls, it is greatly increased when disks are incubated 4 days in water containing kinetin (5 mg/liter). Gibberellic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid do not increase this activity appreciably. The increased activity can be shown by subsequently incubating the disks on starch agar plates and testing these with iodine-potassium iodide solution, or by using the original incubation medium and extracts of the disks in reactions with soluble starch. A variety of tests favor the assumption that the enzyme is α-amylase and that it is synthesized during the incubation period.     

Cation exchange properties and pectin content of storage-tissue disks

Summary The cation-exchange capacity (C.E.C.) of disks of storage tissue of sugar beet, red beet, potato, carrot, and swede turnip kept in running tap water at constant temperature, has been measured using an acid-washing technique. The pectin content of the disks has been estimated by measuring the CO₂ evolved on decarboxylation.There is quantitative agreement between exchange capacity and pectin content of the disks provided the former is measured on a tissue volume basis, and also provided that in assessing the latter, the substances yielding CO₂ yet not participating in cation exchange are first removed from the tissues by boiling in water. The C.E.C. and pectin content of the disks increase with time and reach a maximum 3 to 4 days after the disks are cut from the parent tissue.     

Parameters influencing the acquisition of competence for metamorphosis in imaginal disks of Drosophila

When imaginal disks from first and early second instar larvae of Drosophila are transplanted into larval hosts that are ready to pupate, they are unable to differentiate adult structures. The disks gradually become competent to respond with imaginal differentiation towards the end of the second larval instar (Fig. 1). The first sign of imaginal differentiation is a light-orange pigment that appears in the presumptive eye region when eye-antennal disks from early second instar larvae were subjected to immediate metamorphosis. This pigment was identified as being composed of ommochromes and drosopterins.Incompetent eye-antennal disks from early second instar donors were cultured in adult females for 2 to 5 days, and then retransplanted into late third instar larval hosts. If the adult host flies were kept on standard food the disks grew by cell multiplication (Fig. 2c) and became competent to undergo imaginal differentiation (Fig. 3). If, on the other hand, the adult hosts were starved on a protein-free sugar diet, cell divisions were effectively blocked in the disks. These did not noticeably grow (Fig. 2b) and remained incompetent (Fig. 3). The block caused by starvation proved to be reversible. Based on these results the hypothesis is advanced that the acquisition of competence requires a minimum number of cell divisions to take place in the disk primordium.