植物逆境胁迫相关蛋白激酶的研究进展

干旱、高盐、高温和低温等非生物胁迫及各种病虫害等生物胁迫严重影响植物的生长发育和作物产量.蛋白激酶主要通过激活不同的磷酸化途径介导外界环境信号的感知和传递,调控下游抗逆基因的转录表达,启动相应的生理生化等适应性反应来降低或消除危害.该文对近年来国内外有关与非生物胁迫和生物胁迫信号传导相关的受体蛋白激酶、促分裂原活化蛋白激酶、钙依赖而钙调素不依赖的蛋白激酶、蔗糖不发酵相关蛋白激酶和其它胁迫相关的植物蛋白激酶的研究进展进行综述,探索蛋白激酶介导的不同磷酸化途径应对逆境胁迫的信号传递网络,为进一步了解植物逆境分子应答机制提供依据.     

植物蛋白激酶与作物非生物胁迫抗性的研究

干旱、盐碱、高温等非生物逆境胁迫严重影响作物生长发育、产量和品质。在遭受非生物逆境的威胁时,植物通过信号受体,可感知、转导胁迫信号,启动一系列抗逆相关基因的表达,最终缓解或抵御非生物逆境胁迫对植物造成的危害。其中,蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酯酶的磷酸化/去磷酸化作用在植物感受外界胁迫信号的分子传递过程中起到开关的作用。正常情况下,蛋白激酶磷酸化开启信号转导途径,启动相应的抗逆基因表达反应;当信号消失后,蛋白激酶去磷酸化将信号转导途径关闭,达到调控植物正常生长的目的。因此,蛋白激酶在调控感受胁迫信号、启动各种非生物逆境胁迫响应中起到了极其重要的作用。近年来,对植物蛋白激酶参与非生物胁迫响应的研究倍受关注。本文阐述了不同类型蛋白激酶在改良作物非生物胁迫抗性上的应用,为进一步研究提供资料。     

植物蛋白激酶介导的非生物胁迫和激素信号转导途径的研究进展

干旱、盐渍、低温和高温等非生物胁迫严重影响植物的生长发育和作物的产量。在长期的进化过程中,植物逐渐形成了对外部刺激快速感知和主动适应的能力,其中植物体内逆境信号的传递在植物快速感知外部刺激和主动适应非生物胁迫过程中起着非常重要的作用。蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酶催化的蛋白质磷酸化和去磷酸化是植物体内存在的最普遍且最重要的信号转导调节方式。其中,蛋白激酶的主要作用是将ATP或GTP上的γ磷酸基团转移到特定的底物蛋白上,使蛋白磷酸化,被磷酸化的蛋白发挥相应的生理功能。近年来,利用生物技术和基因工程等手段从细胞、分子水平上研究有关蛋白激酶的抗逆机理,通过基因沉默、基因过表达等策略提高植物的抗逆性成为国内外抗逆分子生物学与分子育种学研究的热点。本文主要对植物蛋白激酶在介导非生物胁迫和激素信号通路中的作用进行综述,为进一步研究植物蛋白激酶功能提供有价值的信息。     

植物蔗糖非发酵-1相关蛋白激酶家族研究进展

蛋白质磷酸化与去磷酸化过程在细胞的信号转导网络中起关键的作用,是生物体中普遍存在的一种调节机制。植物中的蛋白激酶通过磷酸化和去磷酸化在调节ABA信号传导、能量缺失反应和非生物胁迫反应过程中有着重要的作用。其中,植物蔗糖非发酵-1相关蛋白激酶(sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase,SnRK)是植物蛋白激酶家族中一个重要家族,它们与酵母中的SNF1(sucrose non-fermenting-1,SNF1)和哺乳动物中的AMPK(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)同源,具有与它们相似和自身独特的功能,根据其氨基酸序列的同源性和表达模式的差异可分为3个亚组:SnRK1、SnRK2和SnRK3。目前,在拟南芥、水稻、豆科植物、高粱以及苔藓植物等基因组中都发现了大量的SnRK蛋白激酶,它们广泛参与了植物的生长发育、病虫害防御、ABA和非生物胁迫等各种信号的应答反应。     

植物中的MAPK及其在信号传导中的作用

促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)是一类存在于真核生物中的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶。同动物和酵母中MAPKs类似,植物中的MAPK级联途径也是由MAPKs、MAPKKs、MAPKKKs三种类型的激酶组成。植物细胞内受体接受外界刺激信号,然后依次磷酸化激活MAPKKKs、MAPKKs和MAPKs,并影响相关基因表达。目前已经从植物中分离到一些MAPKs、MAPKKs和MAPKKKs,它们参与了植物激素、生物胁迫及非生物胁迫等过程的信号传导。介绍了植物响应外界环境胁迫过程中,不同机制和因子对MAPKs级联途径的调控。     

植物CBL-CIPK信号系统的功能及其作用机理

由类钙调磷酸酶B蛋白CBLs及其互作蛋白激酶CIPKs组成的信号系统是植物逆境胁迫信号传导的关键调控节点,是近几年植物逆境胁迫生理与分子生物学研究领域中的重要热点之一。文章主要介绍了CBLs和CIPKs基本功能结构域、CBL-CIPK信号系统在各种生物和非生物逆境胁迫响应、营养物质吸收及植物激素应答中的生物学功能及其作用机理。     

蛋白质可逆磷酸化调节植物细胞离子跨膜运动研究进展

蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酶催化的可逆磷酸化是植物细胞中多种信号转导途径中重要的组成因子.本文对蛋白质可逆磷酸化通过调节多种离子跨膜运动而参与植物细胞激发子信号途径、毒性物质诱导的钙离子内流、盐胁迫适应、气孔运动以及蛋白质可逆磷酸化参与胞外与胞内之间Ca2 状况信息传递,调节花粉管顶端Ca2 离子通道活性进行综述,以揭示蛋白质可逆磷酸化在植物细胞离子跨膜运动中的调控作用,为蛋白质可逆磷酸化调节植物生长发育、响应逆境胁迫等机理的研究提供参考.     

探讨干旱胁迫下植物的信号转导和基因表达

本文主要研究植物在外界胁迫信号的影响下经过第二信使及其下游蛋白激酶的传导反应,对基因表达进行的调控,以及在干旱胁迫信号下植物的感知、传递及其诱导基因的表达调控作用。     

不受ABA诱导的SnRK2蛋白激酶家族研究进展

蔗糖非酵解型蛋白激酶2(SnRK2),广泛存在于多种植物,不同SnRK2的磷酸化机制可能涉及通过高渗性和ABA的激活,在植物抵抗逆境过程中起到重要生理功能。本综述主要结合SnRK2蛋白激酶家族的最新研究进展,综述其分子结构、活性调控、作用机制及其生理学功能等,着重介绍不受ABA诱导的SnRK2激酶在植物生长与应答逆境胁迫中的相关研究,ABA独立的SnRK2s作为植物对非生物胁迫响应的正调节器,参与体细胞胚胎发生的诱导,在拟南芥中表达增强了植物对干旱,寒冷和盐度耐受性。到目前为止,关于ABA独立的SnRK2家族成员的信息很少,还需对ABA独立的SnRK2家族进行深入研究,为系统探究植物逆境应答机制提供资料依据。     

MAPK基因家族成员在棉花抗黄萎病中的功能分析

作为植物中普遍存在的一类保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸类蛋白激酶信号传导系统,促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)级联信号传导途径,在调控植物生长发育,传导并响应各类生物和非生物逆境信号胁迫过程中都起着重要作用.鉴于对棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)MAPKs级联信号传导系统中最下游的激酶MAPK家族成员缺乏了解,更不明楚MAPK基因家族成员在棉花抗黄萎病中的功能和作用.本文利用已公布的雷蒙德氏棉(Gossypium raimondii)和亚洲棉(Gossypium arboreum)基因组数据,并从美国国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI)数据库中收集陆地棉的MAPK氨基酸序列,成功地对棉花MAPK基因家族成员进行了同源分析和聚类.结果显示,棉花MAPK基因家族各成员均具有特征性TEY磷酸化位点或TDY磷酸化位点结构特征,依据其蛋白序列可划分为A,B,C和D 4个族.进而从以上各族中分别选择两个MAPK基因成员,利用病毒介导的基因沉默(VIGS)技术,来研究MAPK基因家族成员在棉花抗黄萎病中的作用.结果发现,6个MAPK基因家族成员参与了棉花对黄萎病菌的抗性作用,这提示MAPKs级联信号传导途径是参与棉花抗黄萎病信号传导通路之一.     

Diverse roles of SERK family genes in plant growth,development and defense response

Plant receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) are transmembrane proteins with an extracellular domain and an intracellular kinase domain, which enable plant perceiving diverse extracellular stimuli to trigger the intracellular signal transduction. The somatic embryogenesis receptor kinases (SERKs) code the leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK), and have been demonstrated to associate with multiple ligand-binding receptors to regulate plant growth, root development, male fertility, stomatal development and movement, and immune responses. Here, we focus on the progress made in recent years in understanding the versatile functions of Arabidopsis SERK proteins, and review SERK proteins as co-receptor to perceive different endogenous and environmental cues in different signaling pathway, and discuss how the kinase activity of SERKs is regulated by various modification.     

ABA信号转导途径中的MAPKs

脱落酸（ABA）是植物体内一种重要的激素分子,在调节植物生长发育和对环境适应的过程中发挥重要的信号作用。促分裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）是一种广泛存在于真核生物中的信号转导途径,由环境胁迫、细胞因子、植物激素、生长因子等诱导,是植物细胞信号转导过程中的主要级联途径之一。已知许多蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酶参与了ABA信号途径,MAPKs作为ABA信号转导的下游组分发挥着重要的调节作用。本文就MAPK级联参与ABA信号转导途径的相关研究进展进行叙述,以便对MAPKs和ABA信号之间的交互作用（cross-talk）机制有更深入了解。     

Signal convergence through the lenses of MAP kinases: paradigms of stress and hormone signaling in plants

Common mechanisms plants use to translate the external stimuli into cellular responses are the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. These MAPK cascades are highly conserved in eukaryotes and consist of three subsequently acting protein kinases, MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK), MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK) and MAP kinase (MAPK) which are linked in various ways with upstream receptors and downstream targets. Plant MAPK cascades regulate numerous processes, including various environmental stresses, hormones, cell division and developmental processes. The number of MAPKKs in Arabidopsis and rice is almost half the number of MAPKs pointing important role of MAPKKs in integrating signals from several MAPKKKs and transducing signals to various MAPKs. The cross talks between different signal transduction pathways are concentrated at the level of MAPKK in the MAPK cascade. Here we discussed the insights into MAPKK mediated response to environmental stresses and in plant growth and development.     

类受体激酶调控根生长发育的研究进展

类受体激酶是一类具有激酶活性的单次跨膜受体,通过接收和传递胞外信号调控细胞的生理反应,参与植物生长发育过程。植物根在生长发育过程中受到大量的外部刺激和内源性发育信号的影响,植物必须通过整合这些信号并转化为细胞反应,才能适应不断变化的环境条件;植物类受体激酶作为细胞膜上的信息监测者,通过与外源和内源信号的通讯调控根的生长发育。该文对近年来国内外有关类受体激酶的结构、分类及其作用机制,特别是植物类受体激酶在根发育信号转导途径中的功能和作用等方面的研究进展进行综述,为进一步揭示植物类受体激酶在根生长发育中的功能及其作用机制提供参考。     

The ethylene signal transduction pathway in Arabidopsis

The gaseous hormone ethylene is an important regulator of plantgrowth and development. Using a simple response of etiolatedseedlings to ethylene as a genetic screen, genes involved inethylene signal transduction have been identified in Arabidopsis.Analysis of two of these genes that have been cloned revealsthat ethylene signalling involves a combination of a protein(ETR1) with similarity to bacterial histidine kinases and aprotein (CTR1) with similarity to Raf-1, a protein kinase involvedin multiple signalling cascades in eukaryotic cells. Severallines of investigation provide compelling evidence that ETR1encodes an ethylene receptor. For the first time there is aglimpse of the molecular circuitry underlying the signal transductionpathway for a plant hormone. Key words: Ethylene, plant growth, plant development, regulation, signal transduction, Arabidopsis     

A chemical-genetic approach for functional analysis of plant protein kinases

Plant genomes encode hundreds of protein kinases, yet only for a small fraction of them precise functions and phosphorylation targets have been identified. Recently, we applied a chemical-genetic approach to sensitize the tomato serine/threonine kinase Pto to analogs of PP1, an ATP-competitive and cell-permeable small-molecule inhibitor. The Pto kinase confers resistance to Pst bacteria by activating immune responses upon specific recognition of bacterial effectors. By using PP1 analogs in combination with the analog-sensitive Pto, we shed new light on the role of Pto kinase activity in effector recognition and signal transduction. Here we broaden the use of this chemical-genetic approach to another defense-related plant protein kinase, the MAP kinase LeMPK3. In addition, we show that analog-sensitive but not wild-type kinases are able to use unnatural N⁶-modified ATP analogs as phosphodonors that can be exploited for tagging direct phosphorylation targets of the kinase of interest. Thus, sensitization of kinases to analogs of the small-molecule inhibitor PP1 and ATP can be an effective tool for the discovery of cellular functions and phosphorylation substrates of plant protein kinases.Key words: chemical genetics, gatekeeper, LeMPK3, protein kinase, Pto, small-molecule inhibitor     

The ethylene signal transduction pathway in Arabidopsis

The gaseous hormone ethylene is an important regulator of plant growth and development. Using a simple response of etiolated seedlings to ethylene as a genetic screen, genes involved in ethylene signal transduction have been identified in Arabidopsis. Analysis of two of these genes that have been cloned reveals that ethylene signalling involves a combination of a protein (ETR1) with similarity to bacterial histidine kinases and a protein (CTR1) with similarity to Raf-1, a protein kinase involved in multiple signalling cascades in eukaryotic cells. Several lines of investigation provide compelling evidence that ETR1 encodes an ethylene receptor. For the first time there is a glimpse of the molecular circuitry underlying the signal transduction pathway for a plant hormone.     

Brassinosteroid Signal Transduction: A Mix of Conservation and Novelty

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a unique class of plant steroids that are structurally similar to animal steroid hormones and play important roles in plant growth and development. Unlike the animal steroids, which bind to classical intracellular steroid receptors that directly modulate gene activities after translocation into the nucleus, the plant steroids rely on transmembrane receptor kinases to activate a phosphorylation cascade to regulate gene expression. Recent genetic and biochemical studies have identified several critical BR signaling components and revealed a striking mechanistic similarity between the plant steroid signaling pathway and several well-studied animal signaling cascades involving a receptor kinase and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3). A working model for BR signal transduction proposes that BR initiates its signaling pathway by promoting heterodimerization of two transmembrane receptor-like kinases at the cell surface, leading to inhibition of a GSK3 kinase and subsequent stabilization and nuclear accumulation of two GSK3 substrates that regulate BR-responsive genes. Such a simple model provides a framework for continued investigation of molecular mechanism(s) of plant steroid signaling.     

Human T-cell mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases are related to yeast signal transduction kinases.

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinases, intermediates in a growth factor-stimulated protein kinase cascade, are dual specificity protein kinases that specifically phosphorylate and activate MAP kinases in response to extracellular signals. Here, we report the cloning of two forms of cDNA that encode this protein from human T-cells. MKK1a encodes a protein with predicted molecular size of 43,439 Da. Overexpression of this clone in COS cells led to elevated levels of protein and phorbol ester-stimulated MAP kinase kinase activity, confirming that MKK1a encodes the predicted protein. MKK1b, which appears to be an alternatively spliced form of the MKK1a gene, encodes a protein with predicted molecular size of 40,745 Da. Northern analysis revealed that the MKK1 cDNA hybridizes with a single 2.6-kilobase mRNA species in all human tissues examined. Sequence comparison shows homology to a group of yeast kinases that participate in signal transduction and to subdomain XI of other dual specificity kinase.