副球菌WB1菌株肌酸酶的研究

从恒化富集培养物中分离到一株产肌酸酶的菌株WB1,通过对该菌的形态学、生理生化特性、G+C mol%及16S rDNA序列分析,表明该菌为一株副球菌(Paracoccus sp.)。对菌株WB1产酶发酵条件的研究表明,该菌除了产生肌酸酶外还产生肌氨酸脱氢酶,但不产生肌酸酐酶,也不能利用肌酸酐。肌酸酶可以被诱导物,如肌氨酸、肌酸、和氯化胆碱诱导产生。葡萄糖等易用碳源的存在对肌酸酶的合成无代谢产物阻遏作用。该酶的分子量为48kD,最适反应pH为7.0～8.5,pH稳定范围在6.0～9.5之间;其最适反应温度在35℃～40℃之间,在45℃以下是热稳定的; 37℃时以肌酸为底物,酶的Km值为24.6mmol/L;Cu2+、Hg2+和Ag+对酶活性有强烈的抑制作用。     

云南传统发酵豆豉中产β-半乳糖苷酶乳酸菌的筛选及其产酶条件的研究

目的从云南豆豉样品中筛选产β-半乳糖苷酶的乳酸菌,并对其产酶条件进行研究。方法从云南省元阳、红河、建水、石屏等地采集豆豉样品,并从中分离得到355株微生物。结果经明胶诱导、脱脂乳平板实验,复筛得到87株蛋白酶产生菌,从中筛选产β-半乳糖苷酶的乳酸菌。通过X-Gal平板实验,共获得34株产β-半乳糖苷酶菌株,通过酶活测定,最终筛选得到1株高产β-半乳糖苷酶菌株GJ-1-3L,经16S rDNA序列分析鉴定为短乳杆菌;GJ-1-3L在以葡萄糖为碳源、多聚蛋白胨为氮源、起始pH 6.5的MRS培养基中,接种量为4%,35℃发酵培养12 h,其β-半乳糖苷酶活性高达6.73 U/mL,Cu2＋、Ba2＋对酶活有抑制作用,而K2HPO4、MgSO4则能促进酶活。结论 GJ-1-3L菌株来源于豆豉,能够产生β-半乳糖苷酶发酵乳糖,同时产生乳酸,其在食品与乳品加工等方面具有很好的应用前景。     

一株高产琼胶酶海洋细菌的筛选与鉴定

从广东省南澳岛采集龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis),分离海洋来源的琼胶酶产生菌,并对其进行分类鉴定,为琼胶酶的开发利用奠定基础。利用4种不同的筛选培养基分离产琼胶酶的菌株,通过形态、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析对菌株进行鉴定并构建系统发育树,通过DNS法测定琼胶酶活力,研究菌株所产琼胶酶的类型,对菌株的生长曲线及发酵产酶曲线进行初步测定。结果显示,分离得到一株高产琼胶酶的菌株ZQM2017,该菌株为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,16S rRNA基因序列分析显示该菌株属于弧菌属(Vibrio sp.),结合形态特征和生理生化实验结果鉴定为溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus);可同时产α-琼胶酶与β-琼胶酶;该菌株在液体培养基中28℃,180 r/min振荡培养时,其对数期出现在3-9 h,发酵5 h即有明显产酶,当发酵至46 h,所产琼胶酶活力达到最高109.87 U/mL发酵液。从南澳岛龙须菜上自主分离筛选得到的海洋细菌ZQM2017,经鉴定命名为Vibrio alginolyticus ZQM2017,可同时分泌α-琼胶酶和β-琼胶酶,所产琼胶酶初始活力高达109.87 U/mL。     

苯甲酸1，2-双加氧酶高活力菌株的筛选和发酵条件的研究

从176株细菌中,筛选出苯甲酸1,2-双加氧酶的高活力菌株假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)137。进行了该菌产酶的发酵条件试验。产酶的最适温度为32℃,最适起始pH为6．5—7．0。葡萄糖、麦芽糖和甘油对产酶有明显的抑制作用,苯甲酸钠对产酶有促进作用。氨态氮对菌体生长和产酶是必需的。琥珀酸钠是酶形成的有效诱导物,采用0．1％苯甲酸钠和0．2％琥珀酸钠培养基(pH6．5—7．0),于32℃振荡培养72小时,可获得高活力的苯甲酸1,2-双加氧酶,每克菌体酶活力可达5-8单位。     

元阳豆豉中高产蛋白酶乳酸菌的筛选及其产酶条件的研究

从云南省元阳地区采集豆豉样品,并从中分离得到62株乳酸菌菌株。通过脱脂乳平板试验,从中初步筛得到21株具有高蛋白酶活力的菌株,采用茚三酮法测定其蛋白酶活力,复筛出高产蛋白酶菌株YY-1-6L,并对其产酶条件进行研究。结果表明,YY-1-6L在以葡萄糖为碳源、多聚蛋白胨为氮源、起始pH 5.0的明胶诱导培养基中,接种量为3%,35℃发酵培养36 h,其蛋白酶活力高达32.50 U/mL,且K2HPO4、MgSO4能促进蛋白酶产生。     

产植酸酶菌株的分离筛选研究

研究了产植酸酶菌株分离筛选的方法 ,筛选得到分别适宜液态发酵和固态发酵的酶活力较高的黑曲霉XH和黑曲霉PA两菌株。在液态发酵KH2 PO4 对植酸酶产生有促进作用 ,其最佳用量为 8mg %;在固态发酵KH2 PO4 的添加对植酸酶的产生无明显促进作用。 2菌株所产植酸酶具有相似的酶学性质 ,最适作用温度为 5 5℃ ,当底物 pH为 3～ 5具有较高的酶活力。     

产几丁质酶菌株SWCH-6的筛选、鉴定及其产酶条件的优化研究

从汕头海湾养殖区域的海底沉积物中分离到1株几丁质酶活性较高的菌株,命名为SWCH-6,根据菌株的形态特征、生理生化特征和16S Rdna序列,确定该菌株为嗜水气单胞茵(Aeromonas hydrophlilla).采用单因素优化方法结合正交实验,得到菌株SWCH-6产几丁质酶的最佳发酵条件:胶体几丁质25.0g/L,胰蛋白胨10.0g/L,陈海水1.0L, Ph 8.5,32℃,150 r/min培养72h;在该条件下酶活力达0.39U/Ml.此外,菌株所产几丁质酶的最适催化Ph 5.0;最适催化温度为40℃;Cu2、Fe3及表面活性剂Tween-80能增强该酶的催化活性;Zn2 、Mn2 及表面活性剂SDS、洗衣粉对该酶的催化活性有抑制作用,与其它几丁质酶存在着一些不同.     

一株产琼胶酶细菌的鉴定和发酵条件优化

从烟台地区的海藻样品中,本课题组分离到一株产琼胶酶细菌菌株YTB2-3。通过生理生化特征和16 S r RNA分析,鉴定YTB2-3为Cellulophaga fucicola。为提高YTB2-3产酶潜力,本研究阐述了培养基成分和培养条件对琼胶酶活力的影响。结果表明琼脂粉既可以作为YTB2-3产琼胶酶的碳源,又可以作为诱导因子,而麦芽糖和可溶性淀粉则对产酶具有抑制作用。单因素研究结果显示C.fucicola菌株YTB2-3产琼胶酶的最适培养基组成(g:m L)为:乳糖0.01%、牛肉膏0.70%、海盐2.0%、琼脂0.05%。最佳产酶条件:250 m L三角瓶装90 m L培养基,初始p H为6、发酵温度为16℃,发酵时间为24 h。上述培养条件下,发酵液的酶活力达到3.88 U/m L。本研究结果有助于YTB2-3琼胶酶的进一步研究开发。     

纤维素酶产生菌的筛选、鉴定及发酵产酶条件优化

以腐烂木材、腐殖土等材料作为菌源,从中分离出180个菌株,以期得到具有纤维素酶活性的菌株。采用革兰氏碘液染色法进行定性初筛,获得了44个纤维素酶产生菌株。将此44个菌株发酵培养后,使用滤纸酶活性测定法进行定量复筛,滤纸酶活性最高的是菌株J1-3-1。通过对J1-3-1菌株的16S r RNA的序列测定分析,将J1-3-1鉴定为鞘氨醇杆菌(Sphingobacterium sp.)。经对J1-3-1进行产酶发酵条件优化,分别确立了产生最高滤纸酶(FPase)活性、内切葡聚糖酶(CMCase)活性和β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidase)活性的发酵条件。在最优发酵产酶条件下,菌株J1-3-1的滤纸酶、内切葡聚糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的最高酶活性分别为8.76、28.04和7.02 U/m L。     

产柚苷酶菌株B04的分离及产酶特性研究

柚苷酶作为金柚和柑桔果实中主要苦味物质的分解酶有望在深加工生产中得到应用。本研究在金柚树林下土壤和金柚皮腐烂液中分离得到产柚苷酶菌株。研究证明采用添加低浓度蔗糖作为碳源的高层试管法是可行的初筛方法;复筛得到菌株B04,产酶需要诱导,酶底物柚苷和产物鼠李糖均有诱导作用,其中柚苷诱导作用更好,而且添加量为0.02%时菌株产酶能力较强;B04发酵类型为非生长偶联型,30℃,175r/min旋转摇床培养,60h菌体量最大,96h酶活力最高,达到342U/mL。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan