人血管内皮细胞中腺苷代谢的定量研究

目的:通过对人脐静脉内皮细胞腺苷分泌进行定性及定量研究,了解人类血管内皮细胞的腺苷代谢及机制.方法:收集并测定不同干预下细胞柱流出液中分离的人脐静脉内皮细胞分泌的腺苷量.结果:在无干预、抑制腺苷激酶及去氨酶、抑制细胞膜腺苷转运情况下,人脐静脉内皮细胞腺苷分泌率分别为13.5±7.1 pmol·min-1·mg-1、32.5±14.2 pmol·min-1·mg-1和20.8±15.7 pmol·min-1·mg-1.结论:人类血管内皮细胞内腺苷合成高于胞外,而细胞膜腺苷转运被抑制后的腺苷分泌率反而高于生理状态下分泌率,则表明腺苷在胞内分解代谢非常迅速,使部分腺苷反由胞外扩散入胞内.     

腺苷在脑缺血过程中的双重作用

随着内源性腺苷系统具有神经保护作用的提出,派生出新的课题——腺苷及其类似物能否治疗脑卒中等一系列神经系统疾病?随着研究的深入,这一问题已逐渐成为神经药理学研究的热点。大量的工作集中在腺苷及其类似物对脑卒中的治疗作用,但实验结果具有很大的不确定性。传统上认为系统性给予腺苷引起心率减慢、血压降低、脑供血减少,从而限制了腺苷的应用。因此,提出了合用外周腺苷受体拮抗剂、腺苷转运蛋白抑制剂及代谢阻断剂,这既能对抗其心血管副作用,又使得脑缺血区的内源性腺苷维持在较高水平,发挥神经保护作用。然而,在脑缺血的病理条件下,腺苷浓度已显著提升,逾越了其自调节的范围。在此情况下,继续强化腺苷的作用,是否有悖于机体自稳态的恢复?诚然,腺苷具有明显的神经保护作用,但近年的研究又显示腺苷及其某些代谢产物具有神经损伤作用,如何解释这些相互矛盾的现象?又如何评价腺苷在脑缺血过程中的作用?本文主要从作用机制上,综合评述腺苷在脑缺血过程中可能发挥的神经保护及损伤作用,以期为脑卒中的临床治疗和新药开发提供一定的参考。     

腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的基因及结构研究进展

腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶催化ATP和L-甲硫氨酸合成腺苷甲硫氨酸,在不同生物体和不同组织中腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的存在形式和编码酶的基因都有差别,本文综述了不同生物的腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶的基因、酶结构、酶反应动力学及应用前景。     

亲和层析法分离腺苷结合蛋白质

本文报告一种新的腺苷亲和层析凝胶的合成方法。利用这种凝胶可从大鼠心脏、肝脏及小牛主动脉平滑肌的水溶部份分离出几种腺苷结合蛋白质,其亚基分子量(据SDS-PAGE)分别为35,000、37,000、46,000、43,000及15,300Dal。现已证明,35,000Dal蛋白质是乳酸脱氢酶及苹果酸脱氢酶,43,000Dal蛋白质是腺苷激酶,46,000Dal蛋白质可能是S-腺苷同型半胱氨酸水解酶。15,000Dal蛋白质前人未有报道。它对腺苷具有高度特导性和亲和力,推测是腺苷的细胞内受体和/或载体。测定了这种低分子量腺苷结合蛋白质的氨基酸组成及某些物理常数:pI=6.5;沉降系数2.42S,微分比容0.727cm~3/g,与腺苷复合物的解离常数K_D=2.3μM。     

腺苷在癫痫发病机制中的作用以及腺苷相关癫痫治疗的研究进展

癫痫是慢性反复发作性的脑功能失调综合征,近年来,关于星形胶质细胞及腺苷和癫痫关系的研究逐渐成为热点。腺苷在中枢神经系统中广泛存在,其可以作为整合中枢兴奋性以及抑制性神经递质的调节因子,其诸多生理作用都是通过受体介导实现的。研究腺苷通过星形胶质细胞及腺苷激酶、谷氨酸、表观遗传基因修饰、伽马氨基丁酸受体等通路在抑制癫痫发病机制中的作用,将为治疗癫痫提供全新的治疗思路和措施。本文将针对腺苷抑制癫痫发生的机制以及目前与腺苷有关的癫痫治疗方法进行综述。如果在今后的研究工作中能够进一步明确腺苷在抑制癫痫中的作用机制,就有可能寻找新的干预靶点,对发展新的预防措施,指导预防药物研发,都具有重要意义。     

亲和层析法分离大鼠脂肪细胞膜上腺苷A_1受体

本文采用腺苷亲和层析法从大鼠脂肪细胞膜上分离出了一种亚基分子量为38kD的腺苷结合蛋白质。此蛋白在SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳上显示单一带,糖蛋白染色阳性;能与[8-~3H]腺苷特异结合(Kd=0.269nmol/L,Bmax=6.05pmol/mg.Pr);结合抑制实验表明它与腺苷A_1受体激动剂R-PIA、A_2受体激动剂NECA和腺苷的亲和力大小顺序为:R-PIA>腺苷>NECA。这表明所分离出的38kD蛋白是大鼠脂肪细胞膜上的腺苷A_1受体。     

五种虫草无性型菌株产腺苷类物质的分析

采用分光光度计法对虫草菌丝体中腺苷类组分的提取方法进行研究,采用薄层层析法和高效液相色谱法对虫草菌丝体中的腺嘌呤、腺苷、虫草菌素、N6-(2-羟乙基)腺苷等4种物质进行定性和定量分析。结果表明,虫草菌丝体中腺苷类组分的提取方法采用蒸馏水超声波提取30min效果较好,所测5种虫草菌株都能产腺苷和腺嘌呤,在蛹草拟青霉菌株中含有虫草菌素,在粉被玛利亚霉和蝉拟青霉菌株中含有N6-(2-羟乙基)腺苷,同时发现N6-(2-羟乙基)腺苷的累积与培养时间有一定关系。     

PAG-OA衍生物Ⅰ5对酿酒酵母转化合成ATP的影响

一种新型促渗透剂PAG-OA(聚氧烯油酸二醇)I 5,甲苯、气流干燥及吐温100等,对酿酒酵母进行细胞渗透性增强处理,考察了酿酒酵母的促渗透性对三磷酸腺苷生产的影响.结果表明,与其他促渗透方式相比,I 5对酿酒酵母三磷酸腺苷的产量有很大的提高.加入0.022 mol/L腺苷,三磷酸腺苷得率为0.038 mol/L,转化率98%;三磷酸腺苷合成时间缩短为1.5 h.经促渗透化处理的酿酒酵母细胞能很好的释放胞内代谢的极性物质;其三磷酸腺苷生产活性大幅度提高.     

腺苷及其衍生物的心血管效应和作用机制

在实验中观察了腺苷及其衍生物的心血管效应和作用机制,结果表明：（１）腺苷和２－氯腺苷先引起由颈动脉体化学感受器内的Ａ２受体所中介的血压短暂升高,随之为心血管系统Ａ１和Ａ２受体中介的持久而明显的血压降低;（２）腺苷受体激动剂环戊腺苷抑制窦房结起搏细胞的电生理活动;（３）环戊腺苷减弱异丙肾上腺素诱发的早发和迟发性后除极及触发电活动;（４）内源性腺苷参与无氧所致的心率减慢;（５）预缺血时腺苷受体的激活及     

PAG-OA衍生物I5对酿酒酵母转化合成ATP的影响

一种新型促渗透剂PAG-OA（聚氧烯油酸二醇）I5,甲苯、气流干燥及吐温100等,对酿酒酵母进行细胞渗透性增强处理,考察了酿酒酵母的促渗透性对三磷酸腺苷生产的影响。结果表明,与其他促渗透方式相比,I5对酿酒酵母三磷酸腺苷的产量有很大的提高。加入0．022mol／L腺苷,三磷酸腺苷得率为0．038mol／L,转化率98％;三磷酸腺苷合成时间缩短为1．5h。经促渗透化处理的酿酒酵母细胞能很好的释放胞内代谢的极性物质;其三磷酸腺苷生产活性大幅度提高。     

提高外淋巴钙浓度对耳蜗电位的影响

本实验以人工外淋巴灌流方式,提高豚鼠耳蜗外淋巴液钙离子浓度（［Ｃａ２＋］ＰＬ）,观察蜗内直流电位（ＥＰ）和耳蜗电图（ＥＣｏｃｈＧ）的变化,ＥＣｏｃｈＧ包括听神经复合动作电位（ＣＡＰ）、耳蜗微音电位（ＣＭ）。结果可见：高钙灌流明显抑制ＣＡＰ幅值,延长同一声强下（９０ｄＢＳＰＬ）Ｎ１－峰潜伏期,但不改变ＣＭ的幅值及总和ＥＰ（Ｇ－ＥＰ）。高钙灌流降低了ＥＰ对噪声的给－撤声反应（ＥＰ－ＯＮ,ＥＰ－ＯＦＦ）和缺氧所得到的最大负ＥＰ（Ｎ－ＥＰ）绝对值。本文分析了外淋巴高钙影响耳蜗电位的可能机制。     

降低外淋巴钙浓度对耳蜗电位的影响

本实验在人工灌流条件下降低鼓阶外淋巴钙的浓度,观察其对听神经动作电位（ＣＡＰ）、耳蜗微音器电位（ＣＭ）以及蜗内直流电位（ＥＰ）的影响,以分析钙离子的作用机制。无钙液鼓阶灌流使ＣＡＰ、ＣＭ幅度可逆地下降,但不明显地改变ＣＡＰＩ／Ｏ曲线的非线性特征。无钙外淋巴灌流并不改变ＥＰ以及用缺氧法得到的负相ＥＰ（Ｎ－ＥＰ）,但使ＥＰ对强声给－撤时的快速变化趋于消失。本文讨论了这些耳蜗生物电改变所提示的钙离子作用的可能机制。     

噪声短时暴露所致的耳蜗电位改变

本实验观察115dB(SPL)白噪声暴露20min对豚鼠耳蜗直流电位(EP),复合听神经动作电位(CAP),微音器电位(CM)的影响。发现此种噪声暴露确可提高源于血管纹的正EP(P-EP),说明有血管纹功能的代偿性增强;而负EP(N-EP)变化不大。AP及CM输入-输出函数的变化说明噪声首先影响外毛细胞的主动运动功能。EP与耳蜗电图的对照分析表明,血管纹功能的改变确能影响噪声性听损伤的发展。     

腺苷对豚鼠蜗内直流电位的影响

用外淋巴灌流给药方法,观察了腺苷及其摄取抑制剂对嘧啶氨醇、以及腺苷受体拮抗剂茶碱对豚鼠蜗内直流电位（ＥＰ）的影响,并进行了耳蜗组织学观察。发现腺苷对ＥＰ有明显压抑作用,氧法观察负ＥＰ（Ｎ－ＥＰ）无明显改变;灌流双嘧啶氨醇,增加内源性腺苷,出现相似变化;灌流茶碱则使ＥＰ升高。本文讨论了腺苷对ＥＰ可能作用机制。     

Auditory cortex basal activity modulates cochlear responses in chinchillas

Background

The auditory efferent system has unique neuroanatomical pathways that connect the cerebral cortex with sensory receptor cells. Pyramidal neurons located in layers V and VI of the primary auditory cortex constitute descending projections to the thalamus, inferior colliculus, and even directly to the superior olivary complex and to the cochlear nucleus. Efferent pathways are connected to the cochlear receptor by the olivocochlear system, which innervates outer hair cells and auditory nerve fibers. The functional role of the cortico-olivocochlear efferent system remains debated. We hypothesized that auditory cortex basal activity modulates cochlear and auditory-nerve afferent responses through the efferent system.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Cochlear microphonics (CM), auditory-nerve compound action potentials (CAP) and auditory cortex evoked potentials (ACEP) were recorded in twenty anesthetized chinchillas, before, during and after auditory cortex deactivation by two methods: lidocaine microinjections or cortical cooling with cryoloops. Auditory cortex deactivation induced a transient reduction in ACEP amplitudes in fifteen animals (deactivation experiments) and a permanent reduction in five chinchillas (lesion experiments). We found significant changes in the amplitude of CM in both types of experiments, being the most common effect a CM decrease found in fifteen animals. Concomitantly to CM amplitude changes, we found CAP increases in seven chinchillas and CAP reductions in thirteen animals. Although ACEP amplitudes were completely recovered after ninety minutes in deactivation experiments, only partial recovery was observed in the magnitudes of cochlear responses.

Conclusions/Significance

These results show that blocking ongoing auditory cortex activity modulates CM and CAP responses, demonstrating that cortico-olivocochlear circuits regulate auditory nerve and cochlear responses through a basal efferent tone. The diversity of the obtained effects suggests that there are at least two functional pathways from the auditory cortex to the cochlea.     

The effect of PAF in the cochlea of guinea pigs

The influence of 10(-10) and 10(-9) M PAF/animal given into the jugular vein over 30 sec on inner ear potentials, i.e. endolymphatic potential (EP), summating potential (SP) and cochlear microphonics (CM) was investigated. The EP showed the most pronounced changes. When infusing a specific PAF receptor antagonist, ginkgolide B, or the TXA2 receptor antagonist, sulotraban, before the the infusion of PAF, the changes in cochlear potentials could be completely prevented. A second TXA2 receptor antagonist, daltroban, did not effectively prevent PAF actions. It is hypothesized that these PAF effects are due to an interference with ion transport in the non-sensory structures of the inner ear.     

催产素影响耳蜗内直流电位的机理初探

采用耳蜗外淋巴灌流技术,观察了外源性催产素(OXT,0.04U/ml)对蜗内直流电位(EP)的影响。发现OXT灌流导致直接记录的EP值(G-EP)有微小下降,但可明显增大EP的负相成分(N-EP,由5mmol/L哇巴因灌流产生)的绝对值。OXT的这种作用可被氯化筒箭毒(dTC)阻断橄榄耳蜗束的传出控制所取消。文中讨论了OXT对EP两种成分影响的可能机制。     

Electrophysiological responses of the cochlea to transient asphyxia are influenced by arachidonate metabolites

The influence of a transient asphyxia on cochlear potentials, i.e. endolymphatic potential (EP), summating potential (SP) and cochlear microphonics (CM) was investigated in guinea pigs when pretreating the animals with various substances interacting with the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade at the level of thromboxane. The controls showed the well-known decline of the EP, CM and the SP increase. When infusing a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor (dazoxiben) or two different thromboxane receptor blockers (daltroban or sulotraban) before the 3-minutes' period of asphyxia was started, the electrophysiological responses of the inner ear (cochlea) could significantly be influenced. The results indicate that a shift of the thromboxane (TXA₂)/prostacyclin (PGI₂)-balance in favour of the last improve the metabolic conditions for a survival of the cochlea when it is challenged.     

催产素对内耳外毛细胞功能的调控作用

采用耳蜗外淋巴液灌流催产素(OXT),记录由鼓阶电极引导的听神经复合动作电位(CAP)及耳蜗微音电位(CM)的输入—输出(I/O)函数。发现OXT可在90dB(SPL)以下各声强提高短纯音诱发的CM振幅以及短声诱发的CAP振幅,而当声强高于90dB时CM变化不明显。但在用含氯化筒箭毒(dTC)的外淋巴液灌流以阻断橄榄耳蜗束胆碱能传出控制后,OXT不再引起CM改变,而对CAP的作用在低声强段(<60dB)依然存在。这些结果提示OXT可能调节传出神经对内耳的控制,并可能对外毛细胞(OHC)的运动能力有直接影响。     

The effect of dipyridamole on the initiation phase of postischemic acute renal failure in rats

Several previous observations support the hypothesis that increased adenosine production and release mediate, at least in part, the reductions in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate in ischemic acute renal failure (ARF). If this hypothesis is correct, dipyridamole should potentiate these changes, since it blocks cellular adenosine uptake, thereby increasing the concentration and potentiating the effects of extracellular adenosine. Moreover, theophylline should block the effects of dipyridamole, since it is an adenosine receptor antagonist. These predictions were tested in three groups of anesthetized rats. All rats were subjected to 30 min of left renal artery occlusion; 30 min after relieving the occlusion, a 45-min clearance period was begun. The control group was given saline i.v.; the two experimental groups received either dipyridamole (24 micrograms X min-1 X kg-1) or dipyridamole plus theophylline i.v. (111 mumol/kg as a prime, 1.1 mumol X min-1 X kg-1 as an infusion). In the control group, the previously ischemic left kidneys exhibited decreased clearances of para-aminohippurate and inulin (CPAH and CIn), filtration fraction (FF), and urine/plasma inulin concentration (U/PIn), and increased urine flow (V), Na excretion (UNaV), and fractional Na excretion (FENa) in comparison with the contralateral right kidney. Dipyridamole pretreatment did not affect the right kidney, but it intensified the reductions in left kidney CPAH, CIn, and FF. Theophylline blocked all these effects of dipyridamole on the left kidney, and increased renal plasma flow (CPAH/PAH extraction), despite a decrease in systemic arterial blood pressure. These results are further support for the hypothesis that adenosine mediates, at least in part, the hemodynamic changes in postischemic ARF in rats.