陕南晚震旦世后生动物管状化石Cloudina和Sinotubulites

陕南宁强地区灯影组高家山段产出十分丰富的后生动物管状化石Cloudina和Sinotubulites,管体为磷酸钙质,通过冰醋酸浸泡处理获得了大量精美的Cloudina和Sinotubulites孤立化石标本。Cloudina管体微弯至扭曲,以叠锥套合构造为特征,管壁由多层锥管壁组成,一端开口,一端封闭,在横切面上,相邻两层不同心。依据大量较为完整的独立标本,本文建立了新的管体构造复原模式。确认了Cloudina管状化石具有A、B两种结构类型,A型管体具有共同的外壁;B型管体不具外壁,锥管裸露。推测Cloudina为底栖生活的动物。A型管体表面较光滑并在外壁中央管之间形成一系列较大的空腔,因而可能具有一定的浮力,可通过水流主动调整身体在沉积物表面的方向。而型化石表面则具有明显的环檐,可能营固着底栖生活。通常Cloudian为单体,少数为两个个体生长于同一较大的管中,这种共管特征反映了生物以出芽方式繁殖。化石壁的结构表明,在管壁形成的过程中生物体分泌可能以有机质为主的中央层,随后在中央层的两侧加积无机矿物。Sinotubulites管体近圆筒状,中空,一航较直,两端开口,以多层管套合为特征。管体表面粗糙,具有因管壁褶皱而形成的不规则的横向或纵向比方 饰,依据管体大小和表面纹饰特征可分S.shaanxiensis和S.levis。管壁较厚,表面常具有强 纹饰,反映了该类生物营底栖生活,鉴于S.shaanxiensis的特征,本文将Qinella Zhang,Li et Dong,1992归入Sinotubulites Chen,Chen et Qian,1981,并对属征进行了补充。Cloudina及Sinotubulites代表了动物骨骼化方式的早期演化阶段。通过对管体微细结构观察以及成分测试,表明Cloudina及Sinotubulites管体以生物分泌为主,早期分泌塑性为主的管壁,后期生物分泌或胶结形成矿化的管。管体有机质较多,形态受环境的影响较大。Cloudina管 体具隐－微粒的微细结构,Sinotubulites具有粘结结构特征,属于较为简单、原始的骨骼化类型。     

新元古代陡山沱组具细胞裂殖结构的丝状蓝藻

新元古代陡山沱组丝状蓝藻化石Oscillatoriopsis sp.,具丝状蓝藻化石记录中罕见的细胞分裂结构;其胞壁内陷的二等分裂方式,可能的丝体断裂结构。是现生丝状蓝藻生长和繁殖的典型特征;不具异形胞结构的形态特征,可能与其当时生存的海底表面的缺氧环境有关;这种基底环境,可能有利于Oscillatoriopsis sp。等磷酸盐化化石细节构造的保存。     

西南印度洋中脊热液羽状流中微生物化石的发现及意义

深海热液微生物因其生存于海底极端环境,能够提供深部生物圈和生物地球化学信息而成为当今海洋科学领域关心的热点问题之一.本文以西南印度洋中脊热液羽状流水体中悬浮颗粒物为研究对象,选取典型的3个CTD采水站位,对离底42-500m的不同水层悬浮体过滤的滤膜进行扫描电镜观察和X射线能谱面扫描分析.结果表明,热液羽状流颗粒物中含有大量的微生物化石,包括丝状、球状、杆状和簇状等4种形态.对不同形态微生物化石能谱分析表明Si、O、Ca、Fe和Zn等元素在微生物化石中都有高值出现,其中丝状体中具有Ti和Mn的高值出现,球状体中Ba具有高值,说明微生物化石化过程中不同类型的微生物体对金属元素的选择性吸收,钙化和铁硅酸盐岩化是微生物化石化的主要机制.微生物化石在羽状流中的分布状况能够提供活动热液喷口的空间信息,为我们寻找喷口提供帮助.     

贵州瓮安陡山沱组磷块岩中疑源类化石壳壁超微结构

未经化学处理的原始岩石样品的扫描电镜观察,确定了瓮安陡山沱组型刺饰疑源类Meghystri chospaeridium chadianensis的微结构特征。磷酸盐化疑源类化石由表面棘刺和球体组成,球体分为壳壁和腔体二部分。球体壳壁具黑色外层和白色内层的多层结构。棘刺具有与球体相似的多层状的壳壁和腔体。首次发现了发育于球体表面和体壳壁内部的网格超微结构。球体的腔体内存在的残余有机质。     

小壳化石保存,壳壁成分和显微构造初探

通过大量薄片,初步总结了寒武纪小壳化石的保存类型及其形成过程。论证了以磷质为特征保存的小壳化石原始成分绝大部分经过了次生磷酸盐化改造,相当一部分为钙质,并提出不同壳壁原始成分的鉴定标准,认为磷质小壳化石多层壳壁结构多为成岩次生构造叠加,原生壳壁显微结构罕见。报道了软舌螺化石具有交叉纤晶显微壳壁构造。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7段烃源岩中磷酸盐化的浮游绿藻化石

浮游藻类如绿藻、沟鞭藻、疑源类、硅藻等为具有强大初级生产力的营浮游生活的光合自养型原生生物,因其具有极强的生油能力,是主要的成烃生物。鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长73段是重要的烃源岩,其中的浮游藻类化石一直备受关注。本文使用偏光显微镜、荧光显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱分析仪对来自鄂尔多斯盆地正75GC-1井和高135井中三叠纪延长组长73段的216张烃源岩样品的薄片进行了观察,在其中发现了4种数量丰富的磷酸盐保存的球状微体化石:类型Ⅰ和类型Ⅱ微体化石大小为18～30μm,单核单细胞,化石周围可见较为清晰的膜壳;类型Ⅲ大小为80～120μm,化石周围具有膜壳,膜壳较清晰,内部可见大量2～14μm大小的磷酸盐化小圆球体;类型Ⅳ微体化石大小为90～120μm,具膜壳或不具,内部为大量2～18μm的磷酸盐化微米级群体充填。对化石形态和埋藏学分析认为它们是浮游绿藻化石在胶被结构、细胞结构及细胞群体尚未完全分解前被富含磷酸盐的流体渗透矿化作用形成的。经过与化石绿藻和现生绿藻的广泛对比,将其归属于绿藻门绿藻纲团藻目衣藻科、团藻科以及绿球藻目卵囊藻科,分别建立为4个新属,4个新种:球状拟鞭藻Pseudocar...     

湖北保康白竹磷矿埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组微体化石新材料

埃迪卡拉纪(震旦纪)是早期多细胞生物起源与辐射的重要地质时期,磷酸盐化保存的微体化石则是研究该时期生命演化的重要窗口。目前对我国扬子地台埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组磷酸盐化微体化石的研究主要集中于贵州瓮安等地,其他地区的研究偏少。本次研究报道了保存于湖北保康白竹磷矿埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组磷块岩的微体化石。这些微体化石以三维磷酸盐化形式保存,种类丰富,共计14属21种,包括大型带刺疑源类Asterocapsoides sp.,Dicrospinasphaera sp.,Knollisphaeridium sp.,Mengeosphaera chadianensis,Tanarium conoideum,T.digi-tiforme,T.pilosiusculum,Tianzhushania sp.;球状化石Megasphaera inornata;球状蓝藻Archaeophycus yunnanensis,丝状蓝藻Cyanonema majus,Obruchevella minor,Salome sp.,Siphonophycus septatum,S.robustum,S.typicum,S.kestron;以及多细胞藻类Gremiphyca corymbiata,Thallophyca ramosa,Wengania exquisita,W.globosa。这些微体化石的发现,进一步丰富了白竹磷矿陡山沱组的化石组合,为华南扬子地台陡山沱组的生物地层对比提供了新的材料。     

是胚胎还是藻类？：兼答薛耀松,周传明,唐天福先生

贵州瓮安陡山沱组磷块岩中所产的球状微体化石曾被薛耀松等 ( Xue et al.,1 995)解释为团藻类化石 ,最近被重新解释为早期动物休眠卵和胚胎化石 ( Xiao et al.,1 998)。薛耀松等 ( Xue etal.,1 998;下称薛文 )对动物休眠卵 -胚胎的解释提出六点不同看法 ,并坚持认为这些球状微体化石应为团藻类化石。本文对薛文中所提六点看法进行逐条解答 ,并着重讨论了球状微体化石的大小和丰度 ,磷酸盐化“细胞壁”,生物软体的磷酸盐化过程 ,以及团藻类的生理和生殖特点和陡山沱球状微体化石的不同特征。事实上 ,陡山沱组磷酸盐化动物休眠卵和现代某些甲壳类体眠卵在外表装饰上几乎雌雄难辨 ,陡山沱组球状微体化石的大小、发育过程、卵裂形式以及外层包膜的存在也和动物胚胎的解释相吻合。显然 ,动物休眠卵 -胚胎仍然是对陡山沱球状微体化石的最佳解释。     

陕南寒武系下部宽川铺组帽球状化石*

陕南寒武纪早期宽川铺组微体球状化石类型多样,如何正确辨别这些球状化石的生物属性是当前早期生命演化古生物学研究中的一个难点。我们在宽川铺组中发现了一类为数众多,具有一个或者多个不规则的帽状隆起结构以及翻边帽沿的帽状化石。研究表明这些帽状化石均为不完整的个体,其完整形态呈不规则的凹球形。根据帽球状化石帽身的数量和相对位置,这类化石可划分为"单帽型"、"双帽型"和"复帽型"三种类型。这些凹球状化石呈双层壳壁,内壁光滑,外壁粗糙。因为凹球状化石形态及其表面小孔与微体藻类、后生动物的胚胎以及壳体化石差异都非常显著,所以推测这类化石可能与带壳原生动物亲缘关系最为紧密。     

湖北宜昌樟村坪埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱组磷酸盐化微体化石组合

保存于华南新元古代晚期陡山沱组中的磷酸盐化化石被认为与后生动物起源、真核生物演化有重要联系。位于鄂西黄陵隆起北缘的樟村坪地区,是华南最重要的工业磷矿产地之一,主要磷矿层属于埃迪卡拉纪地层,却鲜有磷块岩化石报道。此次研究利用钻孔样品的大量连续切片,在陡山沱组磷矿层中发现了丰富的保存精美的微体化石,化石组合包括可能的动物胚胎化石Megasphaera inornata;大型具刺疑源类Appendisphaerasp.,Cymatiosphaeroides kullingii,Dicrospinasphaera sp.,Ericiasphaera magna,Weissiella sp.;多细胞藻类Wengania globosa,W.exquisite,Sarcinophycus papilloformis,Thallophyca sp.,以及球状丝状蓝藻化石Archaeophycus yunnanensis,Cyanonema majus,Salome nunavutensis,Obruchevella minor,Siphonophycus kestron,S.typicum,S.robustum,S.septatum。这些微体化石的发现丰富了该区磷酸盐化化石资料,同时该化石组合面貌与黔中地区陡山沱组上磷块岩"瓮安生物群"以及峡东陡山沱组典型硅化生物群都具有相似性,化石层位的探讨也为华南不同沉积相区陡山沱组的地层对比提供了新的参考依据。     

Structure of Micrococcus denitrificans and M. halodenitrificans Revealed by Freeze-etching

S ummary . After freeze-etching, cells of Micrococcus denitrificans and M. halodenitrificans revealed structures similar to those observed in ultrathin sections. Both organisms had a similar cell wall structure. The cell wall was double layered, the smooth surface of which had a delicate granular structure. The cytoplasmic membrane was in 2 parts, both covered with spherical particles 8–12 nm diam. The cytoplasmic membrane possessed rod-shaped invaginations (100–300 × 30–50 nm). The cytoplasm of both species contained inclusions of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid.     

贵州瓮安埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱组磷块岩中具螺旋孔的微体化石

文中对贵州瓮安埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱组磷块岩中一类具螺旋孔的微体球形化石进行形态功能学分析,并与原生动物肉足虫纲的类群进行比较。结果显示它们是一个独立的分类单元,属于单细胞原生动物,并命名为瓮安旋孔虫(新属、新种)(Helico foramina wenganica gen.et sp.nov.),与已报道的胚胎化石很可能没有亲缘关系。虽然这类化石生物很可能属于原生动物肉足虫纲,但还不能归入其已知的目,也许属于新的目一级分类单元。螺旋孔是伪足伸出的孔洞,它们起到了取食、运动和排泄的作用。该类化石生物的个体生长是通过阶段性地脱去外部壳体、再由原生质体分泌出新壳体的方式来实现的。     

Effects of itraconazole on the sporocysts wall of the entomopathogenic fungi Ascosphaera apis as revealed by the scanning electron microscope

The young sporocysts had a wrinkled sporocyst wall, numerous papillae on the wall surface and the wall was granular and porous. In the itraconazole-treated culture, the walls of the young sporocysts were also wrinkled, but the characteristic papillae were replaced by larger lumps which were densely packed and coated the entire surface of the sporocyst wall. The mature sporocysts walls were smooth and possessed numerous papillae. In the itraconazole-treated culture, the walls of mature sporocysts walls were also smooth but possessed densely packed larger lumps instead of papillae. At higher magnification, each of the lumps were found to consist of numerous globules. No pores were observed as they were in the normal sporocyst wall.     

Microbial diversity in the larval gut of field and laboratory populations of the sugarcane weevil Sphenophorus levis (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)

The sugarcane weevil, Sphenophorus levis, is a wide-spread sugarcane pest in Brazil. Sphenophorus levis may depend on microorganisms that inhabit its intestinal tract. We examined the diversity of the gut microbiota of S. levis, which was characterized using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Analysis of 16S rRNA amplified directly from the gut community revealed the presence of 14 genera, one group from the Candidatus category, one uncultured group assigned to the family Flavobacteriaceae, and one uncultured group assigned to the family Enterobacteriaceae; all of them are members of the Alpha-Proteobacteria, Beta-Proteobacteria, Gamma-Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes phyla. Microorganisms isolated through culture-dependent methods were classified according to morphological parameters and by 16S rRNA gene sequences. In addition to bacteria, four filamentous fungi were isolated. A higher bacterial diversity was observed in field populations of larvae than in laboratory populations, according to the Shannon index (Field H' = 3.36; Laboratory H' = 3.26). Five genera of bacteria and two filamentous fungi were found to have cellulolytic activity. This is the first report of S. levis gut microbiota; it may contribute to development of strategies for controlling this sugarcane pest.     

扇脉杓兰花粉超微结构及花粉管生长的观察

为明确扇脉杓兰花粉形态结构及雄性生殖特性,利用扫描电镜、透射电镜和荧光显微镜对花粉形态和超微结构及花粉管生长过程进行观察。结果表明:(1)扇脉杓兰单粒花粉长球形,表面光滑无特征纹饰,有少量胶黏物质,一些表面有2个或以上的深凹陷,凹陷内有球形突起的内容物。(2)花粉壁分为由棒状的基柱小单元组成的外壁和纤维素果胶组成的内壁,有覆盖层;生殖细胞近圆形,细胞核大而致密;营养细胞多弧形,核质分散;花粉粒细胞质含有大量的线粒体、质体和小泡等细胞器,淀粉、蛋白质和多糖含量丰富。(3)花粉管萌发后沿子房壁方向伸长,授粉20d花粉管伸长生长并不明显,授粉30d伸长的花粉管中出现大量胼胝质塞,并且伸长方向转为胚珠中间,花粉管逐渐接近胚珠,在授粉后50d基本完成受精作用。研究认为,扇脉杓兰花粉发育正常,不阻碍有性生殖过程。     

Changes in the organisation of surface rodlets during germination ofSyncephalastrum racemosum sporangiospores

Summary Dormant sporangiospores ofSyncephalastrum racemosum have a regular pattern of rodlets on their surface. During the spherical growth phase of spore germination these rodlets become displaced and areas free from rodlets appear. At the time of germ tube emergence the rodlets remain on the spherical portion of the spore whilst the germ tube has a smooth surface.     

Scanning electron microscopy of dissociated pancreatic acinar cell surfaces

Summary The pancreatic acinar cell surfaces have been studied by SEM with a dissection technique and correlated with results obtained by TEM. The SEM results demonstrate characteristic arrangement of microplicae which in some areas are densely packed.In many areas, the microplicae are distributed in such a manner that they create zones with typical geometrical shapes and show a relatively smooth surface.These smooth areas may coincide, as indicated by correlated TEM results, with the limits of intimate contact between adjacent acinar cells which, in turn, represent part of the junctional complex. Another aspect revealed by these SEM preparations concerns the presence of groups of densely packed microplicae, arranged in regular rows and distributed along some grooves and/or infoldings of the cellular surface. On the basis of SEM and TEM information, it is likely that these structures correspond to intercellular (and possibly, in some cases, intracellular) canaliculi which topographically form a kind of extensive microlabyrinthine arrangement running along all the cell sides.One final point revealed by fractured samples concerns the finding of spherical zymogen droplets within the vesicles of the Golgi complex. Because in many scanning images these vesicles appear connected by small openings, it is suggested that they may represent a system of intercommunicating chambers (vacuoles) through which the zymogen droplets can be continuously accumulated and discharged into the acinar lumen.     

Observations on the chytrid Endocoenobium eudorinae Ingold

New records of the fungus have been obtained from bodies of water in England, Scotland, Switzerland, Italy, Canada and the U.S.S.R. Additional information regarding certain stages in the life history is described and illustrated. Noteworthy are: the presence, within the motile zoospore, of two minute contractile-type vacuoles; and the development, by the zoospore, of short rod-like processes. There is slight evidence that these processes become attached to host flagella and so initiate the first stage in colonization. The hitherto unknown presence of a bunch of finger-like rhizoids within infected host cells is demonstrated. Sporangia may be spherical as well as elongate. Resting spore formation was identical to that already described. As well as spiny-walled spores, those with a smooth wall and with very strongly developed spines giving the surface a bullate appearance were found. On germination, the spore buds out a sporangium. The host range is extended to include Eudorina unicocca and Pandorina morum.     

Structure and differentiation of the cell wall of Phytophthora palmivora: Cysts,hyphae and sporangia

Summary Walls from cysts, hyphae and sporangia of Phytophthora palmivora consist chiefly (ca. 90% dry wt) of -glucans with 1,3-, 1,4- and 1,6-links. The glucans are predominatly -1,3-linked but there are significant differences in the relative proportion of 1,3-, 1,6- and 1,4-linked glucosyl residues among the three wall types. There are also differences in protein content, susceptibility to degradation by various -glucanases, and surface texture. The isolated cyst wall consists solely of a thin fabric of long, tightly interwoven, randomly oriented microfibrils. Both inner and outer surfaces of the cyst wall are distinctly microfibrillar. The hyphal wall has two different textures; the internal surface is distinctly microfibrillar while the external surface is non-fibrillar. In a germinated cyst, there is a zone of demarcation where the microfibrils of the cyst wall disappear into the smooth outer texture of the germ tube wall. An exo--1,3-glucanase preferentially removed the amorphous material of the outer surface of the germ tube leaving exposed a continuous microfibrillar fabric from cyst to hyphal tube. Conceivably, the textural and structural differentiation of the cell wall may play a decisive role in cellular morphogenesis.