新疆塔里木盆地西北缘晚奥陶世疑源类

新疆塔里木盆地西北缘阿克苏和柯坪地区达瑞威尔期末期至凯迪期中期地层发育良好,大湾西沟剖面、四十场剖面和铁热克阿瓦提剖面地层保存良好的疑源类组合。该组合包括20属36种疑源类,以棘刺类、光球类和梭形类占优势。塔里木盆地西北缘疑源类组合与国内、外同期组合对比表明晚奥陶世疑源类古地理分区性减弱,部分疑源类分子分布仅限于晚奥陶世,且古地理分布广泛,具有生物地层学对比的潜力。新疆塔里木盆地西北缘数条剖面疑源类组成和多样性变化的不同可能与小环境的差异有关。本研究中疑源类属种组成及多样性变化趋势和柯坪地区海平面变化一致,反映了萨尔干组到其浪组下部有一次海侵过程。     

早奥陶世疑源类埋藏后的形体及纹饰变化

赖以鉴定的疑源类化石仅保留下褶皱的囊壁而原生质已流失,由于成岩过程中围岩挤压或有机质壳壁干水收缩而使化石轮廓,纹饰发生变化应普遍可见,本文以作者在贵州三都地区阿化尼克期地层发现的Striatotheca principalis保存形态连续变化系列为基础,论述埋藏作用对疑源类保存形态的影响,这是利用埋藏学资料防止属种误订的一个典型示例,对疑源类属种的正确鉴定有重要的意义。     

新疆大湾沟晚奥陶世疑源类

新疆塔里木盆地西北缘大湾沟剖面晚奥陶世地层发现保存良好的疑源类组合。该组合包括17属27种,以棘刺类(特别是Baltisphaeridium)占优势;其次为梭形类,以Navifusa为代表。大湾沟疑源类组合与世界其它地区同期组合对比表明,在晚奥陶世时疑源类古生物地理分区性减弱,不及早—中奥陶世明显。该组合中有13个种仅分布于“Caradoc”—“Ashgill”期,地理分布广泛,因而颇具生物地层学潜力。     

疑源类:元古代和古生代神秘的有机质壁微体化石

疑源类是一类不能归入任何已知生物门类的单细胞原生生物的有机质壁囊孢。大多数疑源类可能是海生真核浮游植物的休眠囊孢。有些疑源类可能是沟鞭藻的囊孢 ,但缺乏足够的形态学证据来确认它们的分类位置。有些疑源类已经确认是绿藻 ,但为了便于研究 ,通常仍然将其包括在疑源类中。因此 ,疑源类是一类起源未知的或不确定的异源的、多源的有机壁微体化石集合体。疑源类的大小变异范围可以从 <10 μm到大于 1m m,但大多数种的大小在 15— 80 μm之间。由于疑源类个体小、数量丰富、分异度高 ,分布广 ,因此它们在生物地层对比、古生物地理学、古环境学研究中非常有用。几乎所有地层中都可以找到疑源类 ,但以晚元古代和古生代最为常见。因为疑源类代表元古代、古生代海洋食物链底层的化石记录 ,所以在全球海洋生态系统的演化上起着非常重要的作用。     

长城系串岭沟组球形疑源类的超微结构

中国天津蓟县古元古代长城系串岭沟组页岩中保存有丰富的球形疑源类化石。本文对这一微化石组合进行了光学生物显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜的对比研究。研究发现,以往一些被作为属征的结构,如,膜壳壁的厚薄、网状纹饰和褶皱等,很可能是生物降解和成岩作用的结果。因此,以前描述的10个不同属的球形疑源类的系统分类有待于重新研究和厘定,也许把它们都归入光面球藻属Leiosphaeridia更合适。在透射电子显微镜下观察,球形疑源类壁的超微结构一致,都分为三层,中间层为电子密度低的较厚层,内层和外层为电子密度高的较薄层。这一特征与现生绿藻非常类似而与蓝藻包鞘明显不同,表明串岭沟组的球形疑源类可能与绿藻有较近的亲缘关系。     

元古代光球疑源类Valerialophostriata（Jank.）的全球分布

Valeria lophostriata是一种具明显纹饰有机壁的球状疑源类微体化石 ,对它的近 30个已知化石记录进行了评论。发现其产地集中在北纬 30°以北 ;并在近 7亿年的时间间隔 ,以双峰态时间分布。因此 ,将它作为重要的生物地层标志是不适宜的。其表面特征的韵律式样可能是Belousov- Zhabotinsky反应的一种显微实例。作者提出该属种的纹饰特征和壳壁的化学成分应是今后深入研究的课题。     

新疆哈密地区晚泥盆世疑源类化石的发现及地质意义

从新疆哈密地区石城子北剖面7件样品获得分异度较高、有机质壁显著炭化保存的疑源类化石,根据其形态特征,共鉴定出14个形态属和15个形态种(其中8个未定种,3个比较种)。结合国内外古生代晚泥盆世已知疑源类组合进行比较,清楚表明当前获得的疑源类组合代表了晚泥盆世海洋微体浮游植物群面貌。我国涉及晚古生代疑源类生物地层的调查研究相对薄弱,而有关晚泥盆世疑源类化石的发现和报道更为匮乏,当前疑源类化石的发现,填补和丰富了新疆乃至国内晚泥盆世疑源类化石研究资料。该发现佐证了关于卡拉麦里洋在早石炭世闭合的认识;作为基础食物链的海洋微体浮游植物是重要成烃生物,晚泥盆世疑源类的保存预示研究区域具有石油、天然气勘察的前景。     

氢氟酸浸解法研究华南陡山沱组燧石结核中硅化疑源类初探

华南埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组燧石结核中保存丰富的疑源类化石,对它们的研究一直以岩石切片为手段,这在很大程度上影响到对其三维形态的恢复、系统分类的讨论,以及不同埋藏相下化石组成的对比。本研究尝试用氢氟酸浸解燧石结核来获取立体保存的疑源类标本。本实验使用4%(体积分数)的稀氢氟酸配合20目和400目尼龙筛网,以每2-3小时一次的频率收集酸浸解残余,从来自宜昌地区晓峰河和五指山剖面的陡山沱组二段燧石结核中获得了一些硅质标本,包括立体保存的球状疑源类和疑似化石的片状标本。其中,球状疑源类保存了膜壳塑性变形、膜壳外板片状装饰、内部小球体等结构特征,与从燧石结核岩石薄片中获得的标本和从磷块岩中酸浸解获得的立体磷酸盐化标本完全可以对比;它们的保存状态显示多数标本为疑源类的硅质铸模。本研究表明,作为岩石薄片法的重要补充,氢氟酸浸解法在分离和研究埃迪卡拉系燧石中保存的硅化疑源类上有较大潜力。     

蚌科钩介幼虫比较形态学研究 I.四个种幼虫的形态

本文报道圆顶珠蚌,鱼尾楔蚌,中国尖嵴蚌,卵形脊嵴蚌育儿囊的特点和钩介幼虫的形态,应用光镜和扫描电镜对四种蚌的钩介幼虫形态进行了观察和比较,结果表明,四种蚌的育儿囊均为外鳃类的同生型,钩介幼虫为有钩型幼虫的大小,形状,壳表面,壳钩,棘刺,幼虫丝,感觉毛等在不同种之间存在着差异,文中对这些特征在分类上的意义进行了讨论。     

蚌科钩介幼虫比较形态学研究──Ⅰ.四个种幼虫的形态

本文报道圆顶珠蚌、鱼尾楔蚌、中国尖嵴蚌、卵形尖嵴蚌育儿囊的特点和钩介幼虫的形态。应用光镜和扫描电镜对四种蚌的钩介幼虫形态进行了观察和比较。结果表明,四种蚌的育儿囊均为外鳃类的同生型,钩介幼虫为有钩型,幼虫的大小、形状、壳表面、壳钩、棘刺、幼虫丝、感觉毛等在不同种之间存在着差异。文中对这些特征在分类上的意义进行了讨论。     

Morphological and ultrastructural studies of some acritarchs from the Lower Cambrian Lükati Formation, Estonia

Six acritarch species from the Lükati Formation were studied using a combination of techniques, including transmitted light, scanning electron (SEM) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopy. New details of wall ultrastructure, surface microsculpture and internal morphology of the vesicle and processes significantly add to the previously known morphological features and increase the understanding of the form-genera Archaeodiscina, Globosphaeridium, Comasphaeridium, Skiagia, Tasmanites and Leiosphaeridia. Examination of microfossils using TEM revealed a substantial variation in wall ultrastructure among acritarchs. The diversity includes four structural types of vesicle wall in addition to their single- and multi-layered structure and the variable thickness of the wall. These are: electron-tenuous and fibrous; electron-dense and homogeneous; electron-dense and homogeneous but perforated by radial canals; and composite laminated structure. Morphologically recognised groupings of acritarchs (acanthomorphic, disphaeromorphic, sphaeromorphic) and tasmanitid taxa appear to be characterised by particular features of the wall structure, although the wall structure in itself may not be directly indicative of systematic relationships. Structurally diverse vesicle walls are observed in Tasmanites and Leiosphaeridia, taxa that both have been interpreted, based on other lines of evidence, to be of prasinophycean (green algal) affinities. The distinct wall ultrastructure of the Leiosphaeridia studied is similar to that of extant green algal genera, which provides evidence that some Cambrian leiosphaerids were chlorophycean algae, probably related to the Order Chlorococcales. Previous research and interpretations of the wall ultrastructure are also briefly discussed.     

河南汝州罗圈村剖面汝阳群白草坪组的微体化石

河南汝州罗圈村白草坪组微体化石丰度大,但分异度低,仅包括具细网状纹饰的Dictyosphaera delica-ta和具刺饰的Shui yousphaeridium pilatumsp.nov.以及少量的带藻Taeniatum sp.。虽然化石组成单调,但总体上与山西永济水幽沟剖面和河南渑池麦尽沟剖面白草坪组的疑源类组合面貌一致。目前,此套化石组合的地质时代有中元古代和新元古代早期两种不同的认识,通过对化石形态特征分析以及与苏格兰西北部早新元古代Torri-don群中发现的一个微体化石组合的对比,文中暂将汝阳群地质时代置于新元古代早期。     

湖北宜昌奥陶系庙坡组疑源类

湖北宜昌地区庙坡组是达瑞威尔阶/桑比阶界线附近的地层,该段地层产出分异度较高,丰度适中的疑源类组合。该组合包括16属,28种,其中7个未定命名种,可与国内、外同期疑源类组合进行对比。庙坡组疑源类组合既产出晚奥陶世特征分子,也产出阿伦尼格期(弗洛阶上部—达瑞威尔阶底部)的特征分子,显示出一定的过渡特色。组合以Baltisphaeridium(17%—52%),Leiosphaeridia(6%—78%)占优势;反映了其沉积环境为离岸较远的外陆棚环境。     

VDAC structure, selectivity, and dynamics

VDAC channels exist in the mitochondrial outer membrane of all eukaryotic organisms. Of the different isoforms present in one organism, it seems that one of these is the canonical VDAC whose properties and 3D structure are highly conserved. The fundamental role of these channels is to control the flux of metabolites between the cytosol and mitochondrial spaces. Based on many functional studies, the fundamental structure of the pore wall consists of one α helix and 13 β strands tilted at a 46° angle. This results in a pore with an estimated internal diameter of 2.5nm. This structure has not yet been resolved. The published 3D structure consists of 19 β strands and is different from the functional structure that forms voltage-gated channels. The selectivity of the channel is exquisite, being able to select for ATP over molecules of the same size and charge. Voltage gating involves two separate gating processes. The mechanism involves the translocation of a positively charged portion of the wall of the channel to the membrane surface resulting in a reduction in pore diameter and volume and an inversion in ion selectivity. This mechanism is consistent with experiments probing changes in selectivity, voltage gating, kinetics and energetics. Other published mechanisms are in conflict with experimental results. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: VDAC structure, function, and regulation of mitochondrial metabolism.     

Ultrastructure of the Circulatory System of the Phoronid Phoronopsis harmeri Pixell, 1912. 2. Main vessels

The ultrastructure of the wall of the main blood vessels of the phoronid Phoronopsis harmeri is described. The walls of the lophophoral and left lateral vessels consist of myoepithelial cells of the coelomic lining (peritoneal cells), a thin basal lamina, and an incomplete endothelial lining. In the head region of the body, the wall of the medial vessel consists of myoepithelial cells of the coelomic lining (peritoneal cells), a basal lamina, and true muscular endothelial cells. The anterior part of the medial vessel functions as the heart. In the anterior part of the body, the medial vessel wall consists of five layers: the external nonmuscular coelothelium, a layer of the extracellular matrix, the internal muscular coelothelium, an internal layer of the extracellular matrix, and an incomplete endothelial lining. The complicated structure of the medial vessel wall may be explained by the superimposition of the lateral mesentery on the ordinary vessel wall.     

Ultrastructural justification for the transfer of Pleistophora anguillarum Hoshina, 1959 to the genus Heterosporis Schubert, 1969

This study presents the ultrastructure of the microsporidian infecting the trunk musculature of Anguilla japonica and originally described as Pleistophora anguillarum Hoshina, 1959. All stages develop within a special structure, the sporophorocyst (SPC), which is equipped with a thick dense wall. This wall grows along with the growth of the parasites within it. Meronts are uni- to binucleate, which divide and steadily give rise to sporonts. During transition to sporonts the cell coat of the meronts increases its thickness, temporarily featuring thick irregular projections. Eventually a uniformly thick sporont wall is formed, then the sporont cells detach themselves from the wall (= future wall of the sporophorous vesicle, SPV) and start a series of divisions to produce sporoblasts. The SPV wall is compact, has no pores and consists of 2 layers. The presence of the SPC justifies the transfer of the species into the genus Heterosporis. Spores from disrupted SPCs are ingested by macrophages and within them are spread into various body tissues including the outermost layers of the epidermis. From here, they can easily be released to the outside and can contaminate the environment while the host is still alive.     

Mapping the growth of fungal hyphae: orthogonal cell wall expansion during tip growth and the role of turgor

By computer-enhanced videomicroscopy, we mapped the trajectory of external and internal cell surface markers in growing fungal hyphae to determine the pattern of cell wall expansion during apical growth. Carbon particles (India ink) were chosen as external markers for tip expansion of Rhizoctonia solani hyphae. Irregularities in the growing apical walls of R. solani served as internal markers. Marker movement was traced in captured frames from the videotaped sequences. External and internal markers both followed orthogonal trajectories; i.e., they moved perpendicular to the cell surface regardless of their initial position in the hyphal apex. We found no evidence that the tip rotates during elongation. The discovery that the cell wall of a growing hypha expands orthogonally has major repercussions on two fronts: 1) It supports the long-held view that turgor pressure is the main force driving cell wall expansion. 2) It provides crucial information to complete the mathematical derivation of a three-dimensional model of hyphal morphogenesis based on the vesicle supply center concept. In three dimensions, the vesicle gradient generated by the vesicle supply center is insufficient to explain shape; it is also necessary to know the manner in which the existing surface is displaced during wall expansion.     

Ultrastructure and ontogeny of a new type of eyespot in dinoflagellates

Summary Ultrastructure and ontogeny of a new type of eyespot in dinoflagellates is described. A marine tidal poolGymnodinium natalense is found to possess a highly organized eyespot whose structure is unique among dinoflagellates. The eyespot is rectangular in ventral view, C-shaped in apical view, and is located posterior to the sulcus. The eyespot is independent of the chloroplast and consists of several (typically six) layers of hemi-cylindrical walls which are concentrically arranged with narrow spacing between them. Each hemicylindrical wall is enclosed by a single unit membrane and is composed of many regularly arranged rectangular crystalline bricks. These crystalline bricks are produced in small vesicles which are formed in the invaginations of the chloroplast. The vesicles containing newly formed crystalline bricks are then transported to the sulcal area to assemble the eyespot. The crystalline bricks are arranged in a neat row within the vesicle termed “eyespot forming vesicle” (EFV), which is located near the sulcus. The hemi-cylindrical wall is constructed within the EFV. Based on the structure of the eyespot, viz. consisting of concentric multi-layered walls, the eyespot is thought to act as a quarter-wave stack antenna.     

三疣梭子蟹精子的发生及超微结构研究

用透射电镜观察三疣梭子蟹的精子发生过程及精子的超微结构。发现精原细胞较大，卵圆形。核大而圆，染色质分散，附着于核膜之内侧。胞质少，内含线粒体和粗面内质网等结构。初级精母细胞比精原细胞略小，卵圆形，核内染色质凝聚成团块，散布于核质中，除线粒体外，胞质中尚含有很多内质网小泡和游离核糖体。次级精母细胞多边形，核卵圆形，染色质致密，线粒体等含量均下降。早期精细胞质中由内质网产生许多颗粒，这些颗粒合并成为大     

疑源类Tianzhushania在贵州瓮安震旦纪陡山沱组磷块岩中的发现

首次报道贵州瓮安地区震旦系陡山沱组磷块岩中的大型具刺凝源类Tianzhushania spinosa及其新种Tianzhushania tuberifera sp.nov.前者形态特征及内部结构与湖北峡尔地区震旦系陡山沱组隧石结核中发现的典型Tianzhushania spinosa 标本（硅化）完全相同,但多数未遭受重力挤压呈球形保存。新种特征明显,也呈球形保存,但内层表面具有明显瘤突,瘤突顶端向外延伸出单一或多条管状制,另外还探讨大型具刺疑源类Tianzhushania属的特征,已定种的地理分布,地层意义和亲缘关系。