不同品种草莓抗氧化能力的分析

为研究不同品种草莓酚类物质与抗氧化能力的相关性,以国内6种主栽草莓品种为原料,研究全果、果汁和果渣等不同部位中总酚、总黄酮含量及其抗氧化能力。结果表明：6种草莓不同部位中总酚、总黄酮含量以及抗氧化能力依次为果渣>全果>果汁,其中‘玫瑰香’总酚、总黄酮含量最高,抗氧化能力最强。草莓不同部位总酚、总黄酮含量与抗氧化能力呈显著相关,说明酚类物质是草莓抗氧化作用的主要物质基础。     

中条山野生葡萄产香酵母的筛选及其混菌发酵对葡萄酒香气成分的影响

【背景】产香酵母可赋予葡萄酒独特的香气,因此,分离筛选优良产香酵母对酿造具有地域风味的特色葡萄酒具有重要意义。【目的】从中条山野生葡萄中筛选产香酵母,进行种群鉴定和生理生化特性研究,并将其应用于葡萄酒发酵过程,研究其对葡萄酒香气成分的影响。【方法】采用稀释涂布平板法从中条山野葡萄中分离筛选酵母菌,对其进行分子生物学鉴定。优选其中具有显著香气的产香酵母,与酿酒酵母F15进行混合发酵,采用气相色谱质谱联用(gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer,GC-MS)对香气成分进行分析,采用半定量法测定香气成分含量。【结果】共分离获得各种菌株13株,26S rRNA基因D1/D2区序列分析表明它们分布于Issatchenkia、Torulaspora、Pichia、Saccharomyces和Rhodotorula等5个不同属内。优选其中一株香气较为浓郁的酵母菌株Issatchenkia orientalis strain XS-6开展研究,结果发现该菌株最高耐受乙醇浓度为8%,最高耐受NaCl浓度为6%,最适生长温度为38℃。与酿酒酵母F15混菌发酵的葡萄酒中共检测出31种香气成分。香气物质总含量较单菌发酵增加19.8%,其中11种香气成分含量增加明显,尤其是具有玫瑰香气的苯乙醇。醇类与酯类物质含量较单菌发酵增加19.6%,并发现了香草酸乙酯(ethyl vanillate)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate)等7种新的酯类物质。【结论】产香酵母XS-6对乙醇、NaCl、温度等具有良好的耐受性,而且与酿酒酵母F15混菌发酵对西拉葡萄酒香气成分具有明显的影响,可能在改善葡萄酒风味方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

不同生长阶段欧李叶片酚类物质含量及其抗氧化性

以4年生‘蒙原’欧李为试验材料,对不同生长阶段欧李叶片中多酚类物质(总酚、总黄酮、原花青素、花青素、黄酮醇)含量及其抗氧化活性(总抗氧化活性、铁离子还原力、DPPH·清除率、·OH清除率)进行了比较分析,为欧李叶片的进一步研究和开发利用提供理论依据。结果表明：(1)欧李叶片各酚类物质含量随着生长期均表现为先增加后降低的变化规律,并均于果实着色膨大期达到最大。(2)各酚类物质的抗氧化活性均表现出与各酚类物质类似的变化规律,除个别有差异外,基本也均于果实着色膨大期达到最高。(3)在果实着色膨大期,欧李叶片各酚类物质含量及其抗氧化活性均表现为总酚最高,总黄酮和原花青素次之,黄酮醇和花青素最低。研究发现,欧李叶片各酚类物质含量与其抗氧化活性存在着明显的协同变化关系,抗氧化活性随着各酚类物质含量的增加或降低而升高或降低;除原花青素和花青素外,着色膨大期是欧李叶片酚类物质含量积累高峰期,同时也是总抗氧化力最高的时期。     

“赤霞珠”葡萄营养系果实中黄酮类物质变化研究

黄酮类物质是葡萄与葡萄酒中重要的生理活性物质,对葡萄酒的感官品质起决定作用。以酿酒葡萄"赤霞珠"(Cabernet Sauvignon,CS)5个营养系为试验材料,分析黄酮类物质的含量差异,为提高黄土高原产区葡萄酒品质提供材料。结果表明:在转色后80 d时"赤霞珠"葡萄营养系可溶性固性物和可滴定酸含量差异不显著,而CS191平均单粒重显著高于其他4个营养系。CS191在转色后80 d时,果皮和种子中总类黄酮、原花色素含量显著高于其他营养系。在转色后80 d时,营养系间果皮中黄烷醇含量差异不显著,但此时期CS170果皮中黄烷醇含量显著高于其他4个营养系。CS191在完熟时果实中总类黄酮和原花色素含量高于其他营养系,CS170果皮中黄烷醇和花色苷含量较其他营养系含量高,均可作为黄土高原地区栽培的高黄酮物质含量的"赤霞珠"品系。     

本土酵母NX11424对赤霞珠葡萄酒发酵中酵母菌多样性及香气成分的影响

【背景】NX11424酵母是一株具有良好发酵特性且能赋予赤霞珠葡萄酒浓郁果香的宁夏本土酿酒酵母。【目的】解析NX11424酵母发酵的赤霞珠葡萄酒中的水果香气特征。【方法】以赤霞珠为材料,设置3个发酵处理：自然发酵、灭菌接种NX11424的发酵和直接接种NX11424的发酵,利用26S rDNA D1/D2区测序分析法鉴定发酵过程中酵母菌的种类,并通过顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术定量测定不同发酵处理下赤霞珠葡萄酒的香气成分及含量。【结果】三个发酵处理下赤霞珠葡萄酒各理化指标无显著性差异。所分离到的酵母菌鉴定为2属3种：萄葡汁有孢汉逊酵母(Hanseniaspora uvarum)、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和布拉迪酵母(Saccharomyces boulardii,S. boulardii);这2属3种均存在于自然发酵中,接种发酵中仅存在H. uvarum和S. cerevisiae两种酵母。三个发酵处理下的赤霞珠葡萄酒中香气物质种类无差异,均为69种;其中,酯类28种,醇类25种,有机酸5种,萜烯类2种和其他类化合物9种;但各发酵处理下香气物质的含量存在显著差异。聚类分析表明,69种香气成分被聚为3类。第1类香气物质包括香茅醇、丙醇等9种成分,其中7种香气物质的含量在灭菌接种发酵中较高;第2类香气物质包括己酸乙酯、棕榈酸乙酯等31种成分,其含量均在直接接种发酵中较高;第3类香气物质包括丁酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯等29种成分,其中27种香气物质的含量在自然发酵中较高。虽然直接接种发酵处理中酵母菌的多样性低于自然发酵处理,但是该处理的赤霞珠葡萄酒中酯类香气物质含量较多,水果香气浓郁,对赤霞珠葡萄酒香气的改善更明显。【结论】NX11424与发酵中的其他本土酵母间的相互作用可以改善葡萄酒的质量,为宁夏本土酵母NX11424在赤霞珠葡萄酒酿造过程中改善葡萄酒质量奠定了坚实的基础。     

3种百合鳞茎中多酚类物质的抗氧化活性分析

以野生百合渥丹、山丹和传统食用的兰州百合为研究对象,对其鳞茎中多酚类物质、11种单体酚的含量及抗氧化活性(ABTS自由基、超氧阴离子、羟自由基的清除能力,铜离子还原能力以及抑制脂质过氧化活性)进行了分析。结果表明:两种野生百合鳞茎中的多酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性均显著高于兰州百合。3种百合鳞茎中单体酚的种类也有所不同,但均含有没食子酸、矢车菊素-3-芸香糖苷、儿茶素、表儿茶素、杨梅酮、芦丁、对香豆酸、山奈酚。相关性分析显示,除对羟自由基的清除力外,各酚类物质总量与不同抗氧化指标之间呈显著正相关关系。试验结果认为,野生百合鳞茎可作为天然抗氧化资源应用于食品和医药业,具有一定的开发应用前景。     

抗性砧木对赤霞珠葡萄叶片白藜芦醇合成过程及含量的影响

为了明确不同抗性砧木对赤霞珠葡萄叶片白藜芦醇含量及其合成过程中前体物质和相关代谢酶活性的影响,分析不同抗性砧木与白藜芦醇合成的关系,以获得提高接穗品种赤霞珠葡萄叶片白藜芦醇含量的抗性砧木。该研究选择弗卡(Fercal)、5C、140R、3309M、3309C、SO4、抗砧3号(Kangzhen3)、5BB为砧木与赤霞珠(CS)葡萄进行嫁接,以赤霞珠自根苗为对照(CK),采用高效液相色谱技术,测定成熟葡萄叶片白藜芦醇以及合成白藜芦醇前体物质苯丙氨酸、肉桂酸、香豆酸含量,并对合成白藜芦醇相关代谢酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、肉桂酸-4-羟化酶(C4H)、4-香豆-辅酶A连接酶(4CL)、过氧化物酶(POD)以及多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性进行测定。结果表明:(1)不同砧木均能提高接穗赤霞珠葡萄叶片白藜芦醇含量11%~46%。(2)在各砧穗组合中,CS/140R嫁接苗叶片的白藜芦醇含量最高达到18.24μg/g,其合成白藜芦醇前体物质苯丙氨酸和香豆酸含量也最高,分别达到38.61和1.06μg/g。(3)在各砧穗组合中,白藜芦醇相关代谢酶PAL活性以CS/3309C嫁接苗叶片最高;嫁接苗叶片代谢酶C4H和4CL活性均高于赤霞珠自根苗;POD和PPO活性均以CS/Fercal的接穗赤霞珠叶片最强。研究发现,不同抗性砧木能显著提高赤霞珠葡萄叶片白藜芦醇含量,相关代谢酶C4H活性对葡萄白藜芦醇的合成至关重要,PPO活性与葡萄叶片白藜芦醇合成也密切相关,CS/140R是8个砧穗组合中提高赤霞珠葡萄叶片白藜芦醇含量最具优势的砧穗组合。     

狭叶红景天引种驯化后抗氧化能力、主要活性物质含量及挥发性组分的变化

以甘肃省甘南藏族自治州碌曲县栽培和野生狭叶红景天为材料,分别对根茎(主根和侧根)的抗氧化能力、可溶性糖、总黄酮、酚类和红景天苷含量,以及挥发性组分进行研究.结果表明: 狭叶红景天栽培根茎的自由基抑制率(I)、铁离子还原/氧化能力(FRAP),以及可溶性糖、总黄酮、酚类和红景天苷含量均显著大于野生根茎;栽培和野生根茎中均含有21种挥发性组分,相对含量较高的为苯乙酮、2-糠醛、棕榈酸等;与野生根茎相比,栽培根茎有15种组分的相对含量增加,主根中相对变化量较大的为3-羟基月桂酸、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚、亚麻酰氯等,侧根为2-乙酰呋喃、对羟苯基乙醇、丁子香酚等.栽培和野生侧根的I、FRAP值,以及总黄酮、酚类和红景天苷含量均显著大于主根.与主根相比,侧根有12种挥发性组分相对含量增加,变化量较大的为3-羟基月桂酸、10,13-十八碳二炔酸甲酯、对羟苯基乙醇等.栽培驯化后狭叶红景天根茎的抗氧化能力、主要活性物质含量及挥发性组分相对含量高于野生狭叶红景天,且侧根的品质更佳.     

遮阳网对酿酒葡萄果实及葡萄酒品质的影响

遮阳网可以通过调节微气候来影响果树的生长和果实的发育。该试验以酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’和‘西拉’为材料,于2015年在新疆和硕进行遮阳网试验,处理时间为转色期(8月5日)至采收前12d(9月5日),探究遮阳网对酿酒葡萄果实和相应葡萄酒相关品质指标的影响。结果表明:(1)遮阳网显著降低了日均温度、光照强度和光合有效辐射,增加了日均湿度,有效改善了葡萄生长的微气候。(2)与露地相比,遮网处理使葡萄果实的横径、纵径和单果重都有所增加;能够显著抑制葡萄果实糖分的过快积累和有机酸的快速降解,进而降低葡萄酒酒精度;能够显著提高葡萄果实和葡萄酒中总酚和总单宁含量,并显著降低总花色苷和总类黄酮含量。(3)采用HPLC法在葡萄和葡萄酒中共检测出9种单体花色苷,在‘赤霞珠’果实中除花青素-3-葡萄糖苷外,其余8种单体花色苷的含量都是露地对照高于遮阳网处理,在‘西拉’果实中除二甲花翠素-3-香豆酰化葡萄糖苷外,其余8种单体花色苷也是露地对照高于遮阳网处理。研究结果为解决炎热产区生产中葡萄成熟过快、葡萄酒酒精度过高等问题以及提高酿酒葡萄和葡萄酒品质具有一定的实际指导意义。     

葡萄叶片中营养物质和叶绿素含量与其对绿盲蝽抗性的关系

【目的】研究葡萄品种的抗性对于绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum综合防控策略的制定具有重要意义。本研究检测了不同葡萄品种对绿盲蝽的抗性水平,分析了叶片中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和叶绿素含量与其对绿盲蝽抗性的关系,以明确不同葡萄品种对绿盲蝽的抗性机理。【方法】以9个葡萄品种(巨峰、玫瑰香、红地球、红宝石、藤稔、赤霞珠、蛇龙珠、霞多丽和品丽珠)为材料,通过连续3年的田间抗性鉴定确定这些葡萄品种对绿盲蝽的抗性水平;分别采用考马斯亮蓝法、蒽酮比色法和乙醇提取法测定不同葡萄品种叶片中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和叶绿素的含量,并通过线性回归法分析这些物质含量与葡萄对绿盲蝽抗性的关系。【结果】不同葡萄品种对绿盲蝽的抗性水平不同,按抗性指数从小到大依次为红地球、玫瑰香、巨峰、赤霞珠、品丽珠、红宝石、蛇龙珠、藤稔和霞多丽;不同葡萄品种叶片中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和叶绿素含量存在差异;可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量与抗性指数之间没有显著相关性,而可溶性糖含量与抗性指数之间存在显著负相关(P0.05)。【结论】不同葡萄品种对绿盲蝽的抗性存在显著差异,藤稔和霞多丽对绿盲蝽具有较高抗性,而红地球、玫瑰香和巨峰则较为敏感,该差异可能与葡萄叶片中可溶性糖的含量有关。     

Effective extraction of oligomeric proanthocyanidin (OPC) from wild grape seeds

The Oligomeric proanthocyanidin (OPC) in green and black tea, grape seeds, grapes and wine has raised much attention but that OPC in wild grape seed remains to be intensively investigated. This study investigated the total OPC contents and total antioxidant activity of wild grape seeds and developed an efficient extraction process with various temperatures, solvent compositions and times. Also, a chromatography column packed with the Dia-ion HP-20 resin was used for further purification of the OPC. The total OPC contents were determined with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and the antioxidant activity using total antioxidant potential (TAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The yield of final purified OPC was 1.78 (+)-catechin equivalent (CE) g/100 g, with IC₅₀ activities of TAP and DPPH of 31.60 and 15.70 μg/mL. These activities of the final purified OPC were about two times higher than that of the BHA used as a reference sample.     

Influence of Berry Heterogeneity on Phenolics and Antioxidant Activity of Grapes and Wines: A Primary Study of the New Winegrape Cultivar Meili (Vitis vinifera L.)

Wine grapes are usually harvested in vineyards when they ripen. However, not all of the berries in a vineyard ripen homogeneously because of different microclimates around the clusters and berries. In this study, the influence of berry heterogeneity on the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of grapes and wines under a continental monsoon climate was evaluated for a new wine grape cultivar Meili (Vitis vinifera L.). The total phenolic, flavonoid, flavanol, and monomeric anthocyanin contents in the skin and wine significantly increased with grape density; however, there was no significant difference in the seeds between the two lower densities. The highest values of DPPH free radical-scavenging activity, cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity, and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity in the skin, seed and wine were detected for the densest berries. The sum of individual phenolic compounds in skin, seed and wine increased with berry density, though no significant difference for skin was observed between the two higher density classes. Hence, the chemical components of Meili grapes and wines were positively associated with the berry density at harvest under the continental monsoon climate.     

Free radical scavenging of grape pomace extracts from Cabernet sauvingnon (Vitis vinifera)

Pressed grape pomace obtained from the wine production of Cabernet sauvignon (Vitis vinifera) vintage was dried until 9.8% moisture content, ground and submitted to extraction of soluble components from different extraction techniques. Low pressure extractions were performed with ethanol maceration followed by fractionation with n-hexane, dichloromethane, butanol and ethyl acetate. These solvents were furthermore applied for soxhlet extraction. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was also performed to obtain grape pomace extracts by using pure CO(2) and CO(2) with ethanol as co-solvent in concentrations of 10, 15 and 20%w/w. The operating condition used in high pressure extractions was 150bar and 40 degrees C. The antioxidant activity of the grape pomace extracts was determined considering the free radical scavenging assay using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and was correlated with the total phenol content determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The results obtained in DPPH tests indicate the highest antioxidant activity of 96.6+/-0.3%AA, with an IC(50) value of 13+/-1, for the extracts obtained with ethyl acetate in solid-liquid extraction. The highest yield values were achieved in soxhlet extraction with ethanol (13.2%w/w) and with butanol (12.2%w/w), and also by SFE with 15% ethanol (9.2%w/w). The lipophilic composition of grape pomace extracts was evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with the identification of components like linoleic acid and ethyl linoleate, with important therapeutic activities.     

Kinetic analysis of antioxidant capacity of wine

A competition kinetics procedure for measuring total antioxidant capacity in wine is described. This procedure is based on the "crocin bleaching test" [28] as modified for analyzing the antioxidant capacity of complex mixtures [24]. The antioxidant capacity of white wines ranged from 0.08 to 1.2 mM equivalents of the reference antioxidant (Trolox C), while for red wines values ranging from 6.4 to 41.9 mM have been obtained. Although a correlation exists between antioxidant capacity and total phenol content of wines, due to the variable reactivity of different phenol groups, the analysis of the phenol content provides only a crude indication of the actual antioxidant capacity. The analysis of antioxidant capacity on different polyphenol classes, separated by solid phase extraction, indicated that anthocyanins are the major antioxidants of young red wines, and tannins of old red wines and white wines. Several vintages of the same grape have been analyzed and the expected decrease of antioxidant capacity upon ageing was not observed, although spectrophotometric analysis clearly demonstrated the shift from anthocyanin monomers to polymers. Artificial ageing by stirring under air produced a rapid decrease (30 min) of antioxidant capacity followed by an increase (up to two weeks), but not any significant modification of the spectrophotometric chemical age factor. Since neither natural nor artificial ageing present a clear-cut relationship with a decrease of antioxidant capacity, we could conclude that the a priori assumption that an old wine contains less antioxidant capacity, although popular, is not fully correct.     

Evaluation of Non-Saccharomyces Yeasts for the Reduction of Alcohol Content in Wine

Over recent decades, the average ethanol concentration of wine has increased, largely due to consumer preference for wine styles associated with increased grape maturity; sugar content increases with grape maturity, and this translates into increased alcohol content in wine. However, high ethanol content impacts wine sensory properties, reducing the perceived complexity of flavors and aromas. In addition, for health and economic reasons, the wine sector is actively seeking technologies to facilitate the production of wines with lower ethanol content. Nonconventional yeast species, in particular, non-Saccharomyces yeasts, have shown potential for producing wines with lower alcohol content. These yeast species, which are largely associated with grapes preharvest, are present in the early stages of fermentation but, in general, are not capable of completing alcoholic fermentation. We have evaluated 50 different non-Saccharomyces isolates belonging to 24 different genera for their capacity to produce wine with a lower ethanol concentration when used in sequential inoculation regimes with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine strain. A sequential inoculation of Metschnikowia pulcherrima AWRI1149 followed by an S. cerevisiae wine strain was best able to produce wine with an ethanol concentration lower than that achieved with the single-inoculum, wine yeast control. Sequential fermentations utilizing AWRI1149 produced wines with 0.9% (vol/vol) and 1.6% (vol/vol) (corresponding to 7.1 g/liter and 12.6 g/liter, respectively) lower ethanol concentrations in Chardonnay and Shiraz wines, respectively. In Chardonnay wine, the total concentration of esters and higher alcohols was higher for wines generated from sequential inoculations, whereas the total concentration of volatile acids was significantly lower. In sequentially inoculated Shiraz wines, the total concentration of higher alcohols was higher and the total concentration of volatile acids was reduced compared with those in control S. cerevisiae wines, whereas the total concentrations of esters were not significantly different.     

河西走廊不同产地‘赤霞珠’酿酒葡萄果实品质评价

为了确定河西走廊地区‘赤霞珠’酿酒葡萄核心品质指标,建立‘赤霞珠’酿酒葡萄品质综合评价模型。从张掖、武威、嘉峪关3个酿酒葡萄主产市的代表性果园采集6份‘赤霞珠’葡萄样品进行品质测定,通过主成分分析和聚类分析法确定‘赤霞珠’葡萄核心品质指标,运用层次分析法确定指标权重并建立‘赤霞珠’葡萄品质综合评价模型。结果表明:(1)不同产地‘赤霞珠’酿酒葡萄品质指标存在明显差异性,张掖市国风葡萄酒庄园的‘赤霞珠’葡萄果糖、蔗糖、草酸、柠檬酸含量均高于其他地区,且可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、总酚、苹果酸含量在各产地中也均保持在最高水平。(2)相关性分析发现,葡萄果实葡萄糖含量与可溶性固形物含量、果糖与可溶性糖含量之间呈极显著正相关,固酸比和糖酸比均与可滴定酸含量呈极显著负相关关系。(3)综合主成分分析、聚类分析和相关性分析结果,确定维生素C(Vc)、单宁、果糖和固酸比是‘赤霞珠’葡萄核心品质指标,应用层次分析法建立了‘赤霞珠’葡萄品质综合评价模型为Y=0.0960×Vc含量+0.1611×单宁含量+0.2771×果糖含量+0.4568×固酸比(各指标含量均经过标准化处理)。研究发现,河西走廊地区‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实品质最佳产地是张掖市,果实Vc、单宁、果糖和固酸比是‘赤霞珠’葡萄的核心品质指标,以其建立的评价模型可用于‘赤霞珠’葡萄品质的综合评价。     

Evaluation of Fermentation Efficiency of Yeast Strains and their Effect on Quality of Young Wines

The yeast has important role in fermentation of wine grapes and wine quality. The fermentation of wine grapes affect by efficiency of particular yeast strain, sugar content, pH, available temperature, etc. To evaluate the efficiency of yeast strains (Premier Cuvee, RS-1, RS-2, RS-3 and natural), present study was conducted on two wine grape varieties viz.; Sauvignon Blanc (White) and Cabernet Sauvignon (Red). Efficiency of yeast strains was evaluated in terms of conversion rate of sugar into alcohol. As per recorded data, strain RS-3 (Pichia kudriavzevii) was found more efficient than other strains in fermentation of Cabernet Sauvignon with efficiency of 84.4 per cent but in case of Sauvignon Blanc, the commercial culture Premier Cuevee was found superior over RS-3. The quality parameters of young wines of both the varieties were also affected by the used strains. Considering the efficiency and impact on various parameters of wines, local strain, i.e., RS-3 was found at par with commercial culture (Premier Cuvee). The RS-3 strain has potential to produce quality wines. However, studies on effects of RS-3 strain on some specific quality parameters of wines like varietal aroma compounds, flavours etc. are needed.     

Soil Types Effect on Grape and Wine Composition in Helan Mountain Area of Ningxia

Different soil types can significantly affect the composition of wine grapes and the final wine product. In this study, the effects of soil types on the composition of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wine produced in the Helan Mountains were evaluated. Three different representative soil types—aeolian, sierozem and irrigation silting soil were studied. The compositions of grapes and wines were measured, and in addition, the weights of 100-berry samples were determined. The grapes that grown on the aeolian and sierozem soils matured sooner than those grown on the irrigation silting soil. The highest sugar content, total soluble solids content, sugar to acid ratio and anthocyanin content were found in the grapes that grown on the aeolian soil. The wine produced from this soil had improved chroma and tone and higher-quality phenols. The grapes grown on the sierozem soil had the highest total phenol and tannin contents, which affected the wine composition. The grapes grown on the irrigation silting soil had higher acidities, but the remaining indices were lower. In addition, the grapes grown on the aeolian soil resulted in wines with better chroma and aroma. The sierozem soil was beneficial for the formation of wine tannins and phenols and significantly affected the wine composition. The quality of the grapes from the irrigation silting soil was relatively low, resulting in lower-quality wine.     

Timing of malolactic fermentation inoculation in Shiraz grape must and wine: influence on chemical composition

Malolactic fermentation (MLF) is an integral step in red winemaking, which in addition to deacidifying wine can also influence the composition of volatile fermentation-derived compounds with concomitant affects on wine sensory properties. Long-established winemaking protocols for MLF induction generally involve inoculation of bacteria starter cultures post alcoholic fermentation, however, more recently there has been a trend to introduce bacteria earlier in the fermentation process. For the first time, this study shows the impact of bacterial inoculation on wine quality parameters that define red wine, including wine colour and phenolics, and volatile fermentation-derived compounds. This study investigates the effects of inoculating Shiraz grape must with malolactic bacteria at various stages of alcoholic fermentation [beginning of alcoholic fermentation (co-inoculation, with yeast), mid-alcoholic fermentation, at pressing and post alcoholic fermentation] on the kinetics of MLF and wine chemical composition. Co-inoculation greatly reduced the overall fermentation time by up to 6 weeks, the rate of alcoholic fermentation was not affected by the presence of bacteria and the fermentation-derived wine volatiles profile was distinct from wines produced where bacteria were inoculated late or post alcoholic fermentation. An overall slight decrease in wine colour density observed following MLF was not influenced by the MLF inoculation regime. However, there were differences in anthocyanin and pigmented polymer composition, with co-inoculation exhibiting the most distinct profile. Differences in yeast and bacteria metabolism at various stages in fermentation are proposed as the drivers for differences in volatile chemical composition. This study demonstrates, with an in-depth analysis, that co-inoculation of yeast and bacteria in wine fermentation results in shorter total vinification time and produces sound wines, thus providing the opportunity to stabilise wines more rapidly than traditional inoculation regimes permit and thereby reducing potential for microbial spoilage.     

Screening for the production of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes by non-Saccharomyces wine yeasts

AIMS: The objective of this study was to investigate what types of enzymes are being produced by non-Saccharomyces yeasts isolated from grapes in South Africa vineyards and clarified grape juice. These enzyme profiles could pave the way for attributing specific effects in wine to some of these enzymes produced by so-called wild yeasts associated with grape must. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study 245 yeast isolates, belonging to the genera Kloeckera, Candida, Debaryomyces, Rhodotorula, Pichia, Zygosaccharomyces, Hanseniaspora and Kluyveromyces were screened for the production of extracellular pectinases, proteases beta-glucanases, lichenases, beta-glucosidases, cellulases, xylanases, amylases and sulphite reductase activity. These yeasts, representing 21 species, were previously isolated from grapes and clarified grape juice. The production of all extracellular hydrolytic enzymes screened for was observed except beta-glucosidase activity. The amount and range of enzymes produced varied with different isolates of the same species. CONCLUSION: This study clearly revealed the potential of non-Saccharomyces wine yeasts to produce a wide range of useful extracellular enzymes during the initial phase of wine fermentation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Enzymes produced by indigenous yeasts associated with grapes and juice might be harnessed to catalyse desired biotransformations during wine fermentation.