华南人工林凋落物养分及其转移

对华南 5种人工林凋落物量、凋落物养分及绿叶养分含量的测定结果表明 ,各种人工林凋落物量大小依次为 :马占相思 (11.1t·hm-2 ) >湿地松 (7.3t·hm-2 ) >荷木 (6 .5t·hm-2 ) >大叶相思 (4.8t·hm-2 ) >柠檬桉(2 .6t·hm-2 ) .马占相思通过落叶回归土壤的养分量高于其它类型 .5种人工林均通过养分转移机制 ,大量从枯老叶中转移N、P、K养分 ,其中马占相思转移的养分量最大 ,营养转移的季节性差别较大 .各种人工林对其它元素的转移现象不确定 .     

马占相思 (Acacia mangium)与湿地松 (Pinus elliotii)人工林枯落物层的水文生态功能

分析了马占相思与湿地松人工林枯落物的蓄积量、年凋落量及凋落动态、枯落物层对大气降水的截留、以及枯落物抑制土壤水分蒸发和阻滞径流的效应.结果表明①15龄的马占相思林枯落物蓄积量32.3t/hm2,年凋落量11.14t/hm2,最大持水率253.7%,最大持水量28.26t/hm2;15龄的湿地松林枯落物蓄积量18.7t/hm2,年凋落量7.30t/hm2,最大持水率216.7%,最大持水量15.82hm2;②2种林分对大气降水的截留率分别为15.9%和11.7%,截留率随1次降水降水量(>10mm)的增加而减少;③2～4cm枯落物覆盖下不同含水量的土壤水分蒸发比无覆盖的土壤减少18.2%～78.3%,枯落物层减少土壤水分蒸发的效应随枯落物层厚度和土壤含水量的增大而增加;④2种枯落物对径流流出时间的阻滞效应随径流深(<3mm)和坡度的增加而减小,随枯落物层厚度的增加呈直线增加.通过与部分其它森林类型枯落物层水文生态功能比较,认为马占相思与湿地松林枯落物层具有较为优越的水文生态功能.     

马占相思（Acacia mangium）也湿地松（Pinus elliotii）人工林枯落物层的水文生态功能

分析了马占相思与湿地松人工林枯落物的蓄积量、年凋落量及凋落动态、枯落物层对大气降水的截留、以及枯落物抑制土壤水分蒸发和阻滞径流的效应。结果表明：①15龄的马占相思林枯落物蓄积量32.3t/hm^2,年凋落量11.14t/hm^2,最大持水率253.7％,最大持水量28.26t/hm^2;15龄的湿地松林枯落物蓄积量18.7t/hm^2,年凋落量7.30t/hm^2,最大持水率216.7%,量大持水量15.82hm^2;②2种林分对大气降水的截留率分别为15.9%和11.7%,截留率随1次降水降水量（＞10mm）的增加而减少;③2-4cm枯落物覆盖下不同含水量的土壤水分蒸发比无覆盖的土壤减少18.2%-78.3%,枯落物层减少土壤水分蒸发的效应随枯落物层厚度和土壤含水量的增大而增加;④2种枯落物对径流流出时间的阻滞效应随径流深（＜3mm）和坡度的增加而减小,随枯落物层厚度的增加呈直线增加。通过与部分其它森林类型枯落物层水文生态功能比较,认为马占相思与湿地松林枯落物层具有较为优越的水文生态功能。     

华南典型人工林凋落物的持水特性

对于华南地区的杉木 (Cunninghamialanceolata) 林、马尾松 (Pinusmassoniana) 林、湿地松 (Pinuselliottii) 林、马占相思 (Acaciamangium) 林和尾叶桉 (Eucalyptusurophylla) 林的凋落物的储量、持水量、持水率和吸水速率进行了研究。结果表明, 杉木林的凋落物的干重 (6.5× 10 3 kg·hm-2 ) 最大, 其次是马尾松林和马占相思林 (5.5× 10 3 kg·hm-2 ), 而湿地松林 (4.1× 10 3 kg·hm-2 ) 和尾叶桉林较小 (4.0× 10 3 kg·hm-2 ) 。凋落物持水量呈现杉木林 >马占相思林 >尾叶桉林 >马尾松林 >湿地松林。各林分凋落物的最大持水量为杉木林 17.9× 10 3 kg·hm-2, 马占相思林 14.8× 10 3 kg·hm-2, 尾叶桉林 14.0× 10 3 kg·hm-2, 马尾松林 10.6× 10 3 kg·hm-2, 湿地松林 9.8× 10 3 kg·hm-2 。尾叶桉林、杉木林、马占相思林、湿地松林和马尾松林的凋落物最大持水率分别为 35 1%、2 74 %、2 6 9%、2 35 %和 191%。凋落物持水量和凋落物持水率随着浸泡时间的增加按照对数方程增加。 5种林分中尾叶桉林的凋落物吸水速率在各浸泡时间后居首位, 杉木林和马占相思林中等, 湿地松林较小, 而马尾松林最小, 各林分的凋落物的吸水速率随浸泡时间的增长按方程Y =a +b·t-1下降。     

磨盘山天然次生林凋落物数量及动态

以磨盘山5.76hm2天然次生林群落固定监测样地为平台,均匀布设144个凋落物收集器,于2006年每月末(4—11月)连续收集其凋落物,用以分析群落尺度上的凋落物产量、组成及时空变化。结果表明,天然次生林年凋落量为3039.6 kg/hm2,以凋落叶(2499.2 kg/hm2)所占的比例最大,占年凋落量的82.22%,而凋落枝仅占年凋落量的9.92%,花果皮等所占比例更小,占总量的5%以下。1a内,凋落物收集器内共收集到42种树木的凋落叶,占样地内树种总数(46种)的91.30%,其中花曲柳(Fraxinus rhynchophylla)、核桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)和蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)3个树种的凋落叶占落叶总量的82.97%,为叶凋落量的主要来源。不同收集器之间凋落量存在较大差异,99个收集器的年凋落量在200—400 g,2个收集器超过600 g;单个收集器全年最多可收集到19种树种的凋落叶,收集到凋落叶种数12种的收集器最多(29个)。凋落量月动态呈单峰型,69.78%的凋落量产生于9—10月份,叶凋落量月动态与凋落总量变化相同。落叶以秋季为主,但树种间叶凋落节律存在差异,其中核桃楸叶的凋落高峰集中在8—9月,花曲柳和春榆(Ulmus japonica)集中在9—10月,色木槭(Acer mono)为10月,蒙古栎叶为10—11月。     

马占相思人工林生态系统的碳格局及其动态模拟

采用BIOME-BGC模型对广东鹤山的马占相思(Acaciamangium)人工林生态系统1985～2100年间的碳格局及其动态变化进行了模拟.结果表明,马占相思生物量在前12 a增长较快,之后增长缓慢,最终达到300 t hm-2;预计2100年马占相思生物量在干、根、叶中的分配分别为73.91%、21.74%和4.35%.马占相思人工林的碳贮量在前12 a增长较快,之后增长缓慢并最终维持在325 t C hm-2左右,在造林初始阶段主要分布于土壤中,之后在植被、土壤和凋落物3大碳库中的分配分别为43.08%、52.30%和4.62%;马占相思净初级生产力(NPP)在4～12 a较大,最大可达11 t C hm-2,之后下降至3～6 t C hm-2;马占相思叶面积指数(LAI)前3 a增长迅速,5 a达到7.84,之后下降,约为2.7～5.0;LAI与NPP的回归分析结果显示LAI可能是限制马占相思林NPP增长的主要因子.模拟结果还显示马占相思林前期生长迅速,但随后生长缓慢,叶生物量还出现负增长现象.因此,我国南亚热带地区在以马占相思作为先锋树种进行地带性森林植被恢复时,可在12 a后进行林分改造.     

格氏栲天然林与人工林凋落物数量、养分归还及凋落叶分解(英文

通过对中亚热带格氏栲天然林(natural forest of Castanopsis kawakamii。约150年生)、格氏挎和杉木人工林(monoculture plantations of C．kawakamii and Cunninghamia lanceolata,33年生)凋落物数量与季节动态、养分归还及凋落叶分解与其质量的关系为期3a的研究表明。林分年均凋落量及叶所占比例分别为：格氏栲天然林11．01t／hm^1。59．70t／hm^2;格氏栲人工林9．54％。71．98％;杉木人工林5．47t／hm^2。58．29％。格氏栲天然林与人工林凋落量每年只出现1次峰值(4月份)。而杉木林的则出现3次(4或5月份、8月份和11月份)。除杉木林的Ca和格氏栲人工林的Mg年归还量最大外。N、P、K及养分总归还量均以格氏栲天然林的为最大。杉木人工林的最小。分解la后格氏栲天然林中格氏栲叶的干重损失最大(98．16％)。杉木叶的最小(60．78％)。C／N及木质素／N比值与凋落叶分解速率呈显著负相关。而N、水溶性化合物初始浓度与分解速率呈显著正相关。与针叶树人工林相比,天然林的凋落物数量大、养分归还量高、分解快。具有良好自我培肥地力的能力。因此。保护和扩大常绿阔叶林资源已成为南方林区实现森林可持续经营的重要措施之一。     

沂蒙山区不同森林类型凋落物量及其动态特征

凋落物在森林养分循环中起重要作用,受森林类型、气候带等因素的影响。本文研究了沂蒙山区黑松(Pinus thunbergii Parl.)人工林、栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis Bl.)人工林和天然次生林的凋落物总量和组分的动态特征。天然次生林年凋落物总量(3368 kg/hm2)高于栓皮栎人工林(3256 kg/hm2)高于黑松人工林(3212 kg/hm2),森林类型间差异不显著。3种森林类型的凋落物月总量呈双峰曲线,最大峰值在10—11月,次峰值在4—5月,最小峰值出现时间不同:黑松人工林为12月,另两种森林类型为7月。针叶凋落量和比例、碎屑凋落量表现为黑松人工林高于天然次生林高于栓皮栎人工林,而阔叶凋落量和比例、果凋落量的比例则相反。枝凋落量在森林类型间无显著差异。线性回归分析表明,凋落物总量月动态受最低和最高气温的影响。针叶凋落量受最低气温、最高气温和最大降水量影响;阔叶凋落量受最低气温影响;枝凋落量受降水量、风速和最大降水量影响;果凋落量受气温、风速和降水量影响。结果阐明了暖温带森林类型对凋落物量及组分动态特征的影响,可为其养分循环特征提供数据支撑。     

华南典型人工林土壤有机碳库及其稳定性特征研究

研究了华南地区4种25年林龄的典型人工林土壤有机碳库及其稳定性特征。测定了林内0～10 cm和10～20 cm层土壤的有机碳(Total organic carbon,TOC)含量、易分解碳库/稳定性碳库大小以及土壤微生物生物量碳。结果表明,4种林型土壤TOC含量为:马占相思林大叶相思林湿地松林荷木林,其中豆科人工林(马占相思和大叶相思林)的TOC含量显著高于非豆科人工林(湿地松和荷木林)。在表土层(0～10 cm),荷木林易分解碳库最大(7.80 mg g-1),易分解性碳潜在周转时间最短(49 d),马占相思林易分解碳库最小(2.14 mg g-1),占总碳量也最小(8.63%),说明马占相思林土壤有机碳库比其它人工林具有更好的稳定性。4种人工林表土层土壤微生物量碳含量为马占相思林湿地松林大叶相思林荷木林,马占相思林显著高于其它3种人工林,表土层微生物量碳含量格局与土壤有机碳含量相似,较高的微生物量有利于更多的枯枝落叶转化为土壤有机碳。在亚表土层(10～20 cm),大叶相思林土壤微生物量碳最大,马占相思林最小,与表土层的格局相反,但亚表土层微生物碳总含量并不高。因而,人工林土壤有机碳积累水平与土壤有机碳的稳定性及表层土壤微生物量有关。     

杉木、木荷纯林及其混交林凋落物量和碳归还量

2005年5月-2007年4月,研究了福建省建瓯市水土保持科教园内19年生杉木人工林、木荷人工林和杉-荷混交林凋落物量和碳归还量.结果表明：3种人工林的年均凋落物量分别为2470.85、4171.96和4285.99 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,不同人工林中凋落物均以落叶为主,占林分年总凋落量的68.62%～87.26%.杉木人工林凋落物量在每年的4-5月、7月和12月出现3次较大峰值,而木荷人工林和杉-荷混交林凋落物量的峰值仅出现在每年的3月份.与人工纯林相比,混交林促进了阔叶树种的单株凋落物量增加,但抑制了针叶树种的凋落物量.落叶是3种人工林凋落物碳归还的主体,人工林碳年归还总量大小顺序与年均凋落量相同,其中杉-荷混交林最高(2.12 t·hm^-2·a^-1),杉木人工林最低(1.19 t·hm^-2·a^-1).与针叶和阔叶人工纯林相比,针阔混交林的凋落量大、碳归还量高,具有良好的碳吸存能力.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.