四倍体刺槐枝条韧皮部总蛋白质双向电泳体系建立及应用

采用TCA/丙酮法对四倍体刺槐枝段韧皮部全蛋白质进行提取,通过对IPG胶条pH梯度、分离胶浓度的选择,上样量、等电聚焦条件的优化,建立起四倍体刺槐枝段韧皮部蛋白质双向电泳体系。研究结果表明:采用TCA/丙酮法提取四倍体刺槐枝段韧皮部全蛋白质,选用pH4-7的17 cm IPG胶条,考马斯亮蓝染色上样量550μg,等电聚焦IEF聚焦总伏小时数从60 000 Vh提高到80 000 Vh,并采用12%的分离胶对四倍体刺槐枝段韧皮部全蛋白进行双向电泳,能得到背景清晰、蛋白质点数相对较多,分离度高且重复性好的电泳图谱。利用建立的体系进行双向电泳分离蛋白质,能直接挖点送质谱分析。采用该体系分析四倍体刺槐硬枝扦插生根愈伤组织阶段蛋白质表达差异,共筛选出83个差异蛋白质点,其中上调蛋白15个,新产生蛋白22个,下调蛋白22个,缺失表达24个。     

利用TMT标记结合2DLC-MS/MS技术对水牛卵母细胞体外成熟前后差异蛋白质组的分析

本试验利用TMT标记并结合二维高效液相色谱/串联质谱联用的研究策略对水牛卵母细胞成熟前后差异蛋白质组进行分析。试验首先收集水牛成熟前卵母细胞和成熟后卵母细胞,分别提取卵母细胞这两个时期的蛋白质,酶解蛋白后进行TMT标记,其中TMT-126标记成熟后的肽段,TMT-129标记成熟前的肽段,标记后采用强阳离子交换柱对酶解得到的肽段进行分离,接着进行nano LC分离,质谱分析采用在线连接电喷雾串联Orbitrap的方法,最后使用SEQUEST软件进行数据库搜索,采用生物信息学方法对鉴定得到的差异蛋白质进行初步分析。根据定量差异倍数≥2即认为蛋白表达存在差异,鉴定出卵母细胞成熟前高表达的蛋白有18种,成熟后高表达的蛋白有26种。对这些差异蛋白进行生物信息学分析表明,利用TMT标记并结合二维高效液相色谱/串联质谱联用的研究策略可以有效地分离和鉴定水牛卵母细胞成熟前后的蛋白质。本试验发现可能与水牛卵母细胞成熟相关的标志性蛋白:调控细胞凋亡蛋白(BCL2L10)、胎球蛋白(AHSG)、伴侣蛋白(Erp29),这可能为今后研究水牛卵母细胞成熟前后的蛋白质表达变化规律提供了试验依据。     

双峰驼卵泡发育过程中卵泡液差异蛋白质组学

为了比较双峰驼卵泡发育过程中卵泡液中差异表达的蛋白质,将卵泡按照直径分为6 类,运用双向电泳技术构建双峰驼卵泡液蛋白质二维凝胶电泳图谱,凝胶经考马斯亮蓝染色后用PDQuest 8. 0 检测差异蛋白,结果表明在6 类大小不同的卵泡中共检测到13 个差异蛋白点,这些蛋白点经LC -MS/ MS 鉴定出7 种不同的蛋白质,它们分别是:血红蛋白、toll-like 受体9、抗凝血酶、聚泛素、γ 纤维蛋白原、重组活化蛋白1 和跨膜与卷曲螺旋域3。基于这些蛋白的功能和表达模式,结合实验结果讨论了这些蛋白质在生殖中的功能,发现toll-like 受体9、聚泛素、γ 纤维蛋白原和重组活化蛋白1 可能与卵泡发育或卵母细胞的成熟有关。这些蛋白质的发现为了解双峰驼卵泡发育和卵母细胞成熟的生理机制奠定基础。     

果梅完全花与不完全花的差异蛋白分析

应用双向电泳技术对果梅完全花与不完全花的蛋白质组分进行了比较分析。经专业分析软件（PDQuest）对电泳图谱分析表明两者的蛋白分布相似,在完全花中发现了1个特异蛋白、1个上调蛋白、21个下调蛋白,在不完全花中发现2个特异蛋白,这些蛋白差异点可能与雌蕊的败育有关。应用质谱技术对3个特异点及5个差异大的蛋白点进行分析,得到的肽段数据与蛋白质数据库比对发现其中一个蛋白（28．2kD,pI4．53）与光敏色素B有关。     

小麦根蛋白提取与双向电泳方法的优化与应用

为了建立一套适合小麦根蛋白质组分析的双向电泳系统（2-DE）,得到更加清晰的电泳图谱,本研究以小麦幼苗根系为材料,对根蛋白的提取方法、上样量等进行了优化。研究发现,上样量为1200μg时,Trizol抽提法提取的蛋白能够获得图像清晰、分辨率高、重复性好的双向电泳图谱,基本满足小麦根系蛋白质组学的分析和研究。     

结肠癌蛋白质双向电泳技术的建立

目的:建立结肠癌13cm和24cm非线性分离系统的2-D图谱,分析比较两者的分辨率.方法:提取结肠癌总蛋白,用pH3-10非线性干胶条对样品进行等电聚焦分离,并分别使用13cm和24cm电泳系统进行双向电泳,考马斯亮蓝G250染色,图像分析,比较对比两组2-D图谱,量化分析两种系统的分辨率差异.结果:在等点电3-10,分子量20-170 kD范围内分别分离得到蛋白质斑点873个(13 cm电泳系统)和1349个(24cm电泳系统).对于24cm电泳系统,1 mg蛋白质上样量的电泳图谱清晰,分辨率较好.结论:成功建立了高分辨率、简便易控的结肠癌蛋白质组双向电泳技术平台.     

γ-微管蛋白在猪卵母细胞成熟和活化中的分布(英)

微管蛋白（tubulin）是一蛋白质超家族,其中α-,β-微管蛋白是主要的微管蛋白,而γ-微管蛋白主要在微管组装中起作用. 我们利用蛋白质印迹和激光共聚焦技术研究了γ-微管蛋白在猪卵母细胞成熟、受精和活化中的分布. γ-微管蛋白存在于猪卵母细胞中,并且在减数分裂成熟各个时期的量保持不变. 它聚集在微管上,特别是中期纺锤体的两极和后末期的中板. 体外受精和孤雌活化后,γ-微管蛋白聚集在雌雄原核的周围.另外它也存在于精子的顶体帽和颈部.在早期卵裂中,γ-微管蛋白聚集在胚胎的细胞核周围.实验结果表明,γ-微管蛋白在猪卵母细胞、精子和胚胎的微管组装中起重要的调节作用,在猪受精过程中,精子和卵子都向受精卵贡献中心体物质.     

双向电泳分析鸢尾绿白嵌合叶片的蛋白质

利用双向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对鸢尾（Iris japonica)绿白嵌合叶片的蛋白质进行分离,并初步鉴定了蛋白质的相对分子量和等电点。每个电泳图谱共检测到400余个蛋白点,其中至少13个蛋白的表达变化明显;结果表明,嵌合叶片的绿色与白色叶组织具有明显不同的蛋白质双向电泳图谱。与数据库中拟南芥双向电泳图谱相比较,发现Rubisco大亚基,标记为W和T蛋白的表达变化与产生绿白嵌合叶片的表型密切相关。     

γ-微管蛋白在猪卵母细胞成熟和活化中的分布

微管蛋白(tubulin)是一蛋白质超家族,其中α-,β-微管蛋白是主要的微管蛋白,而γ-微管蛋白主要在微管组装中起作用. 我们利用蛋白质印迹和激光共聚焦技术研究了γ-微管蛋白在猪卵母细胞成熟、受精和活化中的分布. γ-微管蛋白存在于猪卵母细胞中,并且在减数分裂成熟各个时期的量保持不变. 它聚集在微管上,特别是中期纺锤体的两极和后末期的中板. 体外受精和孤雌活化后,γ-微管蛋白聚集在雌雄原核的周围.另外它也存在于精子的顶体帽和颈部.在早期卵裂中,γ-微管蛋白聚集在胚胎的细胞核周围.实验结果表明,γ-微管蛋白在猪卵母细胞、精子和胚胎的微管组装中起重要的调节作用,在猪受精过程中,精子和卵子都向受精卵贡献中心体物质.     

慢性高眼压下兔视网膜组织蛋白质组变化的初步研究

应用蛋白质组学技术对兔青光眼慢性高眼压视网膜组织的蛋白进行初步分析。左眼前房注入0.2mL复方卡波姆溶液制作成慢性高眼压模型,右眼为对照眼。28d后分离各组视网膜组织,用双向电泳分离试验组和对照组的蛋白,然后分析电泳图谱,对比、分析其表达蛋白质点的差异,寻找兔视网膜中与慢性高眼压相关的蛋白质。结果表明,慢性高眼压诱导视网膜组织3种蛋白质出现明显差异表达。质谱鉴定出3个蛋白质,分别为热休克蛋白70(heat shock 70 kD protein,HSP70),丙酮酸激酶(Pyruvate kinase)和烯醇酶(enolase)。通过双向电泳,发现兔视网膜蛋白质表达与对照眼相比有质和量的变化,这些变化涉及与神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGCs)糖酵解及应激反应有关的几组蛋白质,提示上述蛋白质组改变可能参与了慢性青光眼神经节细胞凋亡的过程。     

Proteomic identification of quality factors for oocytes in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

We used a 2-DE proteomic approach to identify abundant proteins linked to oocyte quality in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, an economically important bivalve. Oocyte quality of 14 females was estimated by recording fertilisation and early developmental success until D-larval stage under controlled conditions. Proteins that were differentially expressed between females showing high or low oocyte quality were identified by nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Twelve up-accumulated spots associated with low quality oocytes revealed 10 distinct proteins, including vitellogenin - breakdown products and metabolic enzymes. Eight up-accumulated spots from high quality oocytes revealed 6 distinct proteins, including chaperone molecules and cell-cycle control proteins. This is the first proteomic study dedicated to oocytes in C. gigas. Our results improve current knowledge about protein factors associated with oocyte quality in this species, and our understanding of the proteomic processes involved in their developmental competence.     

Comparative proteomics analysis of serum proteins in ulcerative colitis patients

In the present study, we investigated the differentially expressed proteins associated with ulcerative colitis (UC) using proteomic methods. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) technology was performed to separate the total proteins of ulcerative tissues from those of the normal tissues of UC patients. PDQuest software was applied to analyze the obtained 2-DE images. Candidate protein spots between the two groups were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and bioinformatics analysis. The well resolution and reproducible 2-DE patterns of UC and normal tissues were established. Of the 12 differentially expressed proteins, 9 were successfully identified, of which 6 proteins were up-regulated including apolipoprotein C-III, haptoglobin, receptor tyrosine kinase, aldehyde reductase, pericentriolar material 1, and heat shock factor protein 2, and 3 were down-regulated including keratin, filamin A-interacting protein 1, and tropomyosin 3. These identified proteins were related to hormonal modulation, immune response, oxidative stress, and signal conduction. The 2-DE protein expression profile of the UC tissues displays an obvious difference from that of the normal controls. Various proteins may be involved in the occurrence of UC.     

橡胶树死皮病胶乳C-乳清差异表达蛋白质的筛选与鉴定

橡胶树死皮病(Tapping Panel Dryness,TPD)在世界各橡胶种植园普遍发生,给橡胶种植业带来严重的危害。为了更好地了解和阐明死皮病发生、发展的分子机制,本研究应用双向凝胶电泳技术（2-DE）比较橡胶树死皮株与健康株胶乳C-乳清蛋白质组表达的差异。采用固相pH梯度双向凝胶电泳分离橡胶树死皮株与健康株C-乳清的总蛋白质,凝胶经考染显色后,用PDQuest7.40图像分析软件进行比较分析,识别差异表达的蛋白质。这些点经过胶内酶切后进行基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)分析获取肽质指纹图谱(PMF),Mascot软件搜索SWISS-PROT和NCBInr数据库鉴定蛋白质。结果：①橡胶树死皮株与健康株C-乳清凝胶的平均蛋白质点数分别为1075±35和1134±27,其平均匹配的点数分别为982±38和1008±22,组内图像匹配率达91.89﹪和88.72﹪。②橡胶树死皮株与健康株C-乳清组间的平均匹配蛋白点数为970±25。利用MALDI-TOF-MS质谱技术对40个差异明显的蛋白点进行分析鉴定,通过查询数据库鉴定了27个蛋白质。本研究建立了分辨率高且重复性较好的橡胶树死皮株与 健康株胶乳C-乳清的双向凝胶电泳图谱,并应用质谱技术鉴定了其中表达差异的蛋白质点,这些差异表达的蛋白质可能参与了死皮发生和发展的过程。     

卵泡液蛋白质组学2-DE体系的构建与应用

卵泡液是在卵泡形成过程中生成的,作为卵母细胞生长和分化的培养基,直接或间接影响卵母细胞的生育力和发育潜能,其成分非常复杂。本研究通过调整,优化2-DE技术条件,建立了相对稳定的卵泡液蛋白质2-DE技术,获得了卵泡液蛋白质组表达图谱,并用PDQuest软件进行了图像分析,用MALDI-TOF MS鉴定了9个蛋白点,其中有四种为新鉴定的在卵泡液中表达的蛋白质。结果表明,该体系稳定性、重复性好,为进一步开展卵泡液蛋白质组学的相关研究奠定了基础。     

Evaluation of desorption of proteins adsorbed to hydrophilic surfaces by two-dimensional electrophoresis

The evaluation of the plasma protein adsorption patterns of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles is of high interest concerning their in vivo fate and is carried out by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). The sample preparation is of great importance, especially the removal of the adsorbed proteins (desorption) from the particle surface for subsequent analysis by 2-DE. The removal is carried out by a desorption solution. In this study, negatively and positively charged SPIO model particles were under investigation concerning the desorption of proteins adsorbed on their surfaces. Firstly, the desorption process was determined quantitatively using the Bradford protein assay. Secondly, the removable or nonremovable protein species, from particles surface were under investigation by 2-DE. Looking at the desorption in a quantitative manner with the Bradford assay, the desorption efficacy from negatively charged particles was about 90%. In the case of the positively charged particles, the desorption efficacy seemed to be reduced, approximately 34% of the proteins remained on the surface. Comparing the protein patterns of the particles evaluated by 2-DE in the desorption solution and the proteins remaining on the particles, they confirmed the results from the protein quantification. After desorption, the IgG gamma-chains were found to be the dominant protein fraction remaining on the negatively charged particles. On the positively charged particles, many more protein species were found after desorption. The more basic the protein fragments, the more ineffective was the desorption from the positively charged model particle, and vice versa. Nevertheless, all protein spots were found qualitatively in the desorption solution, especially when the desorption solutions still containing the particles were used for the 2-DE analysis. In conclusion, 2-DE could be confirmed as the "gold standard" for determining the plasma protein adsorption patterns of nanoparticulate systems.     

双向电泳法在家蚕蛋白质分离中的应用

家蚕Bombyxmori(L.)既是重要的经济昆虫,又是鳞翅目昆虫研究的典型模式生物。开展家蚕蛋白质组研究,将有助于阐明家蚕绢丝蛋白的分泌机理,也是研究鳞翅目昆虫及其他生物生命本质的需要。双向电泳是蛋白质分离的关键技术。为探讨适宜家蚕蛋白质组研究的双向电泳条件,以家蚕丝腺、丝腺内容物、蚕卵和血液为材料,在不同条件下进行双向电泳,并对分离的蛋白点进行质谱分析。结果表明:通过改进的蛋白质裂解液辅以超声破碎制备的蛋白质,双向电泳后能够得到较好的2-DE图,也能满足进行MALDI-TOFMS分析的需要。因此本研究方法适用于家蚕不同组织中蛋白质的提取和双向电泳。     

An iterative calibration method with prediction of post-translational modifications for the construction of a two-dimensional electrophoresis database of mouse mammary gland proteins

Protein databases serve as general reference resources providing an orientation on two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) patterns of interest. The intention behind constructing a 2-DE database of the water soluble proteins from wild-type mouse mammary gland tissue was to create a reference before going on to investigate cancer-associated protein variations. This database shall be deemed to be a model system for mouse tissue, which is open for transgenic or knockout experiments. Proteins were separated and characterized in terms of their molecular weight (M(r)) and isoelectric point (pI) by high resolution 2-DE. The proteins were identified using prevalent proteomics methods. One method was peptide mass fingerprinting by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry. Another method was N-terminal sequencing by Edman degradation. By N-terminal sequencing M(r) and pI values were specified more accurately and so the calibration of the master gel was obtained more systematically and exactly. This permits the prediction of possible post-translational modifications of some proteins. The mouse mammary gland 2-DE protein database created presently contains 66 identified protein spots, which are clickable on the gel pattern. This relational database is accessible on the WWW under the URL: http://www.mpiib-berlin.mpg.de/2D-PAGE.     

Proteomic analysis of the larval stage of the parasite Echinococcus granulosus: causative agent of cystic hydatid disease

We describe the preparation of Echinococcus granulosus metacestode protein extracts for two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Protoscoleces and hydatid fluid were prepared by precipitation using trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to remove nonprotein contaminants. Compared to the untreated control, TCA precipitation improved the 2-DE gel profile of the protoscoleces proteins. Comparison of 2-DE gels from insoluble and soluble fractions of the protoscoleces protein extract showed that most proteins are insoluble after lysis by sonication. Host serum proteins, especially albumin and globulins, caused horizontal streaking problems on the hydatid fluid 2-DE gels due to their high content in this sample. Even after the preparation of a hydatid fluid parasite enriched fraction, the high amount of bovine serum albumin and globulins made parasite-specific proteins difficult to detect by 2-DE. Despite the absence of an E. granulosus genome sequencing or expressed sequence tag (EST) projects, it was possible to identify 15 prominent protein spots from a whole protein protoscoleces 2-DE gel by peptide mass fingerprinting. These include actins, tropomyosin, paramyosin, thioredoxin reductase, antigen P-29, cyclophilin, and the heat shock proteins hsp70 and hsp20. This work demonstrates that 2-DE and PMF are important tools to identify proteins from the hydatid fluid and protoscoleces and for the comparative analysis of cysts from different hosts or between active and resting cysts.     

Proteomic analysis of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (pars lateralis) in the female rat

The use of proteomics to study changes in the expression of CNS proteins, which may underlie the regulation of physiological and/or behavioral responses, represents an emerging application of this technology. In the current study, the Palkovits' microdissection method was evaluated as a means of obtaining proteomic data from discrete brain nuclei. The pars lateralis of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) was chosen for the initial studies because of its established role in the expression of gonadal hormone dependent female sexual behavior. The VMN from ovariectomized rats was microdissected from 300 microm frozen brain sections using a 500 microm punch. Total proteins were separated using 2-DE. A group consensus of 432 protein spots, visualized by SYPRO Ruby stain, was obtained from gels from four independent VMN samples. A low mean CV and high gel-to-gel correlation coefficients indicate that reproducible 2-DE gels can be generated from microdissected tissue samples. Proteins from the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) were also separated on 2-DE gels. Evaluation of the 2-DE maps from the VMN and the MBH revealed different protein profiles, and indicates that microdissection improves the detection of low-abundance proteins, and reduces the relative occurrence of abundant proteins on 2-DE maps.