大学生性知识和性行为调查分析

目的:了解大学生性知识、性行为情况,以提高大学生性教育的针对性和质量.方法:对600名18-24岁的大学生志愿者进行关于性传播疾病(STD)、性知识和性行为的问卷调查,通过调查结果探讨大学生性教育存在的问题和解决方案.结果:所有大学生对性传播疾病的名称比较熟悉,但对性传播疾病的症状和传播方式了解不多或有误解,性知识水平较低.大部分大学生没有接受过正规的性教育,对未婚同居和婚前性行为持开放态度,性知识主要来源于书籍和网络.大学生们认为性教育很有必要.结论:大学生性和生殖健康知识贫乏,年轻的大学生应当对他们可能遇到的常见的性传播疾病有所了解.大学生性教育应更加侧重于性传播疾病的传播途径及预防.     

英德市吸毒人群艾滋病知识知晓情况及影响因素分析

目的了解英德市吸毒人群艾滋病知识知晓率及其影响因素,为制定吸毒人群行为干预措施提供科学依据。方法对英德市强制戒毒所内的吸毒者进行面对面问卷调查。结果吸毒者以男性为主,占94.88%;年龄以20～39岁为主,占76.36%;文化程度(初中及以下)为主,占90.58%,静脉注射吸毒者占69.09%,其中33.73%吸毒时共用注射器;3.86%与固定性伴发生性行为时每次均用安全套;28.93%发生过商业性行为,27.43%发生商业性行为时每次均用安全套;艾滋病知识知晓率为75.87%,文化程度初中及其以下、年龄20～39岁、同居和接受过艾滋病知识教育是影响吸毒人群艾滋病知识知晓率的主要因素。结论英德市吸毒人群对艾滋病防治知识知晓率较低,高危行为发生较严重,应在吸毒人群中开展艾滋病知识的健康教育和行为干预,遏制艾滋病在该人群的传播或由该人群向一般人群扩散。     

高校大学生营养知信行现状调查及其与营养状况的关系 ——以上海中医药大学为例

目的：调查我校大学生营养知信行现状,探讨与大学生营养状况的关系。方法：采用整群抽样方法,从我校在校大学生中抽取大一、大二、大三学生,共发放485份调查问卷,收回482份,问卷有效率为99.38%,其中大一249名（51.66%）、大二104名（21.58%）、大三129名（26.76%）;男生317名（65.77%）、女生165名（34.23%）。问卷收集调查对象一般情况资料,营养知识、营养态度和营养行为现状。测量身高体重,计算体质指数（BMI）。结果：482例大学生营养知识得分为（6.83±0.95）分,营养态度得分为（23.85±0.96）分,营养行为得分为（22.84±0.95）分。大学生营养知识、营养态度和营养行为得分与性别、年级、专业、父母文化水平相关（P<0.05）。营养知识与营养态度、营养行为相关,相关系数分别为0.296、0.397（P<0.05）,营养态度与营养行为也存在相关关系（r=0.258,P<0.05）。73.24%的大学生体重正常,9.13%的大学生体重过轻,17.63%的大学生体重超重或肥胖,男女大学生体质指数有差异,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。体重正常组大学生营养知识得分、营养态度得分及营养行为得分显著高于体重过轻及体重超重肥胖组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.001）。结论：在校大学生营养状况与营养知识、营养态度和营养行为相关。营养知识、营养态度及营养行为受性别、年级、专业、父母文化水平影响,在实际健康教育工作中,应有针对性的对男生、低年级学生、理科生及父母文化水平在初中以下的大学生进行重点营养教育指导。     

镇安县医务人员反歧视PLWHAs的干预研究

目的:了解镇安县医务人员对艾滋病知识的掌握情况和对PLWHAs的态度,评估干预措施对改善歧视的效果.方法:对镇安县医务人员进行艾滋病知信行摸底调查、宣传教育和干预效果评价.结果:①干预前,被调查者对艾滋病基本知识总体掌握较好,但缺乏职业知识,部分被调查者对PLWHAs存在恐惧和歧视心理.②干预后,被调查者对艾滋病知识知晓率明显升高.歧视程度明显降低.③各种干预措施的效果从大到小依次为:同时进行三种形式干预、专家教授讲座、音像资料和文字材料.结论:①对艾滋病知识的缺乏是导致医务人员歧视PLWHAS的重要原因.②采取有针对性的措施进行宣传、教育更有利于提高医务人员对艾滋病的认识及降低歧视程度.     

四川省某高校大学生营养KAP与身体体质现状调查与相关性分析

目的：通过调查四川某综合性大学大学生的营养知识、态度、行为现状与体质数据,分析大学生营养 KAP、体质情况及其之间的关系,为高校健康教育、普及营养知识和改善学生体质提供科学依据。方法：自制KAP调查问卷,对该校1 225名大学生进行问卷调查。在体育老师的协助下获得学生体质测试成绩。所收集数据按年级、性别、文理分组进行分析,用Excel软件录入和 SPSS 200 软件进行统计分析,获得学生的营养KAP得分、体质状况以及两者之间的关系。结果：在校大学生营养知识掌握情况和饮食行为较差。性别和专业是影响大学生营养KAP得分的主要因素,差异得分有统计学意义（P＜005）。不同年级学生之间营养知识与饮食行为得分差异显著（P<005）,高年级优于低年级。女学生消瘦比例与男同学超重比例较高,消瘦与超重学生的体质测试成绩较低。营养知识得分与BMI呈负相关,饮食行为与BMI呈正相关。营养知识、饮食行为与体质测试成绩呈正相关。结论：四川在校大学生营养知识较为缺乏,消瘦和超重是影响大学生身体体质的不良因素,应采取多种形式对在校大学生进行专业系统营养教学,加强身体锻炼。     

广州社区中老年居民营养知识、态度及饮食行为调查

采用自行设计的KAP问卷,调查广州市白云区柯子岭社区330位中老年居民营养知识、态度、行为现况,用计分评价和统计学对调查结果进行分析讨论。该社区中老年居民营养知识、态度、行为得分及格率分别为9.9%、90.05%、49.52%,总体得分及格率为60.87%,营养知识、态度、行为三者间存在正相关。该社区中老年居民营养态度良好,但对营养知识的掌握不足,饮食行为有待改善。     

中西方森林游憩者生态行为影响研究——基于解说驱动机制视角

森林生态系统作为游憩经济系统的基础,保持生态结构完整是森林旅游协调发展的前提,但生态功能的发挥并非为旅游活动自然结果,很大程度有赖于游憩者的环境保护行为。选取加拿大班夫国家公园和中国张家界国家森林公园为问卷调研地,以解说驱动机制视角对森林游憩者生态行为影响进行研究,旨在运用相关分析、结构方程模型实证检验中西方森林游憩者生态行为生成的内在关联。结果表明:形成森林游憩者生态行为的过程逻辑定式为"生态知识-生态体验-生态态度-生态行为";1中西方森林游憩者生态知识、生态体验、生态态度与生态行为均存在正向相关;2森林旅游解说对中西方森林游憩者生态知识、生态体验、生态态度、生态行为均具有正向影响。     

大学生口腔保健知识态度行为调查与研究

目的:评价大学生口腔保健知识、态度、行为情况,为实施口腔健康指导计划提供基线资料。方法:采用随机抽样的方法,对314名青岛大学新生进行了口腔保健知识、态度、行为的问卷调查;其中男生151名,占总数的48%,女生163名,占总数的52%。结果:大学生对龋病知识的知晓率高,但牙周知识及牙周状况差。大学生认为定时拜访牙医有助于口腔疾病预防,口腔健康与全身健康密切相关,但约一半学生害怕就医或推迟就医。只有55.7%的大学生一天刷牙两次,25.5%的大学生没有接受过专业刷牙指导。在口腔保健知识、态度及行为方面,女生优于男生。结论:大学生缺乏牙周方面基础口腔保健知识,缺少专业的口腔卫生指导。结构合理的口腔健康教育系统亟需实施。     

黔北地区大学生营养KAP调查分析

目的：了解黔北地区大学生营养知识、态度和饮食行为的现状,以期对学生进行营养健康教育提供依据。方法：随机抽取黔北地区3所高校393名大学生,对他们营养知识、态度、饮食行为（KAP模式）进行了问卷调查。结果：大多数学生具有积极的营养态度,医学院校学生优于普通院校学生。绝大多数学生非常想了解营养知识,并且很积极的想去听营养类的讲座。结论：黔北地区大学生营养知识缺乏,行为习惯不科学。应加强大学生营养知识的健康教育,尤其是非医学生,提高其营养知识与健康意识、促进其良好饮食习惯的养成。     

某高校新生预防艾滋病健康教育活动效果评价

大学生是青少年的主要人群,使其对艾滋病有正确的认识和积极态度,并通过其影响力的传播扩散,将对社会起到比较好的作用.所以对大学生开展艾滋病健康教育并进行效果评价具有重要的意义.为此,笔者对酒泉市某高职学院学生开展预防艾滋病的健康教育,从知识、歧视的变化对艾滋病知识信息的传递扩散及知识遗忘4个方面对活动效果进行了评价,以探讨适合于大学生预防艾滋病的健康教育活动及效果评价方法.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

Competitive inhibition and selectivity enhancement by Ca in the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, Hf) by carrot (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun)

We investigated the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, and Hf) and the effect of Ca on their uptake in carrots (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun) by the radioactive multitracer technique. The experimental results suggested that Na, Mg, K, and Rb competed for the functional groups outside the cells in roots with Ca but not for the transporter-binding sites on the plasma membrrane of the root cortex cells. In contrast, Y, Ce, Pm, and Gd competed with Ca for the transporters on the plasma membrane. The selectivity, which was defined as the value obtained by dividing the concentration ratio of an elemental pair, K/Na, Rb/Na, Be/Sr, and Mg/Sr, in the presence of 0.2 and 2 ppm Ca by that of the corresponding elemental pair in the absence of Ca in the solution was estimated. The selectivity of K and Rb in roots was increased in the presence of Ca. The selectivity of Be in roots was not affected, whereas the selectivity of Mg was increased by Ca. These observations suggest that the presence of Ca in the uptake solution enhances the selectivity in the uptake of metabolically important elements against unwanted elements.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.