菊花种质资源与遗传改良研究进展

本文对菊花(Dendranthemamorifolium)种质资源的调查、搜集、研究与评价、菊花杂交育种、诱变育种和生物技术育种等方面取得的成果进行了综述,并对目前存在的问题及今后的发展方向进行了探讨.     

菊花分子育种研究进展

对菊花分子育种的研究起源于20世纪90年代初,导入外源基因的主要目的是改变菊花的株型、花色,提高抗虫性、抗病性,增强对寒冷、干旱、盐碱的耐性。近年来,选用不同类型的启动子构建新型载体的研究也为改善菊花育种工作提供了参考。这些都预示着菊花分子育种的研究逐渐走向全面和成熟。     

菊花种质资源研究进展

菊花(Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.)是花卉王国中的一朵奇葩。她起源于中国并被传遍世界。在1 600年的栽培历史中, 融入了丰富的文化内涵和高超的园艺栽培技术, 经培育形成了近3万个品种, 其变异类型之丰富被称为园艺育种史上的奇迹, 是全人类的共同财富。近50年来, 中国园艺学界利用形态学、细胞分类学、同工酶和分子标记技术结合数量分类学和分支分类学的方法, 对其野生近缘种和主要栽培类群展开了大量研究工作, 为菊花育种积累了资料。但面对丰富的中国菊花种质资源, 对其数量和质量的研究仍显不足。特别是对传统品种研究不够, 制约了中国菊花产业化发展。对菊花品种资源进行调查、收集和保存并构建核心种质, 进而对其开发潜力进行评价, 仍然是一项十分艰苦和重要的基础工作。结合现代生物学技术, 对其主要生物学性状的遗传稳定性进行分析。通过了解其形成机理, 对于菊花品种资源的开发和利用具有重要意义。     

菊花种质资源研究进展

菊花（Chrysanthemum × morifofium Ramat．）是花卉王国中的一朵奇葩。她起源于中国并被传遍世界。在1600年的栽培历史中,融入了丰富的文化内涵和高超的园艺栽培技术,经培育形成了近3万个品种,其变异类型之丰富被称为园艺育种史上的奇迹,是全人类的共同财富。近50年来,中国园艺学界利用形态学、细胞分类学、同工酶和分子标记技术结合数量分类学和分支分类学的方法,对其野生近缘种和主要栽培类群展开了大量研究工作,为菊花育种积累了资料。但面对丰富的中国菊花种质资源,对其数量和质量的研究仍显不足。特别是对传统品种研究不够,制约了中国菊花产业化发展。对菊花品种资源进行调查、收集和保存并构建核心种质,进而对其开发潜力进行评价,仍然是一项十分艰苦和重要的基础工作。结合现代生物学技术,对其主要生物学性状的遗传稳定性进行分析。通过了解其形成机理,对于菊花品种资源的开发和利用具有重要意义。     

菊花的药食同源功效

菊花(Chrysanthemum×morifolium Ramat.)是中国传统名花,也是世界著名花卉,多作为观赏植物被人们所熟知。然而菊花除了极高的观赏价值外,还具有很好的食用价值和药用价值。因此,菊花也是一种药食同源植物。依据用途可将菊花分为观赏菊和实用菊。实用菊依据应用方式又可划分为药用菊、食用菊和茶用菊三类。介绍了实用菊发展的历史,主要对实用菊的种质资源及其药食同源功效进行综述,旨在引起人们对菊花药食同源功效的关注,弘扬中华菊文化,提高菊花的应用价值,进而推动实用菊花种质资源的收集、保存和育种工作的开展。     

通过根瘤农杆菌介导法获得菊花转基因植株

以带叶茎段为外植体,通过根癌农杆菌介导法,将兔防御素NP－1基因导入菊花品种“001”中。经梯度卡那霉素（kanamycin,Km）筛选,获得了大量Km抗性植株,其中部分Km抗性植株经Southem杂交鉴定为转基因植株。从而成功地建立了菊花遗传转化系统,为菊花分子育种奠定了基础。     

通过根癌农杆菌介导法获得菊花转基因植株

以带叶茎段为外植体,通过根癌农杆菌介导法,将兔防御ＮＰ－１基因导入菊花品种“００１”中。经梯度卡那霉素（ｋａｎａｍｙｃｉｎ,Ｋｍ）筛选,获得了大量Ｋｍ抗性植株,其中部分Ｋｍ抗性植株经Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交鉴定为转基因植株。从而成功地建立了菊花遗传转化系统,为菊花分子育种奠定了基础。     

马匹毛色遗传规律的调查

毛色不仅是品种的特征,也与马的气质、用途息息相关,所以在育种和交易中,人们对毛色总有不同的嗜好,购买役畜时,早就有“青马狸牛”之说。伊犁马是我国的名马,为进步提高其品质,采用奥尔咯夫菊花青公马进行杂交改良,但后代毛色分离很大。为探求毛色遗传的规律和衡量人们对毛色分类的叫法与遗传的联系,我们对5匹马纯种菊花青公马与102母匹马交配产驹结果,进行了调查与分析、其结果归综如下:一、资料统计与计算     

用ACE系统培育2种菊花

麒麟啤酒公司用该公司开发的育种技术“ACE(Advanced Cell Engineering)系统开发了两种菊花,于8月18日申请了品种登记。这次发表的2种菊花已经在枥木县临谷郡的盐谷农协进行试种,预计12月上市1000～数万株、试销。 “ACE系统”是利用依从组培的体细胞克隆变异的育种法。培养花瓣和茎、叶、根等植物的各部分的组织切片固定培育,去分化后再分化产生的变异。在分化了花、叶等组织中由于活性化的基因群各不相同,而发生早生化、雄性不育化、花型、花色改变等特定的变异,而其又与用于培养的植物组织种类有     

菊花CmDFR与CmANS基因启动子序列克隆与瞬时表达分析

DFR和ANS是花青素合成途径下游两个关键的结构基因,其不仅决定花青素苷最终结构及其呈色,还在花器官中特异性表达,研究其启动子区域对花色改良的分子育种具有重要参考价值.利用接头染色体步移法( genome walking),从菊花的叶片基因组DNA中克隆到了2个DFR基因同源序列CmDFR的启动子片段,1个ANS基因同源序列CmANS的启动子片段.生物信息学软件分析结果显示,这3个启动子片段除了含有多个TATA-box、CAAT-box等基本的启动子元件,还含有很多与MYB转录因子相结合的元件,以及G-box等参与光响应的顺式作用元件.利用双酶切方法,将克隆到的启动子片段替换栽体pB1121上的35S启动子,将新构建的植物表达栽体转入农杆菌中,采用叶盘法侵染菊花叶片和花瓣进行瞬时表达研究.结果表明,这3个启动子片段均具有驱动下游报告基因表达的功能.因此,可以开发成菊花分子育种的有效基因构件.     

Evolutionary morphology of the caecilian urogenital system. I. The gonads and the fat bodies

The comparative morphology of the gonads and fat bodies of members of 17 genera and 46 species of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) is described and analyzed. Comparison is made with the morphology of salamanders and frogs in order to elucidate evolutionary trends and relationships within the order Gymnophiona and within the class Amphibia. The structure of the testis lobes and transverse and longitudinal ducts is described based on gross dissection and histological investigation. The pattern of spermatogenesis and interstitial tissue changes are described and compared with those of other amphibians. A trend toward fusion of testis lobes is analyzed. The characteristics of the seasonal reproductive cycle of male Gymnopis m. proxima are described, and evidence for cyclic reproductive activity in other forms is presented. The morphology of the ovaries and ova is described. Size of ovary and size and number of ova is dependent on the state of maturation of the ova. Some evidence for seasonal ovum production and breeding is presented. Fat body morphology is found to be correlated with size, nutrition, and gonad condition, as in other amphibians.     

三种蛙类呼吸系统比较解剖及进化关系探讨

对昆明地区滇蛙Rana pleuraden和昭觉林蛙R.chaochiaoensis及大蹼铃蟾Bombina maxima的呼吸系统比较解剖,结果表明,3种蛙鼻孔的开合与颏下肌的收缩无关;大蹼铃蟾的内鼻孔较昭觉林蛙与滇蛙的更靠近口前端;昭觉林蛙和滇蛙的下颌下肌倾斜走向,大蹼铃蟾的呈水平走向;滇蛙和昭觉林蛙喉气管室较膨大而长,环状软骨后端有棘突,大蹼铃蟾喉气管室狭小而短,环状软骨后端无棘突;昭觉林蛙和滇蛙喉肌共5对,大蹼铃蟾喉肌仅有喉口开肌和前杓肌2对;昭觉林蛙和滇蛙肺囊表面沟回较大蹼铃蟾的小而密.     

葡萄属种子发育的物候、萌发行为及其对冷层积的反应

以3个起源和分布中心的不同葡萄种及其杂交种作为实验材料, 观察了开花、果实和种子成熟的物候, 研究了成熟种子的基本特性和最初萌发率以及冷层积对成熟种子萌发的影响。结果表明, 葡萄种子具有休眠特性, 生理成熟时都具有分化完全的胚, 在休眠解除过程中胚的形态不发生变化; 美洲种休眠最深, 欧亚种休眠最浅, 其它种类的葡萄种子的休眠程度介于美洲种和欧亚种之间; 不同种葡萄花期、果实和种子成熟过程的物候存在差异, 果实成熟与种子成熟不同步, 其间隔时间越短, 种子休眠程度越深。冷层积60天能有效地解除东亚种、欧亚种、欧山杂种和蘡欧杂种的种子休眠, 但对解除美洲种、美洲种种间杂种和欧美杂种的种子休眠效果较差。     

两种新的茴香脑资源植物

茴香菖蒲和香叶菖蒲是我国新近发现的特有植物,全株具有浓郁的茴香味。用气相色谱和色谱—质谱对这两种植物的根茎和叶挥发油进行了分析并与我国传统的香料和调味料—小茴香和大茴香的果实的挥发油进行了比较。发现:茴香菖蒲和香叶菖蒲的根茎和叶挥发油的主要成分是异茴香脑,分别为94.54(?)96.70％和60.29(?)86.20％;而小茴香和大茴香果实的挥发油的主要成分是反式—茴香脑,分别为80.29％、92.10％。异茴香脑的香味比反式—茴香脑弱,但它和醇碱液共热时即可发生异构化变成反式—茴香脑。且茴香菖蒲和香叶菖蒲是草本植物,容易栽培和繁殖。所以这是两种至今未被利用的,有发展前途的香料植物。     

The Spore-Pollen and Algal. Assemblages from the Surface Sediments of Yellow Sea

Yellow Sea is a shelf sea situated between China and Korea Peninsula. The distribution of spore-pollen and algae of the surface sediments of Yellow Sea may be divided into 4 characteristic regions:1. Artemisia-Chenopodiaccae-Gramineae region. 2. Pinus-Quercus-herbaceous pollen-Hystrichosphaera region. 3. Pinus-Balti-sphaeridinm-Quercus-Pteridium-Pteris region. 4. Pinus-Quercus-Pteris-Baltisphaeridium region. Through the study of spore-pollen and algae, the problems under discussion are: 1. the relationship between the spore-pollen assemblages of surface sediments and vegetation of continental margin, 2. resedimentation of fossils of spore-pollen and sedimental provenance of the sea basin, 3. the relationship between the distribution of Hystrichosphaera and Baltisphaeridium and water depth, 4. the relationship between the distribution of diatom and depth and characteristics of water bodies and 5. the relationship between mangrove pollen and sea currents.     

金钱豹和猪獾冠状动脉的解剖

为了阐明金钱豹(Panthera pardus)和猪獾(Arctonyx collaris)心冠状动脉的分支分布特征及血供情况,为心脏生物学及动物学研究提供结构基础资料,利用血管铸型和组织透明方法观察研究了金钱豹与猪獾心左、右冠状动脉的分支分布.结果表明,金钱豹和猪獾的心均由左右冠状动脉营养.金钱豹左冠状动脉分为室间隔支、前降支和旋支.前降支又分出左室上支、左室中支和左室下支.右冠状动脉沿途分出右室前支、右室后下支和右室后上支.猪獾左冠状动脉分为前降支和旋支.前降支又分出室间隔支和左室前支,旋支又分出左缘支和左室后支.其右冠状动脉沿途分出右室前支、右缘支和右室后支.金钱豹和猪獾心的室间隔均由发自左冠状动脉的独立的室间隔支营养,二者左右冠状动脉在膈壁的分布属于均衡型.     

被内生真菌侵染的禾草提取液对真菌的抑制作用

以带有与不带有Neotyphodium属内生真菌的醉马草Achnatherum inebrians、披碱草Elymus dahuricus和野大麦Hordeum brevisubulatum的草粉浸提液对细交链孢Alternaria alternata、根腐离蠕孢Bipolaris sorokiniana、燕麦镰孢Fusarium avenaceum和绿色木霉Trichoderma viride进行了抑菌活性研究。结果表明:披碱草、醉马草和野大麦草粉浸提液对细交链孢、根腐离蠕孢、燕麦镰孢和绿色木霉的菌落生长、孢子萌发率和芽管长度均有一定的抑制作用。而披碱草中的Neotyphodium可显著增强披碱草草粉浸提液对细交链孢、燕麦镰孢、绿色木霉菌落生长及对细交链孢和根腐离蠕孢孢子萌发及燕麦镰孢芽管长度的抑制作用;醉马草中的Neotyphodium显著增强了醉马草草粉浸提液对燕麦镰孢、绿色木霉菌落生长和芽管长度,以及细交链孢、根腐离蠕孢和燕麦镰孢孢子萌发的抑制作用;野大麦中的Neotyphodium显著增强了野大麦草粉浸提液对绿色木霉菌落生长、孢子萌发和芽管长度的抑制作用。     

Microbial quality and direct PCR identification of lactic acid bacteria and nonpathogenic Staphylococci from artisanal low-acid sausages

Detection of six species of lactic acid bacteria and six species of gram-positive catalase-positive cocci from low-acid fermented sausages (fuets and chorizos) was assessed by species-specific PCR. Without enrichment, Lactobacillus sakei and Lactobacillus curvatus were detected in 11.8% of the samples, and Lactobacillus plantarum and Staphylococcus xylosus were detected in 17.6%. Enriched samples allowed the detection of L. sakei and S. xylosus in all of the samples (100%) and of Enterococcus faecium in 11.8% of the sausages. The percentages of L. curvatus, L. plantarum, Staphylococcus carnosus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis varied depending on the sausage type. L. curvatus was detected in 80% of fuets and in 57% of chorizos. L. plantarum was found in 50% of fuets and 100% of chorizos. S. epidermidis was detected in only 11.8% of fuets, and S. carnosus was detected in only 5.9% of chorizos. Lactococcus lactis, Staphylococcus warneri, and Staphylococcus simulans were not detected in any sausage type. From a microbiological point of view, 70.6% of the samples could be considered of high quality, as they had low counts of Enterobacteriaceae and did not contain any of the food-borne pathogens assayed.     

Repertoire, genealogy and genomic organization of cruzipain and homologous genes in Trypanosoma cruzi, T. cruzi-like and other trypanosome species

Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, is a complex of genetically diverse isolates highly phylogenetically related to T. cruzi-like species, Trypanosoma cruzi marinkellei and Trypanosoma dionisii, all sharing morphology of blood and culture forms and development within cells. However, they differ in hosts, vectors and pathogenicity: T. cruzi is a human pathogen infective to virtually all mammals whilst the other two species are non-pathogenic and bat restricted. Previous studies suggest that variations in expression levels and genetic diversity of cruzipain, the major isoform of cathepsin L-like (CATL) enzymes of T. cruzi, correlate with levels of cellular invasion, differentiation, virulence and pathogenicity of distinct strains. In this study, we compared 80 sequences of genes encoding cruzipain from 25 T. cruzi isolates representative of all discrete typing units (DTUs TcI-TcVI) and the new genotype Tcbat and 10 sequences of homologous genes from other species. The catalytic domain repertoires diverged according to DTUs and trypanosome species. Relatively homogeneous sequences are found within and among isolates of the same DTU except TcV and TcVI, which displayed sequences unique or identical to those of TcII and TcIII, supporting their origin from the hybridization between these two DTUs. In network genealogies, sequences from T. cruzi clustered tightly together and closer to T. c. marinkellei than to T. dionisii and largely differed from homologues of T. rangeli and T. b. brucei. Here, analysis of isolates representative of the overall biological and genetic diversity of T. cruzi and closest T. cruzi-like species evidenced DTU- and species-specific polymorphisms corroborating phylogenetic relationships inferred with other genes. Comparison of both phylogenetically close and distant trypanosomes is valuable to understand host-parasite interactions, virulence and pathogenicity. Our findings corroborate cruzipain as valuable target for drugs, vaccine, diagnostic and genotyping approaches.