东北粘虫春季空中虫群的迁飞行为

【目的】研究春季迁飞粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)空中虫群的聚集成层和共同定向等飞行行为。【方法】以2年粘虫迁飞盛期的雷达观测数据为基础,结合空间气象要素和罗盘信号分析。【结果】在温度较低的春季进行迁飞的粘虫多在逆温层顶附近聚集成层,空中虫群会主动选择高温。迁飞粘虫具有明显的飞行低温阈值(16℃左右),此温度以下空中虫群密度低、无聚集成层现象。空中虫群位移方向的离散度与风速呈显著负相关。当风速较大(大于5 m/s)且风向与粘虫迁飞方向(东北)相一致时,虫群通常表现为顺风定向;当风速小于3 m/s且风向与粘虫迁飞方向明显不同时,虫群表现为明显的侧风补偿甚至逆风飞行行为。此外,粘虫可能利用罗盘信号进行迁飞定向,例如地磁场。【结论】试验结果可为迁飞性害虫的异地预测研究提供一定的基础理论依据。     

东北地区粘虫的季节性迁飞行为(英文)

粘虫Mythimna separata是我国农业生产上的重要害虫, 为了明确其季节性迁飞行为参数, 本研究采用垂直监测昆虫雷达（vertical-looking radar, VLR）及相关辅助设备的长期自动观测, 结合基于GIS的大区环流和轨迹模拟, 调查分析了2005年东北地区粘虫季节性迁飞行为。结果表明： 粘虫在不同季节和夜间不同时间空中飞行高度具有明显差异, 空中飞行行为受气象条件尤其是空中风场影响较大; 春季和秋季主要借助气流运载进行大规模长距离迁飞, 夜间持续飞行时间可达9 h, 多数个体能完成整夜飞行, 春季迁飞高度主要在300~600 m, 秋季飞行高度相对较低主要在300 m以下和400~500 m。夏季雷达回波有明显的成层现象, 最高可达1 000 m, 主要集中在500 m和700 m两个高度层。轨迹分析显示： 5月29日由山东潍坊、 临沂等虫源地起飞的黏虫, 顺西南气流越海迁飞, 6月1日在气旋天气影响下, 在吉林省白城等地降落; 7月中旬主要为当地黏虫受对流天气影响进行短距离迁飞扩散; 9月11日虫源来自内蒙古呼伦贝尔, 顺西北气流向吉林省东南方向迁飞。研究结果为东北地区粘虫的有效防控提供了技术支撑。     

稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)迁飞的多普勒昆虫雷达观测及动态

在2007年7～9月江淮稻区稻纵卷叶螟大发生期间,利用多普勒昆虫监测雷达在南京市浦口区对稻纵卷叶螟成虫的迁飞活动进行了监测,结合大气风温场的数值模拟,研究了稻纵卷叶螟成虫的空中飞行参数和种群迁飞动态。结果表明：稻纵卷叶螟多选择在黄昏18：30以后大规模起飞,空中虫群密度在20：00～22：00时最大,迁飞过程可持续到次日5：00;稻纵卷叶螟主要选择在500m以下高度飞行。空中虫群具有聚集成层的现象,虫层多在100～500m高度之间形成,有时形成两个虫层,成层现象与低空急流关系密切,与温度没有直接关系。迁飞过程分析表明,浦口区的六（4）代稻纵卷叶螟在台风、副热带高压和江淮气旋的影响下,先后出现了多次迁入迁出过程。低压系统外围的下沉气流很可能是稻纵卷叶螟两次集中迁入的主要原因。     

磁场变化对粘虫飞行定向行为的影响

【目的】研究磁场的变化对于粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)飞行中定向行为的影响,为揭示空中迁飞虫群的飞行行为机制提供基础理论依据。【方法】在人工模拟磁场条件下对粘虫的定向行为进行了比较研究。【结果】试虫在正常地磁场条件下表现为显著的群体共同定向。粘虫群体的共同定向是轴对称的。当将试虫置于较强的磁场条件下时,粘虫供试个体的定向行为发生变化,群体共同定向行为消失。试虫的定向行为不受磁场水平分量极向变化的影响。【结论】迁飞性昆虫可能利用磁场作为自身定向的罗盘信号,在这个过程中可能和鸟类一样利用了磁倾角。     

昆虫飞行能力研究进展

昆虫的迁飞导致害虫区域性大规模爆发,给农业带来极大的灾难。研究昆虫的飞行能力将为明确迁飞性昆虫的迁飞规律提供理论参考。本文综述分析了昆虫飞行能力的研究方法及应用范围,详细阐述了影响昆虫飞行能力的主要因素如自身个体间差异、环境、食物胁迫、振翅频率、生殖等及飞行对昆虫的影响,并就昆虫飞行能力研究中存在的问题及未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

饲喂不同剂量RbCl对棉铃虫的影响以及标记效果

微量元素铷(Rb)标记技术花费低、易操作、对环境安全,是研究昆虫种群动态、迁飞、扩散、配偶竞争、寄主选择等常用的方法。标记技术的基本要求是不影响标记对象的寿命和行为。本文通过将不同浓度的氯化铷(Rb Cl)添加到人工饲料中饲喂棉铃虫幼虫,研究了不同浓度的RbCl对棉铃虫的存活、生长发育以及飞行能力的影响和标记效果。结果表明:含有1000~4000 mg·L~(-1)RbCl的人工饲料可以有效地标记棉铃虫,且不影响棉铃虫的生命活动,Rb滞留时间不少于10 d,同时标记的雄虫可以将Rb传递给未标记的雌虫,这为利用此技术研究棉铃虫迁移扩散和交配竞争等奠定了基础。     

棉铃虫飞行能力和兼性迁飞的初步研究

应用吊飞装置研究比较了成虫的飞行能力 ,按飞行节律和时间区分出长飞型、短飞行和中间型 3种类型 .研究了温度和食料对生殖前期、产卵量、寿命等的影响 ,证实在 2 8℃下生殖前期仅 2 .13± 0 .67d ,温度、食料等对成虫生殖前期的影响不明显 ,可见适合其迁飞的生理时期较短 ,仅为 1～ 2个夜晚 .用雌蛾卵巢连续解剖的方法比较了江苏丰县和辽宁朝阳两地 2、3代的虫源性质 ,证实朝阳 2～ 3代成虫全部或部分从外地迁入 ,而丰县种群则以本地繁育为主 .与多种迁飞性和非迁飞性害虫比较 ,讨论了中国棉铃虫兼性迁飞特性和迁飞潜能的评估 .     

海南南部夜间空中昆虫群落结构研究

海南南部是中国农作物冬季南繁育种的重要基地。为了明确南繁基地空中昆虫群落结构,利用探照灯诱虫器于2017年-2018年监测了空中飞行的昆虫种类和动态。共计发现396种昆虫,隶属于13目88科307属,其中包括粘虫、棉铃虫、稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶野螟等重大迁飞性害虫以及黑肩绿盲蝽、异色瓢虫等迁飞性天敌昆虫。鳞翅目(206种,52.02%),半翅目(85种,21.46%)和鞘翅目(57种,14.39%)是该地区的三大优势目。本研究明确了我国重要的农作物南繁基地夜间空中昆虫群落的结构,为指导作物害虫测报和防控工作提供了依据。     

昆虫经山东省向南迁飞的种类及迁飞路线探讨

[目的]山东省地处我国昆虫南北季节性迁飞的主要通道,明确迁飞性害虫在山东省的迁飞过程和迁飞规律,对于全国迁飞性害虫监测与防控均具有重要意义.[方法]2018年在山东省14个地区设置监测站点,利用探照灯诱虫器和地面灯诱虫器对迁飞性昆虫进行了实时监测,分析了 9月初-10月底迁飞性昆虫的种群动态,首次探讨了昆虫经山东省向南迁飞的种类及迁飞路线.[结果]诱集到棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)、玉米螟Ostrinia nubilalis(Hübner)、桃蛀螟 Conogethes punctiferalis Guenée、劳氏粘虫Leucania loreyi等重要害虫以及中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica、大草蛉Chrysop pallens等天敌.根据迁飞性昆虫种群数量"突增突减"的现象,以及探照灯诱虫器和地面灯诱虫器诱集数量比值,明确了棉铃虫、亚洲玉米螟、桃蛀螟、劳氏粘虫、黄地老虎Agrotis segetum、大地老虎Agrotis tokionis、甜菜夜蛾 Spodoptera exigua、斜纹夜蛾 Spodoptera litura、银纹夜蛾 Ctenoplusia agnata、甘薯天蛾 Agrius convolvuli、瓜绢野螟 Diaphania indica、甜菜白带野螟 Hymenia recurvalis、黄翅缀叶野螟 Botyodes diniasalis(Walker)、豆荚斑螟Limabean podborer、东方蝼蛄Gryllotalpa orientalis、中华通草蛉、大草蛉17种昆虫出现了明显的迁飞过程,这些昆虫由北向南迁飞时,主要途经地点是宁津(25.90％)和济阳(20.81％),其次为庆云(12.31％)、曹县(9.26％)、菏泽(7.09％)、临清(5.47％).[结论]经山东省向南迁飞的昆虫种类丰富,主要从山东西部通过.     

温度对稻纵卷叶螟再迁飞能力的影响

利用计算机控制的飞行磨系统测定了温度对稻纵卷叶螟飞行以及再迁飞能力的影响。结果表明,在未交配条件下,20—29℃范围内成虫均能进行正常的飞行活动,且雌、雄个体的飞行能力没有显著差异。26℃条件下成虫的飞行时间最长、飞行速度最快、飞行距离最远,种群的再迁飞比例最高,再迁飞次数最多(平均2.42次,最多5次);其它3个温度下大多数个体仅能完成一次连续飞行,无法进行再次飞行。虽然20、23℃和29℃下成虫的平均再迁飞次数(分别为0.53、0.81和0.75次)、再迁飞比例没有显著差异,但对飞行行为产生不同的影响。低温显著降低了成虫的飞行速度;而高温下成虫飞行后的死亡率大大增加,表现为29℃下个体的存活率明显低于其它温度。     

温度对甜菜夜蛾飞行能力的影响

温度对甜菜夜蛾飞行能力有显著的影响（P<0.05）。在16～32℃内,成虫均能进行正常的飞行活动。24℃下的成虫飞行能力最强,在15 h的吊飞飞行中,成虫飞行距离最远（37.14 km）、飞行速度最快（0.87 m/s）、飞行时间最长（11.73 h）。温度低于２０℃或高于２８℃时,其飞行能力均显著降低。甜菜夜蛾在不同温度下飞行时对主要能源物质（甘油三酯）的利用效率不同。在较适宜的温度下,尽管成虫飞行消耗的甘油三酯较多,但单位飞行距离所消耗的甘油三酯却较少,即利用效率较高,表明成虫飞行能源物质利用效率的不同是导致其在不同温度下飞行能力产生差异的主要原因之一。     

Effects of age, ambient temperature and reproductive status on wing beat frequency of the rice leafroller Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The rice leafroller Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) is a serious insect pest of rice with migratory ability. In this work, we studied the effects of age, temperature and reproductive status on the wing beat frequency (WBF). The longevity of this moth reached 30.6 days at 16 °C, which was significantly longer than that at 26 and 32 °C (10.7 and 8.8 days, respectively). The WBF of the 1-day-old moths did not differ significantly among the three temperature treatments. However, the WBF of the 2- to 7-day-old moths differed significantly among those temperatures, with the highest WBF at 26 °C and the lowest WBF at 32 °C. Both age and temperature significantly affected the WBF. No significant differences in WBF were detected either between mated and unmated or between parous and nulliparous female moths. There were no significant differences on WBF among field-collected females on different stages of ovary development. Significant correlations were found between the WBF and the tethered flight duration in field-collected moths as well as in laboratory-reared moths. These results indicated that the WBF was intensively influenced by age and temperature, and it may be a potential index to evaluate the flight ability of this species.     

粘虫成虫在气流场中飞行行为的观察研究

通过改进悬吊测飞技术、室内风洞和野外雷达相结合的观测方法,研究了粘虫在气流场中的飞行行为特征及其与气流的关系。直筒风洞自由飞行观测的结果表明,粘虫蛾对气流有明显行为反应,表现为头部迎风起飞和迎风飞行的特性;在3.0～5.5 m/s风速下,有92%～94% 的个体可一次逆风飞行通过2 m长的风洞;当风速≥6.0 m/s时,有71.9%的蛾子沿螺旋状的飞行轨迹逆风通过风洞。环形风洞悬吊飞行测试的结果表明,粘虫可逆风飞行的最大风速为7.2 m/s;在风速≤4 m/s条件下,90%以上个体头部迎风飞行或头部朝向与风向成一定的夹角,侧逆风飞行。 雷达观测发现粘虫在空中迁飞过程中具有成层现象,并有较强的秋季回迁定向行为,其头部总是朝向西南;迁飞的最终位移与风向及风速大小有关,迁飞位移速度是飞行速度与风速的矢量和。     

Cold treatment enhances low‐temperature flight performance in false codling moth,Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

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Echolocation behavior of the Japanese horseshoe bat in pursuit of fluttering prey

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Central projections of the wing afferents in the hawkmoth, Agrius convolvuli

Flight behaviors in various insect species are closely correlated with their mechanical and neuronal properties. Compared to locusts and flies which have been intensively studied, moths have “intermediate” properties in terms of the neurogenic muscle activations, power generation by indirect muscles, and two-winged-insect-like flapping behavior. Despite these unique characteristics, little is known about the neuronal mechanisms of flight control in moths. We investigated projections of the wing mechanosensory afferents in the central nervous system (CNS) of the hawkmoth, Agrius convolvuli, because the mechanosensory proprioceptive feedback has an essential role for flight control and would be presumably optimized for insect species. We conducted anterograde staining of nine afferent nerves from the fore- and hindwings. All of these afferents projected into the prothoracic, mesothoracic and metathoracic ganglia (TG1, 2 and 3) and had ascending fibers to the head ganglia. Prominent projection areas in the TG1–3 and suboesophageal ganglion (SOG) were common between the forewing, hindwing and contralateral forewing afferents, suggesting that information from different wings are converged at multiple levels presumably for coordinating wing flapping. On the other hand, differences of projections between the fore- and hindwing afferents were observed especially in projection areas of the tegulae in the TG1 and contralateral projections of the anterior forewing nerve in the TGs and SOG, which would reflect functional differences between corresponding mechanoreceptors on each wing. Afferents comprising groups of the campaniform sensilla at the wing bases had prominent ascending pathways to the SOG, resembling the head–neck motor system for gaze control in flies. Double staining of the wing afferents and flight or neck motoneurons also indicated potential connectivity between them. Our results suggest multiple roles of the wing proprioceptive feedback for flight and provide the anatomical basis for further understanding of neuronal mechanisms of the flight system in moths.     

Wing‐beat characteristics of birds recorded with tracking radar and cine camera

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黄地老虎飞行能力研究

黄地老虎Agrotis segetum是一种重要的农业迁飞性害虫,研究飞行生物学对明确其迁飞机理有重要意义。本项研究利用昆虫飞行磨系统对黄地老虎的飞行能力进行了测定。对实验室种群飞行能力的测定结果表明:1日龄成虫的飞行能力最弱;3日龄飞行能力最强,其24 h平均飞行时间、平均飞行距离和平均飞行速率分别达到12.16±0.74 h、48.94±3.40 km和3.76±0.12 km/h。雌蛾与雄蛾间的各项飞行参数均无显著差异,但处女成虫平均飞行距离和平均飞行速率均显著高于已交配个体。对渤海湾野外迁飞种群飞行能力的测定显示,早季节北迁个体和晚季节回迁个体的平均飞行时间和平均飞行距离无显著差异,但皆显著低于实验室种群。黄地老虎具有较强的飞行能力,日龄和交配是影响其飞行能力的关键因素。     

Thermal response in adult codling moth

Abstract.  The thermoregulation behaviour of the adult codling moth, Cydia pomonella , is investigated in the laboratory using temperature gradient experiments. Unmated males and females are tested at dawn when moths typically move to resting sites. Mated females are tested during oviposition over a complete diurnal cycle. Temperature strongly affects microhabitat selection in adult moths. Unmated males and females prefer to rest at the low-temperature ends of temperature gradients between 15 and 32 °C. Relative humidity does not influence the thermal response in unmated females, whereas males show a less distinct temperature selection under high humidity. By contrast to unmated moths, ovipositing females prove to be highly thermophilous (i.e. they deposit the highest proportions of their eggs in the zones of highest temperatures of gradients between 15 and 36 °C). This striking discrepancy in thermal response of females between their premating and oviposition period is likely to reflect an adaptation to different selection pressures from the thermal environment. Unmated moths may benefit from low temperatures by a longer lifespan and crypsis within the tree canopy, whereas the choice of warmer oviposition sites by mated females will favour a faster development of eggs.     

On the sex-specific mechanisms of butterfly flight: flight performance relative to flight morphology, wing kinematics, and sex in Pararge aegeria

Many evolutionary ecological studies have documented sexual dimorphism in morphology or behaviour. However, to what extent a sex-specific morphology is used differently to realize a certain level of behavioural performance is only rarely tested. We experimentally quantified flight performance and wing kinematics (wing beat frequency and wing stroke amplitude) and flight morphology (thorax mass, body mass, forewing aspect ratio, and distance to centre of forewing area) in the butterfly Pararge aegeria (L.) using a tethered tarsal reflex induced flight set-up under laboratory conditions. On average, females showed higher flight performance than males, but frequency and amplitude did not differ. In both sexes, higher flight performance was partly determined by wing beat frequency but not by wing stroke amplitude. Dry body mass, thorax mass, and distance to centre of forewing area were negatively related to wing beat frequency. The relationship between aspect ratio and wing stroke amplitude was sex-specific: females with narrower wings produced higher amplitude whereas males show the opposite pattern. The results are discussed in relation to sexual differences in flight behaviour.  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 89 , 675–687.