Complexin蛋白对神经母瘤细胞分化的影响及机制研究

目的:探讨Complexin蛋白对神经母瘤细胞分化的影响及机制。方法:采用神经母瘤细胞(N2a)作为实验材料,在其中过表达Complexin蛋白以及其突变体后,利用激光共聚焦显微镜拍照并利用Image J软件对N2a细胞的分化比率、突起数量以及突起生长长度进行统计学分析。结果:在N2a细胞中过表达Cpx蛋白后,细胞分化率比对照组(即转染空白对照质粒)增加约2倍。Cpx1-86和Cpxpoorclamp突变体可促进N2a细胞的分化,而Cpx27-134突变体对N2a细胞分化无明显影响。随着时间的延长,过表达野生型Cpx蛋白和其N端缺失突变体都不能显著增加细胞突起的数量;但在转染4天后,过表达野生型Cpx蛋白能显著增加分化细胞的突起长度,而其N端缺失突变体不能引起突起长度的增加。结论:Complexin蛋白主要通过其N端序列促进神经母瘤细胞(N2a)的分化,增加分化后突起的长度,但对突起数量没有明显影响。     

Complexin促进神经母瘤细胞分化的作用机制

Complexin(Cpx)蛋白是一种参与神经元囊泡释放过程的小分子蛋白,CpxⅠ对于神经细胞分化的促进作用主要依赖于其促进囊泡同步释放的功能,但其他亚型的Cpx及不同物种中的Cpx同源类似物是否也具有促进神经细胞分化的功能尚未被阐明。在本研究中,我们在小鼠的神经母瘤细胞(N2a)中过表达不同亚型和种属的Cpx蛋白,24 h和48 h后分别统计分化率、分支数和分支长3个指标。结果表明,不同亚型和不同种属物种的Cpx对神经母瘤细胞的分化均具有促进作用,这说明Cpx通过促进囊泡同步释放功能促进神经细胞分化的作用是保守的。     

aFGF对原代培养的鼠胚神经上皮细胞的影响

选用１０ｄ金黄地鼠胚胎,取神经管原代培养。通过形态学观察、ＭＴＴ自动比色定量检测、神经细胞蛋白总量测定以及ＮＳＥ免疫细胞化学方法,研究了ａＦＧＦ对神经上皮细胞发育的影响。结果发现,ａＦＧＦ可明显促进突起生长,增加神经细胞存活数,提高线粒体酶的活性,增加神经细胞蛋白总量,诱导细胞分化。上述结果表明,ａＦＧＦ具有支持原代培养的鼠胚神经上皮细胞的存活、突起生长、诱导细胞分化的作用     

中断BMSCs向神经细胞诱导分化的细胞的恶变研究

目的:通过中断BMSCs的正常分化过程,探索肿瘤发生与干细胞分化受阻的关系。方法:全骨髓贴壁培养法获取BMSCs,β-巯基乙醇法诱导BMSCs分化为神经细胞,同时,在加入诱导培养基后的不同时间中断诱导,正常培养至第四代及之后。通过免疫组化检测、软琼脂克隆形成实验和CTX免疫抑制小鼠成瘤实验等鉴定和分析中断神经诱导细胞的分化特性和恶性转变趋势。结果:通过免疫组化检测中断神经诱导细胞逐渐表达了神经丝蛋白(NF);通过软琼脂集成形成实验,中断神经诱导40h组的细胞表现了比其他组较强的克隆形成能力,并在细胞病理学HE染色实验和细胞CTX免疫抑制小鼠成瘤实验证明中断神经诱导40h组的细胞发生了病理性恶变和获得致瘤性。结论:中断BMSCs的正常分化的培养,细胞有转化为肿瘤细胞的趋势。     

L型多聚赖氨酸和D型多聚赖氨酸对神经细胞分化的影响

目的:比较L型多聚赖氨酸(L-PL)和D型多聚赖氨酸(D-PL)浸泡的玻片培养小鼠大脑皮层神经元细胞对其分化的影响。方法:取昆明白小鼠的大脑皮层细胞,分别用L-PL和D-PL进行培养,统计和比较细胞的分化比率、突起数量以及突起生长长度。结果:L-PL和D-PL培养的神经细胞第1、2天的分化率比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),而突起数和突起长度比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。当L-PL、D-PL的浓度分别为20μL/m L、5μL/mL时,其对1、2天细胞的分化产生显著影响,并且D型多聚赖氨酸培养的细胞分化率高于L型。500、100、20μg/m L的L-PL中,100μg/ml L-PL培养细胞的分化率最高,而125、25、5μg/m L的D型多聚赖氨酸培养细胞分化率比较差异虽然无统计学意义,但25μg/ml D-PL培养神经细胞的分化率总体趋势高于其他浓度。D-PL所形成的粒径大小与L-PL不同,且D-PL的总体趋势稍大于L-PL。结论:L型多聚赖氨酸和D型多聚赖氨酸会在神经细胞生长早期对分化率产生影响,但不影响突起数和突起长度。     

neuronatin shRNA真核表达载体的构建及其生物学功能

目的:获得能持续干扰neuronatin（nnat）基因表达的细胞,观察nnat基因沉默对神经细胞发育与分化的影响,为研究基因功能奠定基础。方法:构建含nnat基因短发夹RNA(shRNA)表达质粒,将质粒转染大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤细胞PC12,RT-PCR方法筛选出最有效干扰质粒,稳定转染PC12细胞后观察细胞表型变化,免疫荧光检测nnat蛋白表达,NGF诱导观察nnat表达下调对细胞分化的影响。结果:成功构建并筛选出有效的靶向nnat基因的shRNA真核表达载体;载体稳定转染PC12细胞之后能特异性沉默nnat基因的表达,PC12细胞长出突起,向神经元方向分化,加入诱导因子NGF后能促进突起生长。结论:nnat可能是作为神经分化抑制因子在神经发育与成熟过程中发挥作用。     

新生大鼠海马神经元在无血清培养液中的生长特性

用无血清培养新生大鼠海马细胞,观察神经元的生长分化,并与血清培养进行比较。结果表明:海马神经元在5％血清培养液中培养日龄较长,可达2个月,但非神经细胞增殖速度快,易影响神经元的生长分化。与血清组相比,无血清培养使非神经细胞生长缓慢,神经细胞突起分化早、伸展快,神经元可持续培养1个月。无血清培养易控制因素,有利于神经细胞生长,并具有促进分化的效应,是神经细胞分化发育研究以及单因子分析的理想实验模型。     

高浓度RA诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞分化为神经细胞

目的：高浓度RA诱导小鼠ESC体外向神经细胞分化。方法：通过5μMRA刺激拟胚体向神经前体细胞分化,在不同基质上进一步诱导神经前体细胞分化为神经细胞,通过免疫荧光鉴定。结果：5μM RA诱导神经前体细胞分化;神经前体细胞分化为β-tubulinⅢ阳性神经细胞,β-tubulinⅢ阳性细胞中有55%为GABA阳性,4%为CHAT阳性细胞。结论：高浓度RA诱导并结合细胞外基质成分优化了ESC向神经细胞分化。     

脊髓源性神经干细胞分化过程的免疫组织化学研究

目的探讨脊髓源性神经干细胞在分化过程中的生长特点及意义.方法采用细胞培养和免疫组织化学技术,观察了β-catenin和GAP-43在神经干细胞分化过程中,不同时间段的表达.结果分化1d时,β-catenin主要在细胞质和细胞核上有表达.到分化第4d时,β-catenin的表达变弱,到第7d时,β-catenin表达阴性.GAP-43在分化1d时,在细胞浆内有广泛的表达,到4d时反应增强,且在突起中的表达很明显.到第7d时GAP-43反应消失.结论在神经干细胞分化为神经细胞的过程中,β-catenin联合 GAP-43引导早期的突起生长,到分化第7d时这种突起生长停止,神经干细胞分化为成熟的神经细胞.     

骨髓间充质干细胞向神经细胞分化中Tau蛋白的表达

目的：观察骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）分化为神经细胞过程中,神经元微管相关蛋白Tau及其磷酸化位点pSer202的表达和含量的差异,探讨Tau蛋白在此过程中的作用。方法：使用EGF和bFGF联合诱导第4、第8和第12代的MSCs向神经细胞分化;14d后,免疫细胞化学法检测Tau蛋白和pSer202的表达;ELISA法分析各代细胞Tau蛋白含量。结果：第4、第8和第12代未诱导组Tau蛋白阳性细胞均〈6％;诱导14d后,各代MSCs在形态上均分化为类似神经元样细胞,Tau蛋白阳性细胞率较未诱导组显著升高（P〈0．05）,但各代之间无显著性,而pSer202在各代MSCs未诱导组和诱导组中均未见表达。ELISA法检测发现Tau蛋白含量在诱导过程中呈上升趋势,14d时各代细胞分化后的Tau蛋白升高程度无显著性差异。结论：MSCs向神经细胞分化过程中Tau蛋白表达量增加且可能尚未发生磷酸化,将有助于神经细胞的正常分化和突触形成。     

A simple, flexible, nonfluorescent system for the automated screening of neurite outgrowth

Measurement of neurite outgrowth is a common assay of neurotrophic activity. However, currently available techniques for measuring neurite outgrowth are either time or resource intensive. The authors established a system in which chronic treatment of a subcloned SH-SY5Y cell line with aphidicolin and various concentrations of nerve growth factor (NGF) induced discernable alterations in proliferation and differentiation. Cells were fixed, labeled with a nonfluorescent dye, and evaluated both manually and with an automated analysis system. NGF increased multiple parameters of differentiation, including neurite length, the proportion of cells extending neurites, and branching, as well as promoting cellular survival/proliferation. Interestingly, although NGF treatment increased the total number of branches, it actually decreased the proportion of branches per neurite length. The authors observed no differences in results obtained using the manual and automated systems, but the automated system was orders of magnitude faster. To demonstrate the flexibility of the system, the authors also show that they could measure changes in differentiation induced by a small-molecule Rho kinase inhibitor, as well as by retinoic acid cotreatment with brain-derived neurotrophic factor. In addition to this flexibility, this system does not require specialized equipment or fluorescent antibodies for analysis and therefore provides a less resource-intensive alternative to fluorescence-based systems.     

Short‐ and long‐chain natural polyamines play specific roles in adult cricket neuroblast proliferation and neuron differentiation in vitro

In the house cricket (Acheta domesticus) mushroom bodies, neurogenesis still occurs during adulthood. Using in vitro approaches, the respective roles of natural polyamines in neurogenesis were examined. Mushroom body neuroblast proliferation was assayed in organotypic culture using 5‐bromo, 2′‐deoxyuridine labeling. The number of labeled cells was significantly increased when putrescine was added to culture medium, whereas spermidine and spermine supplementation did not alter cell proliferation. Conversely, in vitro morphometric studies on mushroom body neurons cultured in a defined medium showed that putrescine addition failed to alter any morphological character of these interneurons, whereas addition of the long‐chain polyamines, spermidine and spermine, stimulated neuron differentiation. These two polyamines significantly increased total neurite length; moreover, spermidine‐treated cells exhibited more branches than the controls. The present data demonstrate that putrescine has a mitogenic effect on mushroom body neuronal precursors, and that spermidine and spermine, which failed to induce neuroblast proliferation, act on neuronal differentiation, inducing neurite outgrowth. Our results indicate that short‐ and long‐chain polyamines play specific roles during neurogenesis, and provide a basis for further studies on neuronal precursor proliferation and differentiation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 48: 315–324, 2001     

Short- and long-chain natural polyamines play specific roles in adult cricket neuroblast proliferation and neuron differentiation in vitro

In the house cricket (Acheta domesticus) mushroom bodies, neurogenesis still occurs during adulthood. Using in vitro approaches, the respective roles of natural polyamines in neurogenesis were examined. Mushroom body neuroblast proliferation was assayed in organotypic culture using 5-bromo, 2'-deoxyuridine labeling. The number of labeled cells was significantly increased when putrescine was added to culture medium, whereas spermidine and spermine supplementation did not alter cell proliferation. Conversely, in vitro morphometric studies on mushroom body neurons cultured in a defined medium showed that putrescine addition failed to alter any morphological character of these interneurons, whereas addition of the long-chain polyamines, spermidine and spermine, stimulated neuron differentiation. These two polyamines significantly increased total neurite length; moreover, spermidine-treated cells exhibited more branches than the controls. The present data demonstrate that putrescine has a mitogenic effect on mushroom body neuronal precursors, and that spermidine and spermine, which failed to induce neuroblast proliferation, act on neuronal differentiation, inducing neurite outgrowth. Our results indicate that short- and long-chain polyamines play specific roles during neurogenesis, and provide a basis for further studies on neuronal precursor proliferation and differentiation.     

Area-based analyzing technique at cell array experiment using neuronal cell line

We propose a simple procedure for the identification and quantitative analysis of neurite outgrowth in neuronal cell lines that were uniformly differentiated. Upon stimulation most neuronal cell lines extend neurites in the differentiation process, resulting, according to our observation, in the increase of cell surface area. This increase is dependent on the length and the number of extended neurites. Furthermore, we use this method for the phenotype analysis of cell array experiments to perform large-scale functional evaluation of genes involved in the neurite outgrowth during neuronal differentiation.     

Deficits in cerebellar granule cell development and social interactions in CD47 knockout mice

CD47 is involved in neurite differentiation in cultured neurons, but the function of CD47 in brain development is largely unknown. We determined that CD47 mRNA was robustly expressed in the developing cerebellum, especially in granule cells. CD47 protein was mainly expressed in the inner layer of the external granule layer (EGL), molecular layer, and internal granule layer (IGL), where granule cells individually become postmitotic and migrate, leading to neurite fasciculation. At postnatal day 8 (P8), CD47 knockout mice exhibited an increased number of proliferating granule cells in the EGL, whereas the CD47 agonist peptide 4N1K increased the number of postmitotic cells in primary granule cells. Knocking out the CD47 gene and anti‐CD47 antibody impaired the radial migration of granule cells from the EGL to the IGL individually in mice and slice cultures. In primary granule cells, knocking out CD47 reduced the number of axonal collaterals and dendritic branches; by contrast, overexpressing CD47 or 4N1K treatment increased the axonal length and numbers of axonal collaterals and dendritic branches. Furthermore, the length of the fissure between Lobules VI and VII was decreased in CD47 knockout mice at P21 and at 14 wk after birth. Lastly, CD47 knockout mice exhibited increased social interaction at P21 and depressive‐like behaviors at 10 wk after birth. Our study revealed that the cell adhesion molecule CD47 participates in multiple phases of granule cell development, including proliferation, migration, and neurite differentiation implying that aberrations of CD47 are risk factors that cause abnormalities in cerebellar development and atypical behaviors.© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 463–484, 2015     

Geometry-induced inhomogeneity of distribution of cell adhesion molecules along branching processes

There is evidence that inhomogeneity of lateral distribution of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) in the plasma membrane is crucial for cell motility and growth. It is known that the cells move when the cell-substratum adhesiveness is within a certain critical range. We have carried out simulation studies of the factors governing inhomogeneous CAM distribution along uniform and branching cylinder-shaped cell processes on a flat substrate evenly covered with a ligand. Our model included the following mechanisms: intracellular transportation of CAM to an active (growing) part of the cell, installation in the plasma membrane, lateral diffusive redistribution of mobile CAM, formation and dissociation of CAM/ligand complexes, and CAM internalization by endocytosis. Since the rate of growth is two and one order of magnitude slower than the rate of trafficking and lateral diffusion, respectively, we analyzed steady distributions of CAM. We showed that interplay of the mechanisms included in the model may lead to the occurrence of CAM distributions with inhomogeneity, whose range is critical for translocation of an active part of the cell. It was shown that a difference in the diameters of asymmetric sister branches can cause different inhomogeneous distributions of CAM along these branches and thus can define conditions of their growth. Depending on the branching geometry, one or both sister branches may appear within this critical range, and a difference in the diameters may define a difference in the rate of growth and, correspondingly, in the length. This may constitute the basis for self-control of neurite outgrowth.     

Docosahexaenoic acid promotes neurite growth in hippocampal neurons

Docosahexanoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA) deficiency during development is associated with impairment in learning and memory, suggesting an important role of DHA in neuronal development. Here we provide evidence that DHA promotes neuronal differentiation in rat embryonic hippocampal primary cultures. DHA deficiency in vitro was spontaneously induced by culturing hippocampal cells in chemically defined medium. DHA supplementation improved DHA levels to values observed in freshly isolated hippocampus. We found that DHA supplementation in culture increased the population of neurons with longer neurite length per neuron and with higher number of branches. However, supplementation with arachidonic, oleic or docosapentaenoic acid did not have any effect, indicating specificity of the DHA action on neurite growth. Furthermore, hippocampal cultures obtained from n-3 fatty acid deficient animals contained a lower DHA level and a neuronal population with shorter neurite length per neuron in comparison to those obtained from animals with adequate n-3 fatty acids. DHA supplementation to the deficient group recovered the neurite length to the level similar to n-3 fatty acid adequate cultures. Our data demonstrates that DHA uniquely promotes neurite growth in hippocampal neurons. Inadequate neurite development due to DHA deficiency may contribute to the cognitive impairment associated with n-3 fatty acid deficiency.     

Assembly of the Drosophila larval exoskeleton requires controlled secretion and shaping of the apical plasma membrane.

The apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells plays a central role in producing and shaping the apical extracellular matrix (aECM) that eventually adopts a stereotypic architecture required for the physical and physiological needs of the epithelium. To assess the implication of the apical plasma membrane on aECM differentiation, we have studied the function of the apical plasma membrane t-SNARE Syntaxin 1A in the embryo of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster during differentiation of the stratified exoskeleton, the cuticle, which is composed of proteins and the polysaccharide chitin. The cuticle layers of syntaxin1A deficient larvae are rudimentary. Consistently, Syntaxin 1A is required for the secretion of O-glycosylated proteins and components involved in pigmentation and protein cross-linking. By contrast, localization of chitin synthesis and organising proteins to the apical plasma membrane or to the extracellular space does not depend on Syntaxin 1A activity. However, chitin microfibrils have a random orientation instead of being arranged in parallel. This correlates with the lack of corrugations at the apical plasma membrane of epidermal cells, the apical undulae that have been proposed to be crucial for chitin microfibril orientation. Hence, Syntaxin 1A contributes to cuticle differentiation by controlling correct apical plasma membrane topology as well as mediating secretion of a subset of extracellular proteins required for layer organisation. Our data also indicate that yet another unidentified t-SNARE is needed in parallel to Syntaxin 1A to deliver extracellular material for complete cuticle assembly. Evidently, coordination of apical membrane modelling and two secretion routes are essential for stereotypic aECM organisation.     

Syntaxin 7 complexes with mouse Vps10p tail interactor 1b, syntaxin 6, vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)8, and VAMP7 in b16 melanoma cells

Syntaxin 7 is a mammalian target soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) involved in membrane transport between late endosomes and lysosomes. The aim of the present study was to use immunoaffinity techniques to identify proteins that interact with Syntaxin 7. We reasoned that this would be facilitated by the use of cells producing high levels of Syntaxin 7. Screening of a large number of tissues and cell lines revealed that Syntaxin 7 is expressed at very high levels in B16 melanoma cells. Moreover, the expression of Syntaxin 7 increased in these cells as they underwent melanogenesis. From a large scale Syntaxin 7 immunoprecipitation, we have identified six polypeptides using a combination of electrospray mass spectrometry and immunoblotting. These polypeptides corresponded to Syntaxin 7, Syntaxin 6, mouse Vps10p tail interactor 1b (mVti1b), alpha-synaptosome-associated protein (SNAP), vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)8, VAMP7, and the protein phosphatase 1M regulatory subunit. We also observed partial colocalization between Syntaxin 6 and Syntaxin 7, between Syntaxin 6 and mVti1b, but not between Syntaxin 6 and the early endosomal t-SNARE Syntaxin 13. Based on these and data reported previously, we propose that Syntaxin 7/mVti1b/Syntaxin 6 may form discrete SNARE complexes with either VAMP7 or VAMP8 to regulate fusion events within the late endosomal pathway and that these events may play a critical role in melanogenesis.