多疣狭口蛙不同繁殖时期皮肤显微结构观察

采用常规石蜡切片及HE染色,对多疣狭口蛙不同繁殖时期背腹皮肤结构进行显微观察.结果发现:多疣狭口蛙3个不同繁殖时期皮肤结构无明显变化,其背部腺体要比腹部发达.尤其是颗粒腺,比腹部丰富.背部皮肤的色素层也比腹部发达.繁殖前期、繁殖中期粘液腺含量比繁殖后期略微多.     

云南昆明地区三种蛙皮肤显微结构的比较

对昆明地区的多疣狭口蛙、昭觉林蛙及黑斑蛙的背腹皮肤切片的显微结构进行了观察和比较,尤其对它们皮肤腺体的类型和功能进行了比较分析.结果 表明:多疣狭口蛙皮肤比昭觉林蛙及黑斑蛙皮肤含有更多的腺体,尤其是颗粒腺比后两者含量更为丰富,并且在皮下存在许多腺体团,背腹皮肤较后者厚.昭觉林蛙皮肤较黑斑蛙的含有更多的颗粒腺和粘液腺.3种蛙的背部皮肤都含有色素细胞,而除了在多疣狭口蛙雌性腹部观察到少量色素细胞外,另两种蛙在腹部皮肤中均未见色素层.相比之下,昭觉林蛙和黑斑蛙皮肤结构较相似,两者同多疣狭口蛙在皮肤腺体分布及数量上差别较大,这也体现了三者不同的生态适应机制.     

六种常见两栖类动物皮肤分泌物的生物活性比较

对6种常见两栖类动物皮肤水溶性分泌物的生物学尖性与酶学活性进行了研究,其中,红瘰疣螈（Tylototriton verrucosus),大蹼铃蟾（Bombina maxima),华西蟾蜍（Bufo andrewsi)皮肤分泌物对小白鼠具有致死毒性,对小白鼠腹腔注射的半数致死剂量分别为11．5,18．8和264mg/kg。而沼蛙（Rana nigromaculata),泽蛙（Rana guentheri),黑斑蛙（Rana limnocharis)的皮肤分泌物在小白鼠腹腔注射剂量达到500mg/kg时,仍不显示致死毒性。红瘰疣螈,大蹼铃蟾皮肤分泌物的毒性成分为3－60kDa的多态与蛋白质。6种两栖类动物皮肤分泌物都具有蛋白酶水解活性与胰蛋白酶抑制活性。红瘰疣螈,大蹼铃蟾和华西蟾蜍皮肤分泌物具有广谱抗菌活性,大蹼铃蟾,华西蟾蜍皮肤分泌的具有肿瘤细胞细胞毒活性。6种皮肤分泌物对哺乳类血液凝固系统无显著影响。仅发现红瘰疣螈皮肤分泌物具有磷脂酶A2活性。6种皮肤分泌的均无乙酰胆碱酯酶活性。     

多疣狭口蛙昆明种群雌雄配对行为及形态适应选择

测量和比较采自昆明东北郊的24对抱对多疣狭口蛙(Kaloulaverrucosa)标本,同时野外观察其繁殖行为。配对雌雄蛙的体长、体重和头宽3个形态特征的Pearson相关系数大于0·5;择体长和体重作回归分析,结果表明,雌雄蛙体长选择和雌雄蛙体重配对都呈良好的线性关系。雌蛙选择雄蛙体长为自身体长的(81·8±5·7)%、体重为自身体重的(53·1±10·7)%的个体为最适配偶。雌蛙选择体长较长而体重较轻的雄蛙作为配偶,这样有利于形成较好的空间(雄性胸腹部皮肤腺长度,雌雄抱对时泄殖孔位置等)配对关系。多疣狭口蛙属于雌性选择模式,即雄蛙鸣叫,雌蛙受吸引,主动接近雄蛙,如果雄蛙条件适合则形成配对。     

北方狭口蛙繁殖生态的研究

采用野外定点观察、室内剖检相结合的方法,对北方狭口蛙（Ｋａｌｏｕｔａ ｂｏｒｃａｌｉｓ）繁殖生态进行了研究北方口蛙繁殖期直接与每年的雨季迟早有关,多在大雨过后的傍晚,夜阐及清晨进行繁殖活动,产卵场所为大雨过后形成的临时水坑或流速较缓的沟渠中,产卵场所不受水域大小及水中有无杂草所限,卵分批产出,每批弱卵约２０～３０粒。     

多疣狭口蛙昆明种群雌雄配对行为及形态适应选择

测量和比较采自昆明东北郊的24对抱对多疣狭口蛙(Kaloula verrucosa)标本，同时野外观察其繁殖行为。配对雌雄蛙的体长、体重和头宽3个形态特征的Pearson相关系数大于0.5；择体长和体重作回归分析，结果表明，雌雄蛙体长选择和雌雄蛙体重配对都呈良好的线性关系。雌蛙选择雄蛙体长为自身体长的(81.8±5.7)%、体重为自身体重的(53.1±10.7)%的个体为最适配偶。雌蛙选择体长较长而体重较轻的雄蛙作为配偶，这样有利于形成较好的空间(雄性胸腹部皮肤腺长度，雌雄抱对时泄殖孔位置等)配对关系。多疣狭口蛙属于雌性选择模式，即雄蛙鸣叫，雌蛙受吸引，主动接近雄蛙，如果雄蛙条件适合则形成配对。     

多巴胺、雌二醇及睾酮对虎纹蛙离体脑垂体促性腺激素分泌的影响 EFFECTS OF DOPAMINE，ESTRADIOL AND TESTOSTERONE ON GONADOT ROPIN RELEASE FROM THE PITUITARYFRAGMENTS OF Rana rugulosa

为了解虎纹蛙促性腺激素分泌的调节机理，用离体静态培育系统和放射免疫测定法，研究了多巴胺(DA)、雌二醇(E[2])和睾酮(T)对雌性虎纹蛙离体脑垂体薄片促黄体激素(LH)和促卵泡激素(FSH)分泌活动的影响。结果表明：0.1-10 μmol/L的DA对成熟前期和冬眠期虎纹蛙离体脑垂体薄片的LH及FSH的释放都有抑制作用，并且随着DA浓度的增加，抑制作用逐渐增强。1和10 μmol/L的E[2]显著刺激成熟前期蛙LH的释放，而0.1-10 μmol/L的E2显著抑制其FSH的释放；T对其FSH的释放无显著影响，但10 μmol/L的T显著抑制其LH释放。0.1-100 μmol/L 的E[2]或T对冬眠期蛙LH和FSH的释放均无显著影响。这些结果说明，多巴胺和性类固醇激素在脑垂体水平上对虎纹蛙LH和FSH的释放有直接的调节作用，而性类固醇激素的作用可能与性腺的发育阶段(季节)有关。     

扬州地区北方狭口蛙繁殖习性的初步观察

北方狭口蛙(Kaloulaborealis)是扬州地区分布不多的两栖类动物,每年在5—8月活动,在阵雨或暴雨后的暂时积水坑中,能见到活动或听到叫声。1985年曾对北方狭口蛙的繁殖、发育等活动进行初步观察,现报道如下:形态北方狭口蛙雌、雄个体基本相似,背面为灰土黄褐色,腹面淡肉红白色,稍带土黄褐色。雄蛙咽下有银白色外声囊,头部短小,略呈三角形,躯干部宽与长相近,头与四肢都很短小,跟躯干部比例不相称。咽侧淡黄色,密布黑色斑点。雌蛙头部钝圆,躯干部宽是长的3/5,比雄蛙相称,四肢亦比雄蛙稍粗,咽侧深黄色,黑色斑点比雄蛙显著。配对扬州地区的北方狭…     

南宁花狭口蛙食性的初步调查

花狭口蛙(Kaloula pulchra pulchra Gray)过去研究的较少。笔者于1961—1964年和1979年在学校内对其食性进行了初步研究,现报告如下。 花狭口蛙平时居于土中,多在湿度大(湿度75—94％)的时候外出觅食,尤其是在雨前蚂蚁成群活动的时候,更为活跃;平日以黄昏至晚22时为多。白天出来活动的蛙,除极少数外,都不进行捕食。该蛙捕食多在道路上、路旁及其附近的光地上;一般不在草地和杂草丛生的     

促性腺激素在白蚁脑中的免疫细胞化学定位

为研究昆虫卵泡刺激素 (FSH)和黄体生成素 (LH)的存在与分布 ,我们用免疫细胞化学染色技术对FSH和LH在尖唇散白蚁 (Reticulitermesaculabialis)脑中的分布进行了定位研究。结果显示 :FSH免疫阳性神经细胞及神经纤维分布在雌性繁殖蚁分飞期前脑的左叶、右叶及中部 ,雌性末龄若虫前脑的右叶 ,雄性繁殖蚁前脑的右叶 ;LH免疫阳性物质分布在雌、雄繁殖蚁前脑左叶 ;在工蚁和兵蚁中未见有FSH和LH免疫阳性物质存在。研究结果表明 :FSH和LH在白蚁脑中的存在具有发育阶段特异性 ,并且有可能像其在脊椎动物中那样参与调节性腺发育及精卵成熟 ;可能调节繁殖蚁、兵蚁、工蚁的产生     

林麝促卵泡激素和促黄体激素基因的克隆及其序列分析

林麝FSHB和LHβ基因是调控林麝的繁殖和泌香的重要垂体激素.本研究克隆了林麝FSHβ和LHβ基因DNA全序列,林麝FSHβ和LHβ基因与其他反刍动物相似,具有3个外显子区域;哺乳动物FSHβ和LHβ全基因序列的差异大于外显子之间的差异.在哺乳动物中,林麝FSHβ和LHβ蛋白序列与人、马同源性并不是最高,因此,在林麝的催情、人工授精以及用于二次催香反应中应考虑使用相似性更高的激素或自生激素以减少人工繁殖和泌香失败.     

虎纹蛙促性腺激素含量随年龄及季节的变化(英文)

促性腺激素（ＧｔＨ;或ＬＨ和ＦＳＨ）在脊椎动物生殖调节中起中Ｃ作用;脑垂体和血浆ＧｔＨ水平在一定程度上反映着动物体的生殖生理状态。在蛙类,对脑垂体和血浆的ＬＨ及ＦＳＨ含量进行过较全面研究的,仅在牛蛙和日本蟾蜍有过报道,结果显示它们的ＬＨ和ＦＳＨ的含量存在有种类差异性。虎纹蛙属中国二级保护动物,也是唯一受保护的蛙类,对其生殖生物学的基础内容进行研究具有重要的意义。 为此,本文利用放射免疫测定法,测定了虎纹蛙幼蛙和不同性腺发育阶段（季节）成蛙脑垂体与血浆的ＬＨ及ＦＳＨ含量,以弄清这些激素的含量变化与年龄、季节（性腺发育阶段）变化的关系,以期为虎纹蛙的基础生殖生物学及蛙类的生殖内分泌学充实新的内容,为虎纹蛙的人工繁殖和保护提供理论依据。结果是：幼蛙血浆ＬＨ水平显著高于各期成蛙（Ｆｉｇ．Ａ）,血浆ＦＳＨ水平显著低于成熟前期成蛙,而和其它各性腺发育阶段成蛙相当（Ｆｉｇ．Ｂ）。而脑垂体ＬＨ或ＦＳＨ的含量显著低于各期成蛙（Ｆｉｇ．Ｃ＆Ｄ）。这说明,幼蛙脑垂体已具有一定的合成和释放ＬＨ及ＦＳＨ的能力。 成蛙脑垂体和血浆ＬＨ及ＦＳＨ水平随性腺发育阶段（季节）的不同而有一定的变化：雌蛙血浆ＬＨ水平在成熟期最高,性腺再发育期最低;     

FSH receptors in the bovine corpus luteum

Binding of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to a crude membrane fraction of bovine corpus luteum (CL) has been detected. This binding meets the usual criteria for a receptor based on specificity, time course of reaction and association constant (Ka = 8.5 x 10(10)M(-1)). Physiological studies with CL removed from heifers at specific times after estrus indicate that day-6 CL had the highest FSH binding. However, a correlation with physiological function was not obvious since some functional mid-cycle CL were high in progesterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor but had nondetectable FSH receptor. Conversely, some late-cycle CL had low progesterone and LH receptor but significant quantities of FSH receptor.     

Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels in buffalo seminal plasma

The levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were determined in the buffalo bull seminal plasma by double-antibody radioimmunoassay. The mean levels of FSH and LH ranged from 8.98 ± 3.08 to 18.40 ± 2.19 ng/ml and from 0.598 ± 0.200 to 1.22 ± 0.334 ng/ml, respectively. FSH and LH concentration was positively correlated with mass motility and sperm concentration of buffalo semen samples. Concentration of hormones did not differ significantly among bulls.     

Characteristics of stimulation of gonadotropin secretion by kisspeptin-10 in female goats

The aims of the present study were to clarify the effect of kisspeptin-10 (Kp10) on the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) in goats, and compare the characteristics of any response with those of the response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The experiments were performed using four female goats (4–5 years old) in the luteal phase of estrous cycle. A single intravenous (i.v.) injection of 1, 5 and 10 μg/kg b.w. (0.77, 3.85 and 7.69 nmol/kg b.w.) of Kp10 stimulated the release of LH. Maximum values were observed 20–30 min after the injection. On the other hand, Kp10 did not alter plasma GH and PRL concentrations significantly. Three consecutive i.v. injections of Kp10 (5 μg/kg b.w.) or GnRH (5 μg/kg b.w.: 4.23 nmol/kg b.w.) at 2-h intervals increased both plasma LH and FSH levels after each injection (P < 0.05); however, the responses to Kp10 were different from a similar level of GnRH. The rate of decrease in LH and FSH levels following the peak was attenuated in Kp10-treated compared to GnRH-treated animals. These results show that Kp10 can stimulate the release of LH and FSH but not GH and PRL in female goats and suggest that the LH- and FSH-releasing effect of the i.v. injection of Kp10 is less potent than that of GnRH.     

Changes in circulating levels of immunoreactive follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone during sexual development in the rhesus monkey, Macaca mulatta

Basal serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone (T) and the responsiveness of these hormones to a challenge dose of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), were determined in juvenile, pubertal, and adult rhesus monkeys. The monkey gonadotrophins were analyzed using RIA reagents supplied by the World Health Organization (WHO) Special Programme of Human Reproduction. The FSH levels which were near the assay sensitivity in immature monkeys (2.4 +/- 0.8 ng/ml) showed a discernible increase in pubertal animals (6.4 +/- 1.8 ng/ml). Compared to other two age groups, the serum FSH concentration was markedly higher (16.1 +/- 1.8 ng/ml) in adults. Serum LH levels were below the detectable limits of the assay in juvenile monkeys but rose to 16.2 +/- 3.1 ng/ml in pubertal animals. When compared to pubertal animals, a two-fold increase in LH levels paralleled changes in serum LH during the three developmental stages. Response of serum gonadotrophins and T levels to a challenge dose of LHRH (2.5 micrograms; i.v.) was variable in the different age groups. The present data suggest: an asynchronous rise of FSH and LH during the pubertal period and a temporal correlation between the testicular size and FSH concentrations; the challenge dose of LHRH, which induces a significant rise in serum LH and T levels, fails to elicit an FSH response in all the three age groups; and the pubertal as compared to adult monkeys release significantly larger quantities of LH in response to exogenous LHRH.     

Validation of radioimmunoassays for LH and FSH in the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys): Characterization of LH and the response to GnRH

Heterologous radioimmunoassays (RIA) for macaque LH and FSH were validated for the measurement of these hormones in the sooty mangabey and mangabey pituitary LH was characterized relative to rhesus monkey LH. Dilutions of a pituitary mangabey extract and a partially purified preparation of mangabey LH ran parallel to a rhesus monkey standard (LER 1909-2) in the ovine-ovine (o-o) LH assay but showed some deviation from parallelism in the rhesus monkey FSH assay. The LH potency of the mangabey extract and standard were six and 190 times more potent, respectively, than LER 1909-2 in the LH RIA. Mangabey LH was estimated to have a molecular weight of 40,000–42,000 daltons vs 35,000–38,000 daltons for rhesus LH on Sephadex G-100 chromatography. Plasma levels of radioimmunoreactive LH, FSH, and testosterone were assayed before and after a bolus administration of 25, 50, or 100 μg synthetic go-nadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) to adult male mangabeys. A significant increase in serum levels of LH was seen within 30 min with levels more than fourfold higher than the basal level of LH after administration of 100 μg GnRH. However, no consistent increases in plasma FSH values were detected. The integrated mean LH response above preinjection levels following 25, 50, or 100 μg GnRH was dose related. Serum levels of testosterone were also elevated after administration of GnRH, but peak concentrations of testosterone lagged behind peak levels of LH by approximately 30 min. These studies indicate that the heterologous RIAs may be used for measuring gonadotropins in the mangabey and that the male mangabey is apparently more sensitive to GnRH than the rhesus monkey.     

Effects of intracerebroventricular administration of irisin on the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal axis in male rats

Irisin is a product of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) and plays an important role in energy homeostasis. In this study, we aimed to determine effects of intracerebroventricular administration of irisin on the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal axis by molecular, biochemical, and morphological findings. Fourty male Wistar-Albino rats were used and divided into four groups including control, sham (vehicle), 10, and 100 nM irisin infused groups (n = 10). Hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) level and serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone levels were determined. Testicular tissue histology and spermiogram analysis were also performed. Both irisin concentrations significantly reduced hypothalamic GnRH messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels (p < 0.05). It was found that serum LH, FSH, and testosterone levels and Sertoli and Leydig cell numbers were decreased by irisin administration (p < 0.05). In addition, irisin administration reduced sperm density and mobility (p < 0.05). However, it did not cause any change in testicular and epididymis weights and tubular diameter. Our results reveal that irisin can play a role in the central regulation of reproductive behavior and also reduces testosterone levels by suppressing LH and FSH secretion. These results suggest that the discovery of irisin receptor antagonists may be beneficial in the treatment of infertility.     

Effects of aromatase inhibitors and different doses of testosterone on gonadotropins in one year old male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

The effects of different doses of testosterone (T), the aromatase inhibitors 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione (ATD) and 4-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione (4OH), and the combined treatment of T and ATD on luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) at the onset of puberty in juvenile Atlantic salmon males were investigated. T always increased pituitary LH. Also, ATD increased pituitary LH, though to a lesser extent than T. However, ATD combined with T diminished pituitary LH levels compared to T alone, indicating an aromatase-dependent positive feedback of T on LH in immature males. 4OH, which was less effective than ATD as an aromatase inhibitor, increased LH content. ATD treatment resulted in increased pituitary FSH levels, similar to those of mature controls. Positive effects of ATD on plasma FSH were found, indicating the presence of an aromatase-dependent negative feedback. The 4OH effects on FSH levels were inconsistent. T exerted both positive and negative effects on pituitary FSH and testes growth, depending on dose and season, with the positive effects being more pronounced with the low doses and the negative effects with the high doses. The treatment of T combined with ATD did not affect the positive effect of T alone on pituitary and plasma FSH, indicating the presence of an aromatase-independent positive feedback on FSH. There was a positive correlation between FSH and gonadosomatic index, especially during summer when gonadal development occurs.