25个种和品种的柑桔果皮精油的化学成分

用双柱毛细管气相色谱保留时间法和GC-MS法分析了25个种和品种的柑桔果皮精油的化学成分,共鉴定出精油化学成分61个。所有精油的主要成分都是柠檬烯。依据精油中柠檬烯含量的不同,将被分析的25个植物种和品种分成三组:枸橼、柠檬类为一组,精油中柠檬烯含量为50％～70％;酸橙、甜橙和柚类为一组,精油中柠檬烯的含量大于92％;宽皮柑桔类为一组,精油中柠檬烯的含量为70％～90％(少数种达94.18％)。这一实验结果与近来有关栽培柑桔只有枸橼、柚和宽皮柑桔具有生物学种的价值的看法相类似。     

无量山种子植物的区系平衡点

在较为完善的分类学处理后所得的包含207科,1026属,2540种植物的名录基础上,本文初步报道了地处滇中南的无量山的种子植物区系组成的初步结果,并在山体各海拔段进行了属的分布区类型每一类分布的详尽统计,得出了热带和温带两大基本成分在无量山达到平衡（各占50％）海拔点,称之为区系平衡点。该点从历史角度看可以反映无量山种子植物区系成分随自然历史变迁所发生的演变,从现实看表明了该地植物区系的过渡性质,同时,寓意着我国亚热带地区客观存在着一条区系平衡线,并且,该点还是热带成分的一个重要性限制点;另一方面可以作为植物引种和选择引种驯化锻炼基地的一个参考指标。     

Genetic relationships between some Tunisian Citrus species based on their leaf volatile oil constituents

Volatile oil constituents of Tunisian sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) cv. Meski (MES), Valencia Late (VAL), Thomson Navel (THN) and Maltaise Blanc (MAB); mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco); sour orange (Citrus aurantium L. cv. Amara (AM)) and pummelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck) were obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by gas chromatography (GC) combined with a flame ionisation detector (FID) and mass spectrometry (MS). A total of 41 components accounting for more than 95% of the total essential oils were identified, and oxygenated monoterpenes (69.5–99.9%) were found as the most prominent fraction in all oil samples. The main constituents were linalool (3.1–73%), isoborneol (0–55.8%) and tepinen-4-ol (1.1–19.2%). A high degree of inter-and intraspecific chemical variability between species and cultivars was found to be genetically determined, and a set of distinctive traits (chemical markers) in the essential oils profile was established. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of all identified components grouped the oils into two main chemotypes (linalool/isoborneol and isoborneol/linalool).     

正交设计优选超声辅助提取柑桔叶精油工艺研究

采用溶剂萃取法提取柑桔叶中的精油,并优化工艺条件。通过气相色谱、质谱等仪器对所提取的精油组分进行鉴定分析。最终得到最佳提取条件:用6倍石油醚浸泡4 h,超声60次,可得到较好产率,产率1.73%。利用气相色谱-质谱联用法对柑橘叶精油的化学组成进行分析,用归一化法测定其相对百分含量,共分离出387种成分,鉴定了其中的32种成分,占出峰物质总量的70.22%,主要成分为β-氧化石竹烯(10.15%)、十六烷酸(8.15%)、芳樟醇(6.31%)、α-甜橙醛(4.33%)、亚油酸(6.48%)、视黄醛(4.04%)等成分。     

The Chemical Components of Essential Oils from the Leaves of 110 Species and Cultivars of Citrus Plants

Seventy-two chemical components of essential oils from the leaves of 110 species and cultivars of Citrus were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Among the plants analyzed, there are 3 species in papeda, 12 species and cultivars in Osmocitrus, 18 cultivars in C. aurantium L., 15 cultivars in C. sinensis Osbeck, 16 species and cultivars in Citrophorum, 16 species and cuhivars in Cephalocitrus, 30 species and cultivars in Acrumen. As resources of essential oils, some valuable plants were found such as Citrus hystrix D. C., C. junos (Sieb.) Tan. cv. Xiecheng, C. junos (Sieb.) Tan. cv. Luohancheng and C. tankan Hayata. Our study has provided systematic data of the chemical components of the essential oils for the taxonomic work of Citrus plants.     

Agro-waste derived compounds (flax and black seed peels): Toxicological effect against the West Nile virus vector,Culex pipiens L. with special reference to GC–MS analysis

The development of different approaches to use agricultural residues as a source of high value-added products, become a must, especially after the problems emerged due to their accumulation. This contribution demonstrates the potential of agricultural residues, Linuim usitatissium (flax seed) and Nigella sativa (black seed) peels, as raw materials for the production of bioactive products, botanical insecticides, against Cx. pipiens, with deep analysis to their chemical constituents by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the larvicidal efficacies of the three crude extracts (methylene chloride, petroleum ether and methanol 70%) from the two plant waste peels were evaluated for the first time against the late third instar larvae of Cx. pipiens. Results indicated different lethal doses in larvae depending on the efficacy of organic solvent used. For both compounds methanol 70% extracts produced the highest dry yield. The most efficient solvent is petroleum ether in case of both flax and Black seed peels. Petroleum ether extract exhibited the highest toxicity against Cx. pipiens with an LC50 of 69.6383 ppm. The same results for black seed indicated that petroleum ether was the most efficient against Cx. pipiens with an LC50 of 40.7748 ppm. The study revealed for the first time the type of phytochemical constituents presents in peels of flax and black seeds using GC–MS analysis which revealed twenty-eight constituents among extracts of flax and black seed peels ranging from to 58.8711% to 99.99% of the total extracts. GC–MS profiling showed that a five constituents, 9-2-Methyl-Z, Z-3, 13 octadecadienol (terpenoid), 9,17-Octadecadienal, (Z)-, Nonanoic acid, 9-oxo-, methyl ester, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid Z,Z and Octasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13,15,15-hexadecamethyl- have insecticidal activity beside many other biological activities as recorded from a variety of botanical extracts. While the constituents like Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester and cis-9-Hexadecenal, both of them are larvicidal, cis-Vaccenic acid and 9-Oxononanoic acid showing only an insecticidal activity beside Undecanoic acid the mosquito repellent. The other six constituents Linoelaidic acid, Oleic Acid, Z-2-Octadecen-1-ol, 1-Methoxy-3-hydroxymethylheptane, Cis-11,14–Eicosadieonic acid-methyl ester and Heptasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13-tetradecamethyl- are constituents of other plant extracts which showed as a whole an insecticidal activity.     

Antidiabetic potential of Citrus sinensis and Punica granatum peel extracts in alloxan treated male mice

An investigation on the effects of four different concentrations of peel extract from Citrus sinensis (CS) or Punica granatum (PG) in male mice revealed the maximum glucose lowering and antiperoxidative activities at 25 mg/kg of CS and 200 mg/kg of PG. In a separate experiment their potential was evaluated with respect to the regulation of alloxan induced diabetes mellitus. While a single dose of alloxan (120 mg/kg) increased the serum levels of glucose and alpha-amylase activity, rate of water consumption and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in hepatic, cardiac and renal tissues with a parallel decrease in serum insulin level, administration of 25 mg/kg of CS or 200 mg/kg of PG was found to normalize all the adverse changes induced by alloxan, revealing the antidiabetic and anti peroxidative potential of test fruit peel extracts. Subsequent phytochemical analysis indicated that the high content of total polyphenols in the test peels might be related to the antidiabetic and antiperoxidative effects of the test peels.     

应用柑橘异源四倍体杂种花粉生产瘪籽沙田柚果实

以3个柑橘异源四倍体体细胞杂种(即四倍体粗柠檬与哈姆林甜橙体细胞杂种,简称"HR";酸柚与粗柠檬体细胞杂种,简称"SR";墨西哥来檬与伏令夏甜橙体细胞杂种,简称"KV")为父本,分别与二倍体单胚性沙田柚进行有性杂交,在生产上获得瘪籽沙田柚果实,并对果实品质进行分析(以四季柚花粉亲本为对照)。结果表明:授予柑橘异源四倍体杂种花粉的果实种子败育十分明显,果实瘪籽率达41.4%～96.0%,与对照间的差异极显著(P0.01);但果实单果重、果肉重、果皮重、果皮厚和果形指数与对照间无显著性差异(P0.05);果实可溶性固形物、全糖、Vc和可滴定酸含量与对照也无明显变化,且较适合于瘪籽沙田柚果实生产的体细胞杂种是HR和SR。     

Terpene down-regulation in orange reveals the role of fruit aromas in mediating interactions with insect herbivores and pathogens

Plants use volatile terpene compounds as odor cues for communicating with the environment. Fleshy fruits are particularly rich in volatiles that deter herbivores and attract seed dispersal agents. We have investigated how terpenes in citrus fruit peels affect the interaction between the plant, insects, and microorganisms. Because limonene represents up to 97% of the total volatiles in orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel, we chose to down-regulate the expression of a limonene synthase gene in orange plants by introducing an antisense construct of this gene. Transgenic fruits showed reduced accumulation of limonene in the peel. When these fruits were challenged with either the fungus Penicillium digitatum or with the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, they showed marked resistance against these pathogens that were unable to infect the peel tissues. Moreover, males of the citrus pest medfly (Ceratitis capitata) were less attracted to low limonene-expressing fruits than to control fruits. These results indicate that limonene accumulation in the peel of citrus fruit appears to be involved in the successful trophic interaction between fruits, insects, and microorganisms. Terpene down-regulation might be a strategy to generate broad-spectrum resistance against pests and pathogens in fleshy fruits from economically important crops. In addition, terpene engineering may be important for studying the basic ecological interactions between fruits, herbivores, and pathogens.     

The Chemical Constituents of the Essential Oil from the Flowers,Leaves and Peels of Citrus aurantium

Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl., is a better species of sour oranges. There are essential oils in the flowers, the peels, the leaves and the branches of C. aurantium. The flower oil can be used in the preparation of perfumes of high quality. The peel oil is used mainly for the flavor-endowing of soft drinks, alcoholic drinks, bread, confectionaries and cakes. In order to control the quality of the essential oils and to improve them, we have systema- tically studied the chemical constituents of the flowers, the leaves and the peals of C. aurantium with our preparation. 12 main components were separated by silica gel column chromatography. The following 33 chemical components were identified by IR, GC-MS and GC retention index: α-thujene, α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, β-ocimene, trans-linalooloxide (furanoid), cis-linalooloxide (furanoid), linalool, 1,4-p-methadien-7-ol, trans-pinocarveol, camphor, terpinen-4-ol α-terpineol, nerol, citral-b, geraniol, linalylacetate, citrala, trans-linalooloxide (pyranoid), methyl anthranilate, terpinyl acetate, cis-linalooloxide (pyranoid), neryl acetate. geranyl acetate, nonanal, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, γ-muurolene, β-nerolidol, farnesol, α- nerolidol. GC retention index of 33 compounds were measured. A fast method for routine determination is presented.     

Studies on the Structure and Development of Secretory Cavities in Poncirus Trifoliata

Light microscopical observation of thin sections revealed that the initials of secretory cavities in Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. originated from parenchyma cells below the epidermis in early stages of development. The cavity lumen appeared in the center of the initials and gradually enlarged during subsequent development. Concurrently the ceils surrounding the central space differentiated into secretory cells and sheath cells. The developed cavities of fruit ,stem and leaf consisted of 2–5 layers of sheath cells and 2–3 layers of secretory cells surrounding a spherical space. The secretory cells lining the space were observed to remain intact throughout the plantt s life. On the basis of comparative studies with the aid of different kinds of fixatives, embedding media and sectionings,it was suggested that the ,manner of formation of the lacunao of secretory cavities in fruit peels of P. trifoliata, Citrus reticulata and C. sinensis were different. However,as seen in thin sections the secretory cavities of all the 3 species developed schizogenously. Our result with reference to views of other authers concluded the existance of a common schizogenous cavity formation in Rutaceae.     

yatay椰子果实和果汁芳香成分分析

yatay椰子〔Butia yatay(M art.)Becc.〕原产于阿根廷、乌拉圭、巴拉圭及巴西南部,树干高3~6 m,直径约40 cm,羽状叶,叶柄两侧有齿状刺,雌雄同株,-7℃下能生存[1,2],属耐寒性椰子。果实黄色,秋天成熟,直径4~5 cm,能散发出强烈的香气;果肉酸甜可口,与柑橘和橙子味道相近。在巴西,yatay椰子除作为水果食用外,还可经发酵制成具有椰子香气的酒类饮料。除Rodenste in[3]曾经报道过yatay椰子果实的核与果肉的物化特性外,几乎没有关于yatay椰子的相关研究报道。为此,作者利用顶空吸附萃取-气相色谱-质谱〔HSSE(Head space sorptive extraction)-…     

冬虫夏草的研究进展、现存问题与研究展望

冬虫夏草Ophiocordyceps sinensis是传统的名贵中药材,具有非常重要的食用与药用价值。本文从天然冬虫夏草的地理分布与形态特征,冬虫夏草菌的分离、分类、遗传与进化、大量培养,寄主昆虫蝠蛾的分类、分布、生物学与人工饲养,冬虫夏草的化学成分与药效作用等方面综述了冬虫夏草的研究进展,分析了冬虫夏草研究现存的问题,并展望未来的研究方向。     

Insecticidal properties of volatile extracts of orange peels

Statistical studies using the randomised complete block design with four replicates showed that volatile extracts of two species of orange peel--Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) and Citrus aurantifolia (lime) had insecticidal activity against mosquito, cockroach and housefly. Insecticidal activity was better after 60 min than at 30 min spraying of rooms. Volatile extracts of C. sinensis showed greater insecticidal potency, while the cockroach was the most susceptible to the orange peels among the three insects studied.     

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of MATE gene family in citrus fruit (Citrus clementina)

Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins are a class of secondary active multidrug transporters. In plants, this family has significantly expanded and is involved in numerous plant physiological processes. Although MATE proteins have been identified in an increasing number of species, the understanding about this family in citrus remains unclear. In this study, a total of 69 MATE transporters were identified in the citrus genome (Citrus clementina) and classified into four groups by phylogenetic analysis. Tandem and segmental duplication events were the main causes of the citrus MATE family expansion. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses were performed during citrus fruit development. The results indicated that CitMATE genes showed specific expression profiles in citrus peels and flesh at different developmental stages. Combined with the variations of flavonoids and citrate levels in citrus fruit, we suggested that CitMATE43 and CitMATE66 may be involved in the transport process of flavonoids and citrate in citrus fruit, respectively. In addition, two flavonoids positive regulators, CitERF32 and CitERF33, both directly bind to and activated the CitMATE43 promoter. Our results provide comprehensive information on citrus MATE genes and valuable understanding for the flavonoids and citrate metabolism in citrus fruit.     

广西苦丁茶的挥发油成分

在我国广西作为苦丁茶饮用的一种植物是冬青科冬青属苦丁茶 (ＩｌｅｘｋｕｄｉｎｃｈａＣ .Ｊ .Ｔｓｅｎｇ)的叶。化学成分及活性研究表明 (Ｎｉｓｈｉｍｕｒａ等 ,1999) ,广西苦丁茶中三萜类成分具有显著抑制酰基辅酶Ａ -胆固醇酰基转移酶 (ＡＣＡＴ)活性 ,可用于防止动脉粥样硬化症。在我们开展相关的研究工作时注意到 ,其挥发油具有清香香气 ,但成分未见报道。本文利用气相色谱 -质谱联用仪 ,对其成分进行了全面、系统的分析 ,为该种植物的综合开发利用提供了部分科学依据。1　仪器和样品气相色谱 -质谱联用仪 :ＨＰ6 890 /ＨＰ5 973ＧＣ…     

Diversity of flies (Diptera: Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) in organic citrus orchards in the vale do Rio Caí, Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil

This study was carried out in the Counties of Montenegro and Pareci Novo located in the region of the Vale do Rio Cai, Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil, aiming to determine the fruit fly species of Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae that occur in organic orchards of sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] cultivar Céu, and Murcott tangor (Citrus reticulata Blanco x C. sinensis), during the fruit ripening stages in 2003 and 2004. Eight McPhail traps baited with integral grape juice diluted to 25% were installed in four orchards, two in each citrus species. The traps were checked weekly, when the baits were changed, the flies separated and preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. Fruits were also sampled from the orchards, placed in containers with damp soil and closed with a mesh. The tephritid flies represented 86.2% of all captured flies in the four orchards during both years. Five Tephritidae species were captured from traps: Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann), Anastrepha grandis (Macquart), Anastrepha pseudoparallela (Loew), Anastrepha dissimilis Stone and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). The captured species of Lonchaeidae were: Neosilba zadolicha McAlpine & Steyskal, Neosilba n.sp.3, Neosilba sp. and Lonchaea sp. Anastrepha fraterculus was found in 99% of the fruit samples, both in 'Céu' orange and 'Murcott' tangor, and Neosilba n.sp.3 were only obtained from 'Murcott' tangor fruits.     

三种柑橘类果皮提取物对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响

通过分析测定生物量、叶绿素a含量以及叶绿素荧光参数,研究了3种柑橘类果皮甲醇提取液对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响。结果表明,3种提取液都能有效抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长、叶绿素a合成与光合系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）活性,并且抑制效果随着作用浓度增加而增强。3种提取液抑制作用强弱的顺序为：蜜橘〉西柚〉脐橙。当蜜橘皮提取液浓度大于1.10g/L时,抑藻效果显著（P〈0.05）,培养9d后对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制率达到86.4%,且在实验期间抑制作用没有减弱。当脐橙皮与西柚皮提取液的浓度大于3.31g/L时,抑藻效果显著（P〈0.05）,但培养5d后抑制作用开始减弱。据此推测,3种柑橘类果皮提取液中存在一类或几类物质,能够抑制铜绿微囊藻的叶绿素a合成,降低PSⅡ活性,从而降低其光合作用效率,导致铜绿微囊藻的生长受到抑制。且这类物质能自然降解,随着作用时间的延长,其抑藻效果也逐渐消失。     

Studies on the Chemical Constituents of Essential oil from the Leaves of Da Ye Fangzang Cinnarnornurn porrectum

Da Ye Fangzang is a physiological type of containing d-linalool of Cin-namomum porrectum (Roxb) Kosterm. The essential oil in leaves of Da Ye Fangzangcan be extracted by steam distillation with yields of 1.1–1.4%. It contained d-linalool95.08% and it can be used in aromatic. We used the methods of GC, GC/MS/DS, IR,and optical ana]ysis, d-linalool and other 29 different chemical constituents were identi-fied.     

金柚肉果贮藏病原病害及防腐保鲜技术的研究

初步研究了去皮梅州金柚肉果贮藏期间出现的微生物病原病害,并筛选出防腐保鲜的组合配方,该组合配方能明显抑制霉菌生长,显著提高金柚肉果贮藏病害的总体防治效果,增加维生素C含量,提高金柚果实的品质.