酵母基因内含子中二聚体寡核苷酸转录调控位点的统计分析

对高效和低效转录酵母基因内含子序列中寡核苷酸的出现频率进行对照分析, 结果显示高效和低效内含子序列的结构有差异, 而且高效转录内含子序列含有较多潜在的转录因子结合位点. 观察实验获得的转录调控位点, 发现许多调控位点不是相邻接的寡核苷酸,而是由一对保守寡核苷酸构成, 这对寡核苷酸被一段长度固定的非保守区域间隔开. 于是对此形式的二聚体寡核苷酸(dyad)在高效和低效内含子序列中出现的频率进行统计比较分析,抽提出在高效内含子组出现的频率显著高于在低效内含子组出现频率的二聚体寡核苷酸, 分析这些二聚体寡核苷酸在两组内含子序列中的分布特征, 并对照实验结果, 这些二聚体寡核苷酸可能与基因转录的正调控有关.     

酵母基因上游序列中潜在的转录正调控位点分析

前期研究表明,高效转录酵母基因内含子在序列长度、寡核苷酸使用、以及位置分布等方面都有着区别于低转录内含子的特征 . 进一步观察发现：上游基因间区域的序列长度与基因转录频率也有与内含子序列相同的现象,转录频率高的上游基因间序列一般都比转录频率低的长 . 对高效转录和低效转录上游基因间序列的寡核苷酸使用频率进行统计比较分析,抽提出高转录基因上游区可能的转录正调控元件 . 与酵母的所有非编码序列比较,这些可能的正调控元件基本上也是过表达的 (over-represented) ,其中多数和实验所得的一些位点特征相吻合 . 这些元件富含 G 、 C ,这与内含子中可能的正调控元件在碱基组成上有一定的互补性 . 从这些特征看,高效转录基因上游的序列结构确实有利于基因的转录 .     

酵母内含子在基因序列中的分布对基因转录效率的影响

对酵母中高效转录和低效转录基因内含子序列寡核苷酸使用情况的对照分析,显示两类内含子的序列结构有差异,并且高效转录基因内含子序列含有较多潜在的转录因子结合位点,由此推测内含子可能参与基因转录的调控.这个结论有待更多的数据证实.对内含子和外显子在两组基因序列中的分布（长度、位置等）进行详细比较分析后显示,高效转录基因内含子和低效转录基因内含子的长度有比较明显的界限.两组基因中外显子长度的均值虽然有些差异,却没有明显的界限.基因序列长度与外显子长度的情况相似.虽然内含子的相对位置在两类基因中都很靠近5′端,但是从实际位置看,高效转录基因中比较多的内含子很靠近基因的5′端,有些则位于5′-UTR区域.这些结果提示,基因的转录效率与内含子的长度有关,与外显子及基因序列的长度无关,内含子的位置也可能影响转录效率,内含子对基因转录的调控可能与基因上游的转录调控有关联,或者是上游调控的延续.     

酵母基因内含子中转录正调控位点的统计分析

以一组随机选取的对照序列中寡核苷酸的出现频率为基础,分析转录频率较高的酵母基因内含子序列的寡核苷酸使用情况,抽提出一批过表达的寡核苷酸。然后对抽取出的寡核苷酸和它们在每个高效转录基因内含子序列中重叠、连接后形成的长寡核苷酸序列片段进行分析．并对照实验结果和用比较分析方法获得的结果、推测这些寡核苷酸可能是高效转录基因内含子序列中潜在的转录因子结合位点。     

人与小鼠核糖体蛋白基因内含子中的转录调控位点分析

前期对酵母和果蝇核糖体蛋白(Ribosomal protein, RP)基因内含子序列中的寡核苷酸分析表明, 内含子中含有潜在的转录因子结合位点。为进一步发掘核糖体蛋白基因内含子参与转录调控的证据, 文章首先基于频率分析方法抽提出人和小鼠核糖体蛋白基因第一内含子中高频(Over-represented)出现的寡核苷酸片段 (亦称模体, Motif), 这些寡核苷酸中超过85%与已知的转录因子结合位点吻合, 是潜在的转录调控元件。对抽提出的寡核苷酸进行碱基组成分析, 发现95%以上的寡核苷酸富含碱基C和G, 而较少富含A和T。从寡核苷酸在内含子中的分布情况看, 它们相对靠近第一内含子的5′端, 即距离基因转录起始位点和上游区域较近。推测这些特征可能与基因转录调控有关。     

小鼠基因内含子中CpG岛和几个转录调控元件分析

内含子在基因转录调控中的作用已多次被实验报道,然而对其参与调控的普遍性还缺乏足够的理论支持。本研究利用计算分析方法,对小鼠基因内含子中的CpG岛(CpGisland)、TATA框(TATAbox)、CAAT框(CAATbox)以及GC框(GCbox)等元件的出现频率进行分析。结果发现,分别有56.01%、57.16%、65.88%和41.86%的第一内含子具有CpG岛、TATA框、CAAT框以及GC框,而它们在其它内含子中的平均出现频率则分别为14.07%、45.24%、49.91%和13.19%。即使考虑到不同位置的内含子,这些元件在第一内含子中的出现频率也显著高于它们在其它任何位置内含子中的出现频率。由于CpG岛、TATA框、CAAT框以及GC框均与基因的转录调控有关,据此推测小鼠第一内含子在基因转录调控过程中具有潜在的重要性。本研究结果为内含子参与转录调控提供了更多的理论依据。     

人管家基因启动子序列中的组合转录调控元件分析

研究表明,第一内含子可能参与基因转录调控.利用统计方法提取人管家基因上游至第一内含子序列中潜在的组合转录调控模体,分析模体间的距离、区域分布等特征,探讨内含子参与基因转录调控的可能性及其参与方式.在管家基因中共获得960对潜在转录调控模体对,其中57%与实验已知的具有转录相互作用的因子对吻合,共涉及12组因子对.分析发现,绝大多数模体对(80%)偏向于上游区域及"上游-内含子"区域,进一步支持了内含子参与基因转录调控的假设,并据此推测内含子与上游序列之间具有转录协同作用,模体在基因转录起始位点(TSS)附近较为集中,模体对的两个模体之间距离较近,60%左右距离在200 bp以内,特别地,65%的模体对特征距离在100 bp以内,短距离间隔有利于转录因子间的协同作用.这些结果将有助于对人基因转录调控机制及内含子功能的深入认识.     

不同转录频率的酵母基因启动子序列结构差异性分析

不同基因的转录效率一般会有差异,启动子序列的组织结构可能是造成差异的原因之一。本文分别基于出现频率、Markov模型以及加权Markov模型计算出所有6碱基片段(6-mer)在不同转录频率的酵母基因启动子序列中的分布,然后利用最大最小贴近度方法分析这些基因启动子序列结构的差异情况。结果表明,酵母基因的转录频率与启动子序列结构的确有关联,转录频率相差较大的基因,它们的启动子序列结构差异一般也较大。统计分析还表明,高阶(3阶和4阶)加权Markov模型可以更有效地反映基因启动子序列的结构特征。     

猪肥胖基因5'调控区与内含子1的测序分析及其两个新微卫星的发现

根据猪肥胖基因(Obese gene,Ob)部分序列设计引物,并通过Southern杂交和杂交阳性片段的克隆进行测序,首次得到猪Ob基因内含子1和5'调控区16.4 kb序列,将外显子1定位在起始密码子上游11.1 kb处,同时在内含子1中发现了两个新的微卫星,命名为SW200和SW160.调控区潜在的调控元件分析显示,-1～ -300 bp区间包含了C/EBP和两个Sp1,可能更直接高效的调节其转录.为研究SW200和SW160与一些重要经济性状的关系,分析了等位基因和基因型频率,用SAS8.2软件分析显示,两个微卫星多态仅对二花脸猪的头胎总产仔数有显著的效应.     

弱背景噪声对大鼠听皮层神经元频率调谐的影响

在自然环境中,人和动物常在一定的背景噪声下感知信号声刺激,然而,关于低强度的弱背景噪声如何影响听皮层神经元对声刺激频率的编码尚不清楚.本研究以大鼠听皮层神经元的频率反应域为研究对象,测定了阈下背景噪声对79个神经元频率反应域的影响.结果表明,弱背景噪声对大鼠初级听皮层神经元的听反应既有抑制性影响、又有易化性影响.一般来说,抑制性影响使神经元的频率调谐范围和最佳频率反应域缩小,易化性影响使神经元的频率调谐范围和最佳频率反应域增大.对于少数神经元,弱背景噪声并未显著改变其频率调谐范围,但却改变了其最佳频率反应域范围.弱背景噪声对63.64%神经元的特征频率和55.84%神经元的最低阈值无显著影响.神经元频率调谐曲线的尖部比中部更容易受到弱背景噪声的影响.该研究结果有助于我们进一步理解复杂声环境下大脑听皮层对听觉信息的编码机制.     

The effect of frequency and grounding on whole-body absorption of humans in E-polarized radiofrequency fields

The radiofrequency absorption rates of five male human volunteers have been measured from 3 to 41 MHz. The subjects were exposed at about 10 microW /cm2 inside a very large transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell and never absorbed more than 1 W. Both the EKH and EHK orientations were employed under both free-space and grounded conditions. Absorption rates for the EKH orientation exceed those of the EHK orientation by 40% in free space, but only by 6% when grounded. The absorption rates for the grounded men vary with frequency, f, as f1.9 from 3 to 25 MHz and then level off at peak. The free-space absorption rates vary as f1.7 from 3 to 18 MHz and as f2.9 from 18 to 41 MHz. The average measured absorption rates at 10 MHz exceed the average of the standard model calculations by a factor of three (for free space) or four (grounded). The average man, when exposed grounded in an EKH orientation to the maximum permitted exposure levels under ANSI standard C95 .1-1982, will absorb 0.58 +/- 0.14 W/kg over most of the 3 to 41-MHz frequency range. This slightly exceeds the whole-body maximum of 0.40 W/kg underlying the standard.     

Masculine voices signal men's threat potential in forager and industrial societies

Humans and many non-human primates exhibit large sexual dimorphisms in vocalizations and vocal anatomy. In humans, same-sex competitors and potential mates attend to acoustic features of male vocalizations, but vocal masculinity especially increases perceptions of physical prowess. Yet, the information content of male vocalizations remains obscure. We therefore examined relationships between sexually dimorphic acoustic properties and men's threat potential. We first introduce a new measure of the structure of vocal formant frequencies, 'formant position' (Pf), which we show is more sexually dimorphic and more strongly related to height than is the most widely used measure of formant structure, 'formant dispersion', in both a US sample and a sample of Hadza foragers from Tanzania. We also show large sexual dimorphisms in the mean fundamental frequency (F0) and the within-utterance standard deviation in F0 (F0-s.d.) in both samples. We then explore relationships between these acoustic parameters and men's body size, strength, testosterone and physical aggressiveness. Each acoustic parameter was related to at least one measure of male threat potential. The most dimorphic parameters, F0 and Pf, were most strongly related to body size in both samples. In the US sample, F0 predicted testosterone levels, Pf predicted upper body strength and F0-s.d. predicted physical aggressiveness.     

自交作物群体的遗传组成分析

用数学方法推导出了自交作物群体遗传组成的分析公式。根据所推出的公式,可以计算出任何自交世代群体的基因型频率和同一表现型中各基因型的频率。对自交群体遗传组成的分析可用于质量性状的选择,确定选择时需要的有效群体大小和选出有效群体的大小,亦有助于确定选择的最佳世代。     

Radiofrequency radiation-induced calcium ion efflux enhancement from human and other neuroblastoma cells in culture

To test the generality of radiofrequency radiation-induced changes in 45Ca2+ efflux from avian and feline brain tissues, human neuroblastoma cells were exposed to electromagnetic radiation at 147 MHz, amplitude-modulated (AM) at 16 Hz, at specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, 0.001, and 0.0005 W/kg. Significant 45Ca2+ efflux was obtained at SAR values of 0.05 and 0.005 W/kg. Enhanced efflux at 0.05 W/kg peaked at the 13-16 Hz and at the 57.5-60 Hz modulation ranges. A Chinese hamster-mouse hybrid neuroblastoma was also shown to exhibit enhanced radiation-induced 45Ca2+ efflux at an SAR of 0.05 W/kg, using 147 MHz, AM at 16 Hz. These results confirm that amplitude-modulated radiofrequency radiation can induce responses in cells of nervous tissue origin from widely different animal species, including humans. The results are also consistent with the reports of similar findings in avian and feline brain tissues and indicate the general nature of the phenomenon.     

Bioacoustics of the Neotropical Eneopterinae (Orthoptera,Grylloidea, Gryllidae)

In members of the cricket subfamily Eneopterinae (Orthoptera, Grylloidea), songs with powerful high-frequency (HF) harmonics have evolved, which likely represents a distinctive acoustic adaptation. In this study, we analysed or reanalysed the songs of the three eneopterine genera present in the Neotropics to evaluate whether they also possess high-amplitude HF components. We present new data and combine several lines of evidence to interpret or reinterpret the calling signals of a representative species for each genus. We used new recordings in order to detect and analyse potential HF components of the songs. Stridulatory files were measured, and stridulation was studied using high-speed video recordings. The results suggest that all eneopterine genera from the Neotropics use HFs to communicate, based on the rich harmonic content of their songs. Strikingly, the Neotropical eneopterines possess high dominant frequencies, recalling the patterns observed in the tribe Lebinthini, the most speciose tribe of the subfamily distributed in the Western Pacific region and in Southeast Asia: Ligypterus and Ponca show dominant harmonic peaks, whereas Eneoptera possesses unique features. The three species under study, however, deal differently with HFs.     

Intercorrelations and sources of variability in three mutagenicity assays: a population-based study

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intercorrelation between three genetic assays in 112 subjects. The group was pooled from two originally separate but homogeneous subgroups of 56 persons each. Procedures included assays for hprt mutant frequencies, micronuclei in human lymphocytes, and mutations at the glycophorin A (gpa) loci. We found no statistically significant or biologically important intercorrelations among the three biomarkers. We did, however, observe significant correlations between log_e hprt mutant frequency and cloning efficiency (inverse correlation for these 2 variables), age and log_e hprt mutant frequency, an inverse relationship between cloning efficiency and age, and an important differential sex effect favoring a greater micronuclei frequency in females than males. No significant correlations between the covariates of interest and glycophorin A variant frequencies NN or NO were observed. Using multivariable linear regression, age was found to account for the majority of the variability in hprt mutant frequency (greater than sex and/or smoking); for micronuclei data, only sex contributed a statistically significant and biologically important proportion to the total variation. We conclude that despite observing no significant intercorrelations between the three assays performed simultaneously from the same individuals in a large population database, a significant correlation between age and hprt mutant frequency and an inverse association between cloning efficiency and hprt do exist; furthermore, we verified the strong differential sex-specific effect on micronucleus frequencies.     

云南省三个地方鸡种血液淀粉酶多态性分析

采用垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,测定了版纳斗鸡、武定鸡、尼西鸡的血液淀粉酶(Amy)。发现云南3个地方鸡种Amy-1的AA、BB型纯合子基因型频率很低, 其中尼西鸡为0,而AB型杂合子基因型频率很高,杂合子显著过量,均偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡。在版纳斗鸡少数个体中还发现控制血液淀粉酶的另一位点Amy-2。 Abstract:Blood amylase polymorphism in 3 Yunnan local chicken breeds(Banna ganme chicken,Wuding chicken.Nixi chicken)was determined with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,It was found that frequen cies of both AA and BB homozygous genotype were very low,while AB heterozyote genotype frequency was very high in 3 Yunnan local chicken breeds and that Amy-1 distribution in these breeds was widely deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium proportion.We have also found that there is another locus Amy-2 which controls the amylase in a few Banna game chickens.     

Hardy-Weinberg定律在专科教学中的课堂设计

Hardy-Weinberg定律是群体遗传学的第一理论基石,也是现代进化论、现代优生学和群体育种的理论基础,是遗传学教学中的重难点内容,但通过合理的教学设计可帮助学生全面理解、掌握并应用该定律,为后续学习奠定基础。     

Interspawning interval of wild female three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus in Alaska

The interspawning interval, or spawning frequency, of wild three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus , was estimated using histological examination of postovulatory follicles (POF). Females in Alaskan lakes appeared to have as much as a 48 h delay between ovulation and ovoposition, yet the POF method could still be used to estimate the interspawning interval. In two Alaskan lakes the interspawning interval was estimated to range from 2·2 to 7·8 days among individual female G. aculeatus . These estimates were consistent with the range (2·5 to 5 days) of previous estimates among individual females from laboratory observations of spawning G. aculeatus , as well as anecdotal accounts of spawning intervals reported from wild populations in Canada (5–10 days). The interspawning interval of females increased during the course of the spawning season in Alaska, showing that the majority of female spawning activity occurred during the earliest portion of the approximate 6-week reproductive season. The increased interspawning interval appears to be related to a previously reported decrease in body condition in reproductive females during the breeding season. Thus, female G. aculeatus may be unable to sustain the initial rate of reproduction as energy stores that support the rapid growth of vitellogenic oocytes are depleted.