高纤维食物对黄毛鼠摄食和消化的影响

动物的消化生理特征和消化对策可决定其营养生态位。为揭示黄毛鼠适应高纤维食物的消化对策,在高纤维食物饲喂10 d和20 d时,以食物平衡法测定摄食量、粪便量及相应的能量学参数。在取食高纤维食物10 d时,摄食量无显著变化,但粪便量显著增加,消化率显著下降;至20 d时,摄食量显著增加,消化率仍低于对照组,但消化能与对照组无差异。高纤维组动物的体重在第10 d时显著下降,但在第20 d时未进一步下降。该结果表明,黄毛鼠能够通过增加摄食量和降低消化率的消化对策适应高纤维食物,此外,降低体重使总能量需求减少,也是其适应低质量食物的对策之一。     

单宁酸对棕色田鼠和小鼠食物选择、日食量和蛋白质消化率的影响

目的用不同浓度单宁酸（tannic acid,TA）处理后的花生喂养棕色田鼠（Lasiopodomys mandarinus）和小鼠（Mus musculus）,研究单宁酸对两种鼠食物选择倾向、食物摄入量、蛋白质消化率的影响。方法本研究的设计如下：1）选择一批棕色田鼠和小鼠,单笼饲养,自由饮水。用正常花生饲喂二周实验用棕色田鼠和小鼠,使其适应这种食物;2）随机选出棕色田鼠和小鼠各10只（雌雄各半）,单笼饲养。用经0%、5%、10%TA处理的花生饲喂供试鼠一周,观察和记录两种鼠对TA处理后花生的选择和取食特征;3）随机选出18只棕色田鼠和18只小鼠,单笼饲养,并各分为3组（每组均为6只）,按两种鼠分别命名为对照组、低单宁酸组、高单宁酸组,并分别用经0%、5%和10%TA处理的花生饲喂一周,测定两种鼠的食物摄入量;同时收集粪便,用凯氏定氮仪测定粗蛋白含量,计算蛋白质消化率。结果1）棕色田鼠和小鼠均优先选择无TA食物（P〈0.001）,二者间差异达显著性水平（P〈0.001）;2）食物中的TA降低棕色田鼠和小鼠的相对日食量（P〈0.001）和食物中蛋白质的消化率,随TA含量的升高,棕色田鼠和小鼠的相对日食量和蛋白质消化率均显著下降。结论TA降低棕色田鼠和小鼠的食物摄入量和食物中蛋白质的消化率。TA对鼠类的食物摄入量和蛋白质消化率的影响有种间差异性,小鼠对TA的适应性更强。     

环境温度和食物种类对乌龟幼仔生长和消化的影响

本文报道了不同环境温度和食物种类对一龄乌龟和二龄乌龟生长率、摄食量、消化率以及食物消化时间的影响。结果表明:随温度升高 (20℃→30℃),幼龟生长率、摄食量逐渐增加;一龄乌龟消化率随温度升高逐渐降低;但二龄乌龟的消化率在各温级间基本保持一致。食物消化时间与温度呈直线负相关。温度、食物种类和动物大小对幼龟食物脂肪消化率影响不显著。食物种类和动物大小对生长率、消化率的影响程度随温度而变,但对食物消化时间没有显著影响。     

养殖密度对史氏鲟消化率、摄食率和生长的影响

以体重（43.90±1.75）g史氏鲟为研究对象,研究了0.525、1.171和2.138 kg·m^-2 3种养殖密度对史氏鲟幼鱼生长、摄食率和消化率的影响,实验时间为60 d.结果表明,养殖密度对史氏鲟的生长、摄食率和消化率具有显著影响.高养殖密度不利于史氏鲟的生长,低密度组中史氏鲟的特定生长率和日增重显著高于高密度组,食物转化率显著低于高密度组;特定生长率和日增重随养殖密度的降低而显著增高.低密度组、中密度组中史氏鲟的消化率无显著差异,但均显著高于高密度组.中密度组摄食率显著低于高密度组和低密度组,低密度组摄食率介于两者之间;食物转化率和消化率呈显著负相关,特定生长率与消化率呈显著正相关.     

西藏雪灵芝促进消化作用实验研究

目的：探讨雪灵芝是否具有促进消化的功效。方法：选用雄性大鼠和小鼠各一批：①大鼠灌胃给不同剂量的雪灵芝提取浓缩液和蒸馏水一个月后进行消化酶的测定;并计算体重增重量、摄食量及食物利用率。②小鼠灌胃给不同剂量的雪灵芝提取浓缩液和蒸馏水（2个对照组）15d后进行小肠运动实验。结果：①雪灵芝各剂量组大鼠体重增重量均高于阴性对照组,高、中剂量组与阴性对照组的差异具有显著性（P〈0.05）。各剂量组的食物利用率均高于阴性对照组,且高、中剂量组与阴性对照组的差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。②雪灵芝各剂量组小鼠的墨汁推进率均高于便秘模型对照组,且差异均显著或非常（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。结论：雪灵芝具有促进消化功能的功效。     

四个与小鼠摄食、摄水量及蛋白质代谢相关基因的功能研究

目的　通过对小鼠摄食、摄水量及蛋白质代谢相关基因的功能研究 ,为今后的营养学和营养疾病学的分子生物学水平研究提供一定的依据。方法　利用反义核酸技术与动物行为学实验方法相结合 ,从动物整体水平上研究与动物膳食和营养代谢相关的基因功能。从课题组以往研究得到的摄食量与对照组有显著差异的基因中选出 4个 ,用BALB c小鼠进行实验。结果　实验结果表明 :D1、Pe和Tr实验组小鼠的摄食量、摄水量与对照组有明显的差异 ,D1和Tr实验组的蛋白质代谢与对照组有明显的差异。D1实验组小鼠的摄食量和摄水量明显高于对照组并呈下降趋势 ,但其表观消化率小于对照组 ,说明其蛋白质代谢功能有所下降 ;Tr实验组小鼠的摄食量和摄水量也明显高于对照组但呈上升趋势 ,其表观消化率大于对照组 ,说明其蛋白质代谢功能有所上升。结论　预测D1基因可能与促进营养代谢功能有关 ,Tr基因可能与抑制营养代谢功能有关。D1、Pe和Tr与移动、痛觉、记忆等其他行为学有相关性 ,P3与其他行为学无相关性。     

移植不同饲料利用效率猪的粪便可定向改变伪无菌小鼠的生长性能

目的通过将不同饲料利用效率猪的粪便移植至伪无菌小鼠,探讨其对受体小鼠生长性能的影响规律,并初步揭示其机制。方法使用36头28 kg左右的杜×长×大阉公猪进行42 d单笼饲养(自由采食)并测算其饲料转化效率。实验结束时将36头猪根据饲料转化效率分为高、中、低3组,采集三组猪的新鲜粪便,通过灌胃移植到经广谱抗生素处理过的小鼠中,监测粪便移植后小鼠的生长性能变化。采用全收粪法测定饲料利用效率高、中、低三组猪的营养物质消化率,并采用16S rRNA V3-4可变区扩增测序对猪和小鼠的粪便微生物组成进行分析比较。结果将不同饲料利用效率猪的粪便移植至广谱抗生素处理的伪无菌小鼠后,小鼠重现了猪的生长性能表型;在肠道微生物的组成结构方面,高饲料转化效率猪及其高生长性能的受体鼠,肠道微生物的物种丰富度和微生物多样性相对较高;高饲料利用效率猪的总能消化率(P=0.01)显著增加,产气短杆菌的丰度显著提高,且其粪便移植后受体小鼠的肠球菌和阿克曼氏菌丰度也显著高于低饲料利用效率的受体小鼠,表明肠道微生物在能量的高效利用方面起着重要的作用。结论移植不同饲料利用效率猪的粪便可定向改变伪无菌小鼠肠道微生物的物种丰富度、微生物多样性及其生长性能。高饲料利用效率猪的优势主要在于能量消化利用效率较高,肠道中与能量高效利用相关微生物丰度相对较高。     

抗性淀粉对HFA小鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的 以人源菌群(HFA)小鼠为研究模型,观察抗性淀粉(RS)对高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠肠道菌群的多样性的影响.方法 将30只无菌小鼠接种健康人志愿者的粪便悬液构建HFA小鼠模型后,随机分成3组,一组喂养含20％的抗性淀粉的高脂饲料(RS组),一组喂养纯高脂饲料(CK组),一组喂养普通饲料(CONV组),取第0周和第8周的小鼠新鲜粪便,用PCR-DGGE分析3组小鼠的肠道菌群的相似性和多样性.结果 3组小鼠在第0周时肠道菌群多样性的相似度达到79％～87％,与人的肠道菌群相似性达到39％,说明构建HFA小鼠模型成功,第8周时,3组之间的均匀度(E)和Shannon指数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而丰富度(S)在高脂组(CK)与普通饲料组(CONV)和抗性淀粉组(RS)之间差异都有统计学意义(P＜0.05),说明高脂饮食引起肠道菌群多样性增加,而抗性淀粉则能降低这种多样性.结论 抗性淀粉可以显著影响HFA小鼠的肠道菌群多样性.     

高原鼢鼠的消化对策

动物面临不同的生活环境及生活方式,往往采取不同的消化对策,而消化道结构在动物的消化对策中起关键作用。为进一步了解高原鼢鼠的生存对策,比较了高原鼢鼠与大白鼠消化道形态结构与食物摄入量、食物吸收量及食物消化率的差异。结果表明:高原鼢鼠的食物摄入量及食物吸收量显著低于大白鼠,食物消化率、蛋白质消化率及粗纤维消化率显著高于大白鼠。而两种动物的蛋白质吸收量及粗纤维吸收量差异不显著。高原鼢鼠的胃、小肠、大肠、盲肠干重及大肠长度与盲肠长度显著高于大白鼠,小肠长度差异不显著。可见,动物的消化率及能量需求与其消化道形态相适应。高原鼢鼠采取摄取少量的食物、增加消化道长度或重量、提高食物消化率的消化对策。     

猪对两种黑麦原料消化性的研究

分别以HH91和Pluto两种黑麦作为饲料来源进行消化试验.结果 表明,喂饲HH91黑麦组日粮中干物质、粗蛋白、粗纤维、无氮浸出物、有机物等的表观消化率、总能的表观消化率、日粮可消化蛋白质的利用系数和N平衡等均高于Pluto组,其中粗纤维的表观消化率有极显著性的差异( P<0.01),有机物表观消化率差异性显著(P<0.05),其余指标差异不明显(P >0.05).喂饲HH91黑麦组日粮中粗脂肪、粗灰分和总能的表观消化率则低于Pluto组,但差异不明显( P >0.05).     

圈养赤斑羚夏季日食量及表观消化率的探讨

<正>野生动物营养学是野生动物生态学和管理学的重要组成部分,是了解野生和圈养野生动物种群生存和繁殖的核心内容之一(Robbins,1983)。动物采食是一个复杂的、动态的、生物和非生物因素相互作用和相互影响的过程(Van Soest,1994),同时受动物自身、环境和饲料等多种因素的影响,有时还存在互作(NRC,1996)。采食量决定营养物质的摄入量,决定着动物能够从环境中获得营养物     

Nutritional requirements for maintenance of body weight and fat deposition in the long-distance migratory garden warbler, Sylvia borin (Boddaert)

Intake of food, protein, fat and carbohydrates and their fecal output and the birds' weights were recorded during different feeding trials with specific nutrient reduced diets in the old-world long-distance migratory garden warbler. The birds' body weights were affected by low dietary protein as well as low dietary fat levels. Low dietary protein and fat levels were associated with significant changes in daily gross and net food intake and in the efficiency of food and nutrient utilization. Birds fed on diets with low nutrient levels for an extended length of time recovered in weight after an initial weight loss. They obviously compensated the restricted nutrient levels primarily by increasing the daily food intake and by changing the efficiency of food and nutrient utilization. Effects of restricted dietary nutrient levels on body weight and adaptation depended on the previous composition of the food. The average daily net fat intake was much higher than the average daily net protein intake, both for maintenance of a constant body weight and for successful regain of weight. The data were further discussed with respect to the role of a fruit diet in omnivorous passerine birds.     

超声驱鼠器对黄毛鼠的驱逐效果

正始于20世纪中叶的超声驱鼠器是物理防治鼠害的重要手段之一(Frings,1948;汪诚信,1982;陈毅和刘全生,2016)。起初人们发现鼠类可听到超声(Gould and Morgan,1941;Schleidt,1948),Frings(1948)基于听源性惊厥(audiogenic seizure)的动物反应提出可用超声来驱逐害鼠。其后,Anderson(1954)首次报道实验大鼠夹尾时会     

山药对环江香猪营养物质消化代谢的影响

为了探讨山药对环江香猪营养物质消化代谢的影响,本研究选用体重为4.55±0.63 kg的环江香猪10头,随机分为2组,每组5头,单笼饲养,分别饲喂山药日粮和基础日粮,试验期为7 d。试验开始和结束时分别称取试验猪体重,记录日采食量;试验第5～7 d收集粪样,用TiO2指示剂法测定常规营养成分的消化率;试验第7 d采血分离血浆,分别用全自动生化分析仪和氨基酸分析仪测定生化指标和氨基酸浓度。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组平均日增重、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和干物质消化率均有所提高(P>0.05);血浆尿素氮和血氨浓度均显著降低、总蛋白浓度显著升高(P<0.05),白蛋白和葡萄糖浓度及碱性磷酸酶活性均有所升高(P>0.05);血浆丙氨酸、甘氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、苏氨酸和总氨基酸浓度均显著升高(P<0.05)。上述结果提示,山药可改善环江香猪的消化代谢功能,这为开发环江香猪的绿色环保饲料提供了一定的科学依据。     

限制食粪对东方田鼠食物消化和体重生长的影响

食粪行为是植食性小型哺乳动物为满足其营养需求所采取的一种适应对策。实验室条件下,限制1月龄和12月龄东方田鼠摄食粪便,测定了限制食粪对食物消化率和体重生长的影响,旨在进一步揭示食粪行为在植食性小型哺乳动物的营养及消化对策中的作用。结果表明,限制食粪使1月龄和12月龄东方田鼠的干物质消化率分别下降27.64 %和7.89 %,粗蛋白消化率分别下降21.39 %和12.68 %;限制食粪可显著抑制东方田鼠的体重增长,且限制食粪对幼体体重的影响较成体明显。因此,研究结果充分验证了限制食粪可降低东方田鼠的食物消化率及抑制其体重生长的假设。     

Effect of amylomaize starch on cholesterol and bile acid metabolisms in germfree (axenic) and conventional (holoxenic) rats

Germfree and conventional rats were given a semi-synthetic diet containing either normal cornstarch or an amylomaize starch. The experimental groups thus formed were compared to assess the effects of these two types of starch and to determine if digestive tract microflora was involved in these effects. The presence of amylomaize starch decreased body growth in germfree and conventional rats, increasing food intake in the former and decreasing it in the latter. In conventionals, amylomaize starch decreased the apparent digestibility of the ration only slightly, while in germfrees it diminished apparent digestibility considerably. The cecal weight of germfree animals was not modified by amylomaize starch but that of conventional rats was increased fourfold. In both types of rat, amylomaize starch largely decreased the plasma concentration of cholesterol, largely increased the total amount of bile acids in the small intestine but slightly modified the fecal elimination of cholesterol and bile acids. It augmented the cholesterol concentration in the liver of germfrees and decreased it in conventionals while, on the contrary, it diminished the total amount of bile acids in the hind gut in the former and augmented it in the latter. This starch did not change bile acid deconjugation in conventional rats but considerably decreased other bacterial transformations of cholesterol and bile acids. Digestive tract microflora was undoubtedly involved in the action of amylomaize starch on cecal weight, ration digestibility, food intake, hepatic cholesterol concentration, the amount of bile acid in the hind gut and obviously in the transformation of cholesterol and bile acids. It did not play a role in the other effects of this starch: the strong decrease in the concentration of plasma cholesterol was the direct effect of amylomaize starch on rat metabolism.     

赤腹松鼠能量代谢和营养需要的初步研究

在饲养条件下,赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus)每天摄入干物质为7.06—9.91克/只,摄入能最为525.4—562.2千焦耳/千克~0.75每天每只摄入蛋白质:1.26—2.00克,脂肪0.69—2.79克。松鼠对能量、干物质、蛋白质和脂肪的消化率分别为85.7％—89.3％;84.7％—87.0％;75.9％—82.7％和79.1％—94.0％。赤腹松鼠喜食含脂量高的食物,对脂肪的消化能力高于蛋白质。营造种子含脂量高的多种树种混交林,提供松鼠足够的食物,是防止松鼠危害的有效途径。     

Dietary generalists and nutritional specialists: Feeding strategies of adult female blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis) in the Kakamega Forest,Kenya

Generalist primates eat many food types and shift their diet with changes in food availability. Variation in foods eaten may not, however, match variation in nutrient intake. We examined dietary variation in a generalist‐feeder, the blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitis), to see how dietary food intake related to variation in available food and nutrient intake. We used 371 all‐day focal follows from 24 adult females (three groups) in a wild rainforest population to quantify daily diet over 9 months. We measured food availability using vegetation surveys and phenology monitoring. We analyzed >700 food and fecal samples for macronutrient content. Subjects included 445 food items (species‐specific plant parts and insect morphotypes) in their diet. Variation in fruit consumption (percentage of diet and total kcal) tracked variation in availability, suggesting fruit was a preferred food type. Fruits also constituted the majority of the diet (by calories) and some fruit species were eaten more than expected based on relative availability. In contrast, few species of young leaves were eaten more than expected. Also, subjects ate fewer young leaves (based on calories consumed) when fruit or young leaves were more available, suggesting that young leaves served as fallback foods. Despite the broad range of foods in the diet, group differences in fiber digestibility, and variation that reflected food availability, subjects and groups converged on similar nutrient intakes (grand mean ± SD: 637.1 ± 104.7 kcal overall energy intake, 293.3 ± 46.9 kcal nonstructural carbohydrate, 147.8 ± 72.4 kcal lipid, 107.8 ± 12.9 kcal available protein, and 88.1 ± 17.5 kcal structural carbohydrate; N = 24 subjects). Thus, blue monkeys appear to be food composition generalists and nutrient intake specialists, using flexible feeding strategies to regulate nutrient intake. Findings highlight the importance of simultaneously examining dietary composition at both levels of foods and nutrients to understand primate feeding ecology.     

Energy metabolizability and nutrient digestibility in the Black-billed Magpie Pica pica

Energy metabolizability (ME) and nutrient digestibility were investigated in a captive colony of nine adult Black-billed Magpies Pica pica over a 12-day period. The mean digestibility coefficients ranged from 0.84 for protein to 0.94 for fat and were generally close to those of other birds. Mean daily protein intake was 10.5 g/bird which was relatively high compared with the values reported for other species. Raptor studies have also reported high protein intakes which not only reflects the diet composition but may suggest that meat-eating birds have a high protein requirement. The magpies exhibited an energy metabolizability of 324.3 kJ ME/100 g wet mass intake which corresponded well with the value of 328.8 Id ME/100 g calculated using the standard poultry equation. The measured ME intakes of the magpies were all higher than the values predicted using published allometric equations. The data from the magpies were combined with those of other studies on raptorial birds to derive an equation to predict daily ME requirement: ME (kJ) = 15.16M^0.65 We propose that this equation predicts the daily ME requirements of birds of 100–1500 g.