抗氧化系统在脂肪分化中的作用研究新进展

抗氧化系统对于维持体内的氧化还原平衡具有至关重要的作用。抗氧化系统主要包括抗氧化酶和非酶类抗氧化剂。抗氧化系统一方面可以通过调节活性氧的水平影响各种生物学功能,另一方面各种酶类抗氧化剂和非酶类抗氧化剂本身也可以参与多种生化反应,调节机体功能。脂肪分化是指由多能干细胞或前脂肪细胞分化为成熟脂肪细胞的过程,脂肪分化在很大程度上决定肥胖的程度。近年来的研究表明,氧化还原系统,尤其是抗氧化系统,对脂肪分化过程具有明显的调控作用。本文对抗氧化系统在调节脂肪分化方面的研究新进展做一回顾性综述,旨在为通过抗氧化系统调节脂肪分化继而干预肥胖及其相关病症提供理论基础。     

硫氧还蛋白的结构及在生物抗氧化中的功能

硫氧还蛋白(thioredoxin,Trx)是广泛存在于原核与真核生物体内的氧化还原调节蛋白。Trx通过对目标蛋白质进行还原,从而调节机体的氧化还原平衡。Trx与硫氧还蛋白还原酶(thioredoxin reductase,TrxR)及NADPH共同组成硫氧还蛋白系统参与众多生理过程。细胞中的活性氧是导致生物氧化胁迫的一个主要方面。Trx可以通过对细胞内被氧化的二硫键的还原来修复机体的氧化损伤,并通过这种方式防止机体衰老。同时,Trx系统可以与其它氧化还原系统如谷胱甘肽(GSH)系统协调配合,并消除体内过多的活性氧。     

昆虫体内抗氧化系统研究进展

昆虫为了减轻和防止活性氧损伤,已形成了复杂的氧化应激机制。可通过酶促如超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶等和非酶促谷胱甘肽、抗坏血酸和胡萝卜素等清除活性氧的系统以清除过量的活性氧。本文论述了昆虫在氧化胁迫下所具有的一套抗氧化系统。对其系统组成抗氧化酶和抗氧化剂的主要成分的抗氧化活性进行了综述。     

硫氧还蛋白系统在COPD抗氧化中的作用研究进展

硫氧还蛋白系统是由硫氧还蛋白(thioredoxin,Trx)、硫氧还蛋白还原酶(thioredoxin reductase,TrxR)和还原型辅酶Ⅱ(NADPH)组成的多功能小分子蛋白系统,广泛表达的硫氧还蛋白作为蛋白质二硫键的还原酶,它参与很多生理过程,并发挥重要生物学功能,包括调节机体的氧化还原反应、抑制细胞凋亡、调节转录因子DNA结合活性以及免疫应答等,其中一重要作用是参与调节细胞氧化还原状态以对抗氧化应激。因此在一些炎症性疾病如慢性阻塞性肺疾病、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、肺间质疾病、哮喘、肺结节病等的发生发展中扮演重要角色,本文对硫氧还蛋白系统在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的抗氧化作用作一综述。     

硫氧还蛋白系统在COPD抗氧化中的作用研究进展

硫氧还蛋白系统是由硫氧还蛋白（thioredoxin,Trx）,硫氧还蛋白还原酶（thioredoxinreductase,TrxR）和还原型辅酶Ⅱ（NADPH）组成的多功能小分子蛋白系统,广泛表达的硫氧还蛋白作为蛋白质二硫键的还原酶,它参与很多生理过程,并发挥重要生物学功能,包括调节机体的氧化还原反应、抑制细胞凋亡、调节转录因子DNA结合活性以及免疫应答等,其中一重要作用是参与调节细胞氧化还原状态以对抗氧化应激。因此在一些炎症性疾病如慢性阻塞性肺疾病、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、肺间质疾病、哮喘、肺结节病等的发生发展中扮演重要角色,本文对硫氧还蛋白系统在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的抗氧化作用作一综述。     

昆虫活性氧代谢

昆虫在氧化胁迫下其体内具有一套抗氧化酶和抗氧化剂系统,以抵御活性氧损伤。在氧化胁迫下昆虫体内抗氧化酶系的变化研究相对较多,其中研究最深入的酶是超氧化物歧化酶。另一方面活性氧在昆虫免疫系统中还起到一定的积极防御作用。     

单增李斯特菌氧化还原蛋白系统研究进展

单增李斯特菌是重要的食源性病原微生物,抗氧化应激是李斯特菌生存和致病的关键机制之一。活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)浓度升高会破坏氧化还原平衡,使机体处于氧化胁迫的应激状态,进而导致生物大分子如蛋白质的损伤。蛋白质中半胱氨酸等含硫氨基酸对ROS尤其敏感,半胱氨酸残基脱氢氧化生成二硫键,可以稳定蛋白质空间构象,增加蛋白质的半衰期,进而使蛋白质免受损坏。抗氧化修复通常指的是对半胱氨酸残基的氧化还原过程,即二硫键的形成与打开。硫氧还蛋白家族包含硫氧还蛋白、谷氧还蛋白和Dsb-样蛋白系统,是生物体中常见的氧化还原修复系统。本文根据现有的文献报道,结合本课题组的研究进展,对单增李斯特菌硫氧还蛋白家族进行综述,以期为完善单增李斯特菌硫氧还蛋白调控系统提供参考。     

抗氧化多肽研究及其应用前景

活性氧是一类含未配对电子的含氧类物质,是机体进行有氧呼吸的副产物,可以独立存在并具有强氧化性。人和动物体内过多的活性氧蓄积会引发氧化还原失衡,导致氧化应激,造成核酸和蛋白质结构损伤,诱发系列疾病。目前主要通过使用抗氧化剂来清除活性氧,可分为人工合成抗氧化剂和天然抗氧化剂。与具有潜在基因毒性的合成抗氧化剂不同,属于天然抗氧化剂的抗氧化多肽具有来源广泛、易吸收、活性强的特点,能有效清除活性氧,减缓氧化损伤,预防和缓解多种慢性疾病。现梳理了近年来有关抗氧化多肽的研究,总结了已发现的抗氧化多肽的种类及其特性,着重分析了抗氧化多肽构效关系及其活性影响因素,并简要讨论了抗氧化多肽的应用前景及其面临的挑战。     

硫氧还蛋白与心血管疾病

硫氧还蛋白是细胞内最重要的二硫键还原酶,对维持细胞内蛋白质的还原状态并正常发挥功能着重要的作用,此外。硫氧还蛋白、硫氧还蛋白还原酶和硫氧还蛋白过氧化物酶组成了细胞内最重要的抗氧化系统之一,在对抗细胞的氧化应激上起着重要作用。心血管疾病是威胁人类健康的主要疾病,它与炎症反应和氧化应激有着密切的联系。文章将从硫氧还蛋白的抗氧化、抗炎、抗细胞凋亡,调控与炎症基因表达有关的核转录因子的转录活性,以及调节细胞内蛋白质的亚硝基化等诸多方面阐述硫氧还蛋白在防御心血管疾病方面可能具有的生物学功能。     

抗氧化剂在糖尿病中的应用研究进展

氧化应激是自由基的促氧化与机体的抗氧化失衡造成的.自由基的高反应活性可以使细胞组分发生化学变化,并导致脂质过氧化.越来越多的证据表明:糖尿病患者体内活性氧物质明显增多,并且抗氧化防御系统功能紊乱.抗氧化剂可以降低糖尿病患者体内的氧化应激水平,清除自由基并改善抗氧化防御体系,所以将抗氧化剂应用于糖尿病是可行的.许多抗氧化剂已经用于糖尿病的研究与治疗,本文主要将作用于糖尿病的各种抗氧化剂做一综述.     

Redox signals as a language of interorganellar communication in plant cells

Plants are redox systems and redox-active compounds control and regulate all aspects of their life. Recent studies have shown that changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration mediated by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants are transferred into redox signals used by plants to activate various physiological responses. An overview of the main antioxidants and redox signaling in plant cells is presented. In this review, the biological effects of ROS and related redox signals are discussed in the context of acclimation to changing environmental conditions. Special attention is paid to the role of thiol/disulfide exchange via thioredoxins (Trxs), glutaredoxins (Grxs) and peroxiredoxins (Prxs) in the redox regulatory network. In plants, chloroplasts and mitochondria occupying a chloroplasts and mitochondria play key roles in cellular metabolism as well as in redox regulation and signaling. The integrated redox functions of these organelles are discussed with emphasis on the importance of the chloroplast and mitochondrion to the nucleus retrograde signaling in acclimatory and stress response.     

Role of the vacuole in the redox homeostasis of plant cells

The review focuses on the mechanisms employed by plant vacuoles for maintaining the redox homeostasis under generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) promoted by various abiotic stressors. These mechanisms are based on functioning of diverse enzymes and transport systems of the tonoplast as well as on vacuole-specific redox reactions involving vacuolar antioxidants of enzymatic and non-enzymatic nature. The established antioxidant role of plant vacuoles provides a clear example of closely integrated activities of this organelle with the metabolism of other cell parts.     

植物过氧化物酶体在活性氧信号网络中的作用

过氧化物酶体是高度动态、代谢活跃的细胞器,主要参与脂肪酸等脂质的代谢及产生和清除不同的活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)。ROS是细胞有氧代谢的副产物。当胁迫长期作用于植物,过量的ROS会引起氧胁迫,损害细胞结构和功能的完整性,导致细胞代谢减缓,活性降低,甚至死亡;但低浓度的ROS则作为分子信号,感应细胞ROS/氧化还原变化,从而触发由环境因素导致的过氧化物酶体动力学以及依赖ROS信号网络改变而产生快速、特异性的应答。ROS也可以通过直接或间接调节细胞生长来控制植物的发育,是植物发育的重要调节剂。此外,过氧化物酶体的动态平衡由ROS、过氧化物酶体蛋白酶及自噬过程调节,对于维持细胞的氧化还原平衡至关重要。本文就过氧化物酶体中ROS的产生和抗氧化剂的调控机制进行综述,以期为过氧化物酶体如何感知环境变化,以及在细胞应答中,ROS作为重要信号分子的研究提供参考。     

Primary antioxidant free radical scavenging and redox signaling pathways in higher plant cells

Antioxidants in plant cells mainly include glutathione, ascorbate, tocopherol, proline, betaine and others, which are also information-rich redox buffers and important redox signaling components that interact with cellular compartments. As an unfortunate consequence of aerobic life for higher plants, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed by partial reduction of molecular oxygen. The above enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in higher plant cells can protect their cells from oxidative damage by scavenging ROS. In addition to crucial roles in defense system and as enzyme cofactors, antioxidants influence higher plant growth and development by modifying processes from miotosis and cell elongation to senescence and death. Most importantly, they provide essential information on cellular redox state, and regulate gene expression associated with biotic and abiotic stress responses to optimize defense and survival. An overview of the literature is presented in terms of primary antioxidant free radical scavenging and redox signaling in plant cells. Special attention is given to ROS and ROS-anioxidant interaction as a metabolic interface for different types of signals derived from metabolisms and from the changing environment. This interaction regulates the appropriate induction of acclimation processes or execution of cell death programs, which are the two essential directions for higher plant cells.     

Role of mitochondria in reactive oxygen species generation and removal; relevance to signaling and programmed cell death

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are universal products of aerobic metabolism, which can be also produced in stress conditions. In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria are the main source of ROS. The main mitochondrial sites of ROS formation are electron carriers of respiratory chain. However, there are also other enzymatic sites capable of ROS generation in different mitochondrial compartments. Reactive oxygen species can cause serious damage to many biological macromolecules, such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, which oxidation leads to a lost of their biological properties and eventually to a cell death. Mitochondria, which are also exposed to harmful ROS action, have a defense system that decreases ROS production (first line of defense) or removes generated ROS (second line of defense). Mitochondrial antioxidant system involves proteins that decrease ROS formation, enzymes that directly react with ROS, and non-enzymatic antioxidants that also remove ROS and other oxygen derivatives. Mitochondrial ROS can also act as signal messengers and modify operation of many routes in different cell compartments. Mitochondrial ROS are also important in execution of programmed cell death.     

Roles of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants in plants during abiotic stress

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in plants as byproducts during many metabolic reactions, such as photosynthesis and respiration. Oxidative stress occurs when there is a serious imbalance between the production of ROS and antioxidant defense. Generation of ROS causes rapid cell damage by triggering a chain reaction. Cells have evolved an elaborate system of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants which help to scavenge these indigenously generated ROS. Various enzymes involved in ROS-scavenging have been manipulated, over expressed or downregulated to add to the present knowledge and understanding the role of the antioxidant systems. The present article reviews the manipulation of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants in plants to enhance the environmental stress tolerance and also throws light on ROS and redox signaling, calcium signaling, and ABA signaling.     

Chemical and molecular mechanisms of antioxidants: experimental approaches and model systems

Free radicals derived from oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur molecules in the biological system are highly active to react with other molecules due to their unpaired electrons. These radicals are important part of groups of molecules called reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), which are produced during cellular metabolism and functional activities and have important roles in cell signalling, apoptosis, gene expression and ion transportation. However, excessive ROS attack bases in nucleic acids, amino acid side chains in proteins and double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids, and cause oxidative stress, which can damage DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids resulting in an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, cancer, autism and other diseases. Intracellular antioxidant enzymes and intake of dietary antioxidants may help to maintain an adequate antioxidant status in the body. In the past decades, new molecular techniques, cell cultures and animal models have been established to study the effects and mechanisms of antioxidants on ROS. The chemical and molecular approaches have been used to study the mechanism and kinetics of antioxidants and to identify new potent antioxidants. Antioxidants can decrease the oxidative damage directly via reacting with free radicals or indirectly by inhibiting the activity or expression of free radical generating enzymes or enhancing the activity or expression of intracellular antioxidant enzymes. The new chemical and cell-free biological system has been applied in dissecting the molecular action of antioxidants. This review focuses on the research approaches that have been used to study oxidative stress and antioxidants in lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, protein modification as well as enzyme activity, with emphasis on the chemical and cell-free biological system.     

Higher plant antioxidants and redox signaling under environmental stresses

Main antioxidants in higher plants include glutathione, ascorbate, tocopherol, proline, betaine, and others, which are also information-rich redox buffers and important redox signaling components that interact with biomembrane-related compartments. As an evolutionary consequence of aerobic life for higher plants, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed by partial reduction of molecular oxygen. The above enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in higher plants can protect their cells from oxidative damage by scavenging ROS. In addition to crucial roles in defense system and as enzyme cofactors, antioxidants influence higher plant growth and development by modifying processes from mitosis and cell elongation to senescence and death. Most importantly, they provide essential information on cellular redox state, and regulate gene expression associated with biotic and abiotic stress responses to optimize defense and survival. An overview of the literature is presented in terms of main antioxidants and redox signaling in plant cells. Special attention is given to ROS and ROS-antioxidant interaction as a metabolic interface for different types of signals derived from metabolism and from the changing environment, which regulates the appropriate induction of acclimation processes or, execution of cell death programs, which are the two essential directions for higher plants.