帕金森病患者睡眠障碍与脑电图活动、神经心理学指标和健康相关生活质量的关系研究

摘要 目的：研究帕金森病（PD）患者睡眠障碍与脑电图活动、神经心理学指标和健康相关生活质量的关系。方法：选择我院2018年5月～2021年5月收治100例PD患者。将其根据匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）评分的差异分作睡眠障碍组（PSQI评分＞7分）68例及无睡眠障碍组（PSQI评分≤7分）32例。比较两组脑电图活动、神经心理学指标以及39项帕金森病生活质量调查表（PDQ39）评分,并分析PSQI评分与脑电图活动、神经心理学指标及PDQ39评分的相关性。结果：睡眠障碍组的δ波和θ波相对功率值高于无睡眠障碍组,而β1、β2两个频段的相对功率值低于无睡眠障碍组（P＜0.05）;睡眠障碍组脑电图轻度异常、中度异常以及重度异常的患者比例高于无睡眠障碍组,而脑电图正常的患者比例低于无睡眠障碍组（P＜0.05）。睡眠障碍组蒙特利尔认知评估中文量表（MoCA）评分低于无睡眠障碍组,而汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评分均高于无睡眠障碍组（P＜0.05）。睡眠障碍组PDQ39各项目评分及总分均高于无睡眠障碍组（P＜0.05）。经Pearson及Spearman相关性分析可得：PD患者的PSQI评分与脑电图异常程度、HAMA评分、HAMD评分及PDQ39评分均呈正相关,而与MoCA评分呈负相关（P＜0.05）。结论：睡眠障碍可能对PD患者认知功能造成损害,加剧焦虑、抑郁等负性情绪,并降低其健康相关生活质量,监测脑电图活动可在一定程度上判断PD患者睡眠障碍严重程度。     

多导睡眠记录在新生儿脑电图监测中的应用

新生儿期的脑电图（electroencephalogram EEG）不易看出睡眠、觉醒的变化,临床需要用脑电图监测眼球运动并应用肌电图、心电图、呼吸等多导描记综合判断。     

大鼠慢波睡眠和睡眠过渡期脑电信号的小波变换分析

EEG信号经常包含许多快速的时变信息 ,将较长时间段的EEG信号近似看作平稳信号 ,进行FFT谱估计 ,存在其局限性。应用多分辨率小波变换方法 ,在频域和时域上可以同时定位分析大鼠慢波睡眠和睡眠过渡期脑电的动态变化特性。采用慢性埋植电极记录自由活动大鼠的皮层脑电 ,将信号用小波变换分解成δ、θ、α和 β四个分量 ,求各分量的功率和功率百分比的时间变化曲线 ,并与FFT功率谱分析结果进行比较。结果表明 :慢波睡眠期EEG中有 2 6 .2 %± 7.7%的时间段上δ分量功率小于总功率的 5 0 % ,且δ分量较大时 ,其他分量较小 ;δ分量较小时 ,其他分量较大 ,差别显著。此结果揭示了δ节律与θ和α节律之间的一种互补关系。而传统的FFT功率谱分析方法只能显示δ分量为主 (占总功率 70 .6 %± 6 .4 % )的功率谱 ,不能提供时变信息。对于睡眠过渡期的非稳态EEG信号 ,利用小波变换分解得到的θ和α分量可以鉴别出睡眠纺锤波 ,计算睡眠纺锤波的平均持续时间 ,并比较纺锤波和非纺锤波时期各个频谱分量的变化情况。由此可见 ,小波变换可用于计算新的EEG时频定量分析指标用于分析生理、病理和药理作用引起的睡眠EEG的变化过程 ,以弥补传统FFT功率谱分析的不足之处     

睡眠的体液调节机制

目前对睡眠的测定尚无理想的直接方法,通常由一些生理指标如脑电图,肌电图,脑内温度变化,眼球运动来推测。根据睡眠过程中所记录的这些生理指标,可将睡眠分为两个主要时相,即快动眼期（ＲＥＭＳ）和非快动眼期（ＮＲＥＭＳ）。一次睡眠是由清醒、ＲＥＭＳ和ＮＲＥＭ...     

血浆miR-106b、miR-146a表达水平与癫痫患儿脑电图参数、Th17细胞和凋亡分子的相关性分析

摘要 目的：分析血浆miR-106b、miR-146a表达特点及其与脑电图参数、辅助性T细胞17（Th17）和凋亡分子的相关性以及诊断癫痫的价值。方法：选择2018年1月至2020年10月我院收治的癫痫患儿75例作为癫痫组,检测受试者血浆miR-106b、miR-146a表达,外周血Th17细胞占比、血清B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-1（Bcl-1）、BCL2-Associated X蛋白（Bax）、Survivin、半胱氨酸天冬酰胺酶（Caspase-3）水平和脑电图参数α、β、 δ、θ波功率。分析miR-106b、miR-146a与Th17细胞占比、Bcl-1、Bax、Survivin、Caspase-3以及α、β、 δ、θ波功率的相关性,受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析miR-106b、miR-146a诊断癫痫的价值。结果：癫痫组血浆miR-106b、miR-146a表达、Th17细胞占比、Bax、Caspase-3水平高于对照组（P＜0.05）,α波功率、θ波功率、Bcl-1、Survivin水平低于对照组（P＜0.05）。miR-106b、miR-146a表达与Th17细胞占比、Bax、Caspase-3呈正相关（P＜0.05）,与α波功率、θ波功率、Bcl-1、Survivin呈负相关（P＜0.05）。联合miR-106b和miR-146a诊断癫痫的曲线下面积（AUC）为0.975,高于单独miR-106b和miR-146a诊断的0.884、0.835。结论：癫痫患儿血浆miR-146a、miR-106b表达增高,miR-146a、miR-106b高表达与脑电图异常、Th17细胞功能障碍以及神经细胞凋亡有关,miR-146a、miR-106b有望成为癫痫诊断的新生物学标志物。     

突触功能障碍大鼠模型EE G 频域特征

本文旨在探讨突触功能障碍大鼠模型在额叶、颞叶和海马这些与认知功能有关的脑区EEG频域特征。先用海马CA1区Aβ1-40加微量注射法制备突触功能障碍模型,用Morris水迷宫行为学测试系统检测其学习记忆能力;然后记录上述脑区的EEG并做频谱分析。结果显示：（1）模型组在第3,4、5、6训练时间段的平均逃避潜伏期较正常组明显延长,和第2训练时间段的相比较,正常组第5训练时间段平均逃避潜伏期明显缩短,模型组到第7训练时间段平均逃避潜伏期开始明显缩短（P〈0．05）;撤去平台后,模型组在原平台所在象限的时间百分比明显降低（P〈0．05）。（2）模型组的EEG表现为α节律慢化,功率下降,其主峰频率左移2Hz,并且额叶、颞叶和海马的δ波和θ波功率不同程度地增高。由此Aβ1-40微量注射法成功制备了突触功能障碍大鼠模型。该模型大鼠的学习记忆能力降低,其频谱特征表现为α节律慢化,功率下降或消失,慢波（δ波和θ波）活动增多,功率不同程度地增高。这些与阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease,AD）的EEG一致,可为以后对突触功能障碍时受累皮层进行深入的可塑性和神经再生的研究提供电生理基础。     

健康早产儿睡眠时闪光视觉诱发电位的自回归分析

本研究旨在探讨闪光视觉诱发电位 (flashvisualevokedpotential,FVEP)与健康早产儿视神经及脑发育间的关系。应用自回归分析法对 36名健康早产儿 (胎龄 2 8周 2天～ 4 2周 )FVEP记录进行了分析 ,平均 8 5个(7～ 11个 )FVEP成分波被检出。依衰减频率分布的直方图将其分为 4组。总功率 (TP)、Ⅰ～Ⅳ组成分波功率(P)、Ⅱ～Ⅳ组衰减时间均随胎龄增加 ,有显著变化 (P <0 0 1orP <0 0 5 )。提示神经系统对闪光刺激的生物电反应在早产儿脑及视神经发育评价上具有重要的临床意义     

6-OHDA帕金森病大鼠快动眼睡眠状态下皮层脑电及基底节场电位的异常变化

目的：了解帕金森病（PD）模型大鼠在快动眼睡眠状态下皮层脑电和基底节场电位的异常变化。方法：用6-羟基多巴胺（6-OHDA）脑内两点注射法建立PD大鼠模型,并经阿扑吗啡注射诱发旋转对模型进行评价。通过多导宏电极在体电生理记录技术结合视频录像,对正常大鼠和6-OHDA大鼠PD模型进行苍白球场电位和皮层M1、M2区脑电的多部位24小时同时记录。功率谱分析和相干分析用于揭示快动眼睡眠状态下各记录位点信号的频率成分以及不N记录位点神经元集群之间的变化。结果：与正常大鼠相比,6-OHDA帕金森病模型大鼠在REM期间的皮层脑电在臼和y频段上都有变化：初级运动皮质M1区的θ频段成分消失,辅助运动区M2的θ频段成分略有增加,患侧苍白球的θ频段成分增大显著;M1区的γ频段成分增大,而γ频段成分在苍白球基本没有变化。结论：6-OHDA对中脑多巴胺能神经元的损害可造成大鼠双侧皮层M1区θ节律的消失和γ节律的增强,以及对侧M1-M2区之间在γ节律上的同步被显著增强,而γ节律在苍白球没有变化。这些异常电活动可能是由于VTA受损引起从而与帕金森病的快动眼睡眠行为障碍有关。     

高原脱习服人群脑电图的变化

目的：探讨高原脱习服成人的脑电图变化规律。方法：117名健康成人（海拔≤4300m组有39人,〉4300m组有78人）在高原居住1年以上返回平原（海拔1380m）,3d内接受脑电图检查分析。结果：≤4300m组、〉4300m组脑电图异常率分别为30．8％和57．7％（P〈0．01）;背景脑电图少-中量θ波节律检出率分别为18．O％和37．2％（P〈O．05）;过度换气试验所检测到可疑波形的检出率分别为12例（30．8％）和43例（55．1％）（P〈O．05）。此外,与≤4300m组相比,〉4300m组的异常波、睁闭眼、闪光刺激未出现明显异常。结论：高原习服人群由高海拔低氧状态恢复至低海拔常氧状态下生活工作,机体需经历一个高原脱习服过程,高原脱习服人群脑电图易发生异常,海拔越高愈加明显;所记录的θ波表明高原脱习服成人的中枢神经系统常处于抑制状态。     

巴氯芬注射后大鼠皮层脑电变化与年龄的相关性

巴氯芬是伽马氨基丁酸B型受体的一种选择性激动剂,在镇痛、药物成瘾等治疗中具有重要的生物学功能.在动物的老化过程中,伽马氨基丁酸能所介导的神经传导可能了发生改变.本文旨在探讨巴氯芬所诱导的皮层脑电活动是否具有年龄上的差异.在巴氯芬注射（5mg/kg）前后,分别采集青年（3～4月龄）和老年（15～17月龄）大鼠的皮层脑电图,分析脑电绝对功率和相对功率在5个频段上（δ：2～4Hz;θ：4～8Hz;α：8～12Hz;β：12～20Hz;γ：20～100Hz）与年龄相关的差异.结果发现,在巴氯芬注射前,老年大鼠β频段脑电相对功率显著升高.在巴氯芬注射后,两个年龄段大鼠δ频段脑电相对功率增加,但老年大鼠增加较慢.此外,青年和老年大鼠所有频段脑电绝对功率未出现统计学差异.本研究揭示,巴氯芬诱导的大鼠皮层脑电活动具有年龄上的差异,提示老化可能影响伽马氨基丁酸B型受体介导的神经传导.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.