AgriDyne的生物杀虫剂在纽约被准许用于食用作物

美国纽约州批准了可将AgriDyne公司的azadirachtin农药用于蔬菜、果树和农艺作物。该公司已得到了在温室和观赏作物上使用的许可。其活性成份是从栋树种籽中提取出的,可有效地保护植物免受虫害,     

濒危植物香籽含笑的保护与利用研究

本文对香籽含笑的生态学、生物学特性、迁地保护技术进行了研究,并论述了其在药用、食用香料、木材和园林观赏方面的开发利用价值.在西双版纳地区,香籽含笑树高年平均增长1.1 m,胸径年均加粗1.22 cm;生长期为5～11月中旬,其中6～9月为生长高峰期,花期为11月下旬至翌年2月中旬,果熟期为10月～12月下旬;种子随采随播或贮藏于湿沙中催芽,新鲜种子发芽率为86%;可通过种子和嫁接繁殖.香籽含笑作为傣药原料、天然调香原料具有较好的开发利用前景.     

银杏观赏品种遗传关系的AFLP分析

从64对EcoRⅠ／MseⅠ引物（其中MseⅠ引物为荧光标记物）中筛选出8对扩增产物多态性高、谱带清晰的引物,对来自美国、荷兰、日本、法国和我国的21个银杏观赏品种的遗传关系进行了研究。结果表明：8对引物共产生1117条谱带,229个特异位点（其中缺失带54条、单态带175条）,多态带983条,多态带的比例为88％;每对引物鉴别效率为100％。14个国外银杏观赏品种平均多态带的比例35．86％,7个国内品种平均多态带的比例31．51％。21个观赏品种之间相似系数为0．4899-0．8499。当相似系数为0．7300时,供试观赏品种可分为四类,来源地相同的品种并不单独聚成一类,中国和法国的品种分别属于其中的三类。根据对观赏品种的特异位点、相似系数、聚类结果等进行综合分析表明,‘塔形银杏’、‘垂乳银杏’、‘筒叶银杏’、‘大耳银杏’、‘斑叶银杏’、‘展冠银杏’、‘垂枝银杏’、‘沂源叶籽银杏’这8个品种是银杏观赏品种中的重要特异种质。     

浑身是宝的牡丹

正牡丹浑身是宝,花可观赏、根可入药、籽可榨油。牡丹花素有"国色天香""花中之王"的美誉,是中华民族"富贵吉祥""繁荣昌盛"的象征;牡丹的根皮称"丹皮",在汉代的医简中已有记载,至今仍是我国重要的常用中药材之一;牡丹的叶片、花瓣、花粉和种子等部位富含有益成分,具有保健功能,极具开发利用前景。     

长豇豆荚色、籽粒色及生长习性的遗传研究

以性状多样的长豇豆为材料,对其荚色、籽粒色和生长习性进行遗传分析。结果表明：籽粒色的相对性状间均表现1对等位基因差异的遗传,黑籽对红籽为显性,黑籽对白籽、红籽对白籽均为显性,花斑籽对红籽为显性。生长习性由2对等位基因控制,其中蔓生对矮生为显性上位性。荚角因材料不同有的表现为质量性状,且紫荚对浅绿荚为显性、浅绿荚对绿荚为显性、白荚对浅绿荚为显性;有的表现为数量性状,即由多基因控制。     

湘西北火棘籽油脂含量及其与土壤养分的关系

对湘西北岩溶山区5个生境火棘属植物的籽含油率与油脂组分进行了测定,探讨了土壤养分与火棘籽含油率及籽油主要组分的关联性.结果表明:土壤全磷与籽油中的亚油酸呈正相关,其他土壤元素与籽油脂肪酸无关联性;火棘籽油维生素E浓度与土壤全钙、全镁呈显著正相关.湘西北火棘籽最高含油率为5.9%,籽油中维生素E平均浓度达9.9g·kg-1,籽油中主要组分亚油酸、油酸和软脂酸的相对含量分别为63.7%、20.8%和13.2%.     

石榴果实及果皮抗氧化成分的测定

目的：比较新鲜石榴皮、干石榴皮、石榴带籽果实和去籽果实中绿原酸、总花青素、总黄酮和维生素C的含量差异。方法：采用紫外分光光度法测定绿原酸、总花青素、总黄酮,2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法测定维生素C。结果：鲜果皮中的绿原酸、总花青素、维生素C含量都高于干果皮。去籽果实中绿原酸、总花青素类成分、维生素C含量均高于带籽果肉,说明可能石榴籽中这3种成分含量很少甚至没有。而总黄酮含量带籽果肉高于去籽果肉2倍,说明石榴籽里含有黄酮,且含量高于果肉。石榴皮中绿原酸和总花青素类成分含量都较高,超过3%。结论：在今后的石榴皮和果肉活性成分提取时,侧重点应该有所不同。     

七种植物籽油中脂肪酸成分的比较分析(英文)

为寻求新的食用油资源,发展了一种快速可靠的气相色谱-质谱联用方法,用于植物籽油中脂肪酸成分的定性鉴定和含量测定。所建立的方法成功用于葡萄籽、南瓜籽和猕猴桃籽等七种植物籽油中的棕榈酸、十八烷酸、油酸、亚油酸和α-亚麻酸的定性定量分析。结果表明,刺葡萄籽油、普通葡萄籽油、国外葡萄籽油、南瓜籽油、枸杞籽油和西番莲籽油均具有相似的脂肪酸谱,尽管其中它们所含上述五种脂肪酸含量不同,由于均存在人体所必需的饱和与不饱和脂肪酸,故可以用作替代食用油。猕猴桃籽油因为其存在高含量的α-亚麻酸成分,可能是更好的食用油和营养油资源。本文首次对枸杞籽油、西番莲籽油和猕猴桃籽油脂肪酸成分进行绝对含量分析,为新的食用油资源的开发提供了重要的依据。     

古生代种子的新分类系统

本文概述了上世纪中叶以来有关古生代种子分类问题的沿革,并在总结近年来国内外有关整体 化石裸子植物和离体种子研究新成果的基础上,指出当前在古生代种子分类方面的问题。 为使古生代种子的分类同当代古植物学研究协调,把对离体种子的研究同整体化石裸子植物结合 起来,作者建议以Seward的分类系统为基础,设立五个科：瓶籽科Lagenostomaceae肥籽科 Pachytestaceae、靓籽科Callospermariaceae隐羊齿籽科Cryptospermaceae和心籽科Cardiocarpaceae, 并把三棱籽目Trigonocarpales改名为肥籽目Pachytestales。上述五个科既可看作三个古生代种子目： 瓶籽目Lagenostomales、肥籽目和心籽目Cardiocarpales下设的一级分类单位,也可分别当作古生代整 体化石裸子植物：皱羊齿目Lygonopteridales、髓木目Medullosales、靓羊齿目Callistophytales、大羽羊 齿目Gigantopteridales和科达目Cordaitales的雌性生殖器官。由于这个分类系统同整体化石植物的分类一致,因此,有助于对离体种子的系统学研究。     

足籽骨的放射片研究

本文对山东枣庄市916人足放射片进行了足籽骨的观察与测量。发现每足有1-7个籽骨,其中二个者占77.8％,三个者占16.9％;籽骨位于跖骨头下方者占94.5％,位于趾间关节下方者占5.5％;各跖骨头籽骨出现率:Ⅰ占99.9％、Ⅱ占 2.2％、Ⅲ占0.3％、Ⅳ占0.5％、Ⅴ占6.4％;(足母)趾趾间关节籽骨占12.6％;二分及三分籽骨出现率占3.9％,明显低于欧美人。此外,本文认为籽骨是在先天籽骨原基基础上,加以后天运动的影响而形成。     

A new species of Asterolecanium Targioni Tozzetti (Homoptera: Asterolecaniidae) on a palm in Round Island, Mauritius: a conservation puzzle

Asterolecanium dictyospermae sp.n., a sap-sucking scale insect, is described here from Round Island, Mauritius, where it is apparently specific to only two surviving trees there of the palm Dictyosperma album var. conjugatum. Although this palm variety occurs also in small numbers on the main island of Mauritius, it interbreeds there in cultivation with two other varieties of this palm species and may be preventing these trees from producing pure seed. A.dictyospermae has probably evolved on Round Island with the palm variety, but now that the palm is under stress from other causes the numbers of scale insects have increased, thereby threatening the survival of not only the palm variety, but of the scale insect itself.     

Photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency in leaves of woody and herbaceous species

1. Photosynthetic characteristics of an annual herb, Chenopodium album , and an evergreen tree, Quercus myrsinaefolia , were compared to clarify causes of the difference in photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (photosynthetic capacity per unit nitrogen) between leaves of herbaceous and evergreen species.
2. When leaves with the same nitrogen content on an area basis were compared, photosynthetic capacity of C. album was twice as high as that of Q. myrsinaefolia . Gas-exchange measurements showed higher intercellular CO₂ concentration in C. album . Biochemical analyses indicated larger allocation of nitrogen into ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, a key enzyme of photosynthesis, and higher specific activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase in C. album . However, these differences were not large.
3. Compositional deviation of ¹³C in leaves of the two species suggested that the drop of CO₂ level between the intercellular space and the chloroplast was slightly larger in Q. myrsinaefolia when compared between the leaves with the same photosynthetic capacity.
4. It is concluded that the difference in photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency between C. album and Q. myrsinaefolia is not caused by a sole factor that is markedly different between the two species but by several factors each of which is slightly disadvantageous to Q. myrsinaefolia compared with C. album .     

多效唑对水仙生长发育的影响

为提高水仙的观赏价值,探讨复合多效唑对水仙生长发育的影响,用不同的多效唑溶液对水仙鳞茎进行处理。结果表明:多效唑能抑制水仙的营养生长,使植株矮化粗壮,叶片碧绿、挺拔,不易倒伏,根白、短而壮;复合多效唑配方使平均叶长减少37.7%,花期延长2d,花朵直径增加18.3%,延缓黄化叶片的出现,减慢叶肉薄壁细胞及其中叶绿体的解体,在后期维管束的结构相对完整,有效提高观赏价值。     

寄主植物对橄榄星室木虱自然种群的影响

通过野外调查和室内测试,结果表明:橄榄星室木虱Pseudophacopteron canarium在橄榄Canarium album和乌榄C.nigrum上均能完成生长发育,且其种群数量都有不同程度的增长,其中橄榄的2个品系间的星室木虱种群趋势指数(I)差异不大,分别为24.4165和20.0738,而乌榄的明显比橄榄的低,仅为9.7575,即乌榄的木虱数量增速较慢。在供试的寄主植物品种中,乌榄叶片中单宁含量是橄榄的3倍以上,而蛋白质含量相对较低。     

Habituation by a tortoise beetle to the deterrents of spinach

Abstract:  Feeding responses of Cassida nebulosa to spinach vary depending on prior dietary experience. Adults reared on spinach, eat much spinach whereas those reared on Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum rarely eat it. However, there are a few reports that address the mechanisms of this phenomenon, which is termed 'induction of preference'. It has been presumed that this phenomenon arises in response to a reduction of sensitivity to the feeding deterrents contained in spinach as a result of early experience feeding on it. Therefore, we attempted to verify the effects of the feeding deterrent that was isolated from spinach. The feeding-deterrent response was reduced in adults reared on spinach compared with adults reared on C. album var. centrorubrum . Additionally, consumption of spinach by adults reared on deterrent-treated leaves of C. album var. centrorubrum was significantly higher than that by adults reared on control leaves of C. album var. centrorubrum . These results indicate that C. nebulosa acquires the ability to tolerate spinach because sensitivity to the feeding deterrent contained in spinach is reduced by early experience with the deterrent.     

藜叶中黄酮类化合物体外抗氧化活性研究

为了探讨藜叶中黄酮类化合物的体外抗氧化活性,采用有机溶剂提取法和色谱柱法对藜叶中化学成分进行提取与分离;以Vc作对照,对分离纯化的芦丁、乙酸乙酯浸膏和正丁醇浸膏进行DPPH·、O2^-·和·OH的清除效果试验。结果表明：三者对DPPH·、O2^-·、·OH均具有清除作用,且与浓度呈量效关系,芦丁对·OH清除效果优于Vc,芦丁具有较强的清除DPPH·能力,其IC50为0．05μg／mL。     

金鱼藤中ApNAP基因的克隆和表达模式分析

金鱼藤(Asarina procumbens)是玄参科金鱼藤属多年生藤本植物,在园林中常用于垂直绿化,是良好的观赏植物,但金鱼藤叶片衰老后很快干枯并脱落,仅留光秃的茎蔓,使其观赏价值大大降低。AtNAP是拟南芥NAC基因家族中与衰老相关的转录因子,在调控叶片衰老过程中有重要的作用。本研究以金鱼藤衰老叶片为材料,运用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆金鱼藤中ApNAP基因cDNA序列。结果显示,该基因位于细胞核中,cDNA全长为1341 bp,开放阅读框为936 bp,编码311个氨基酸,相对分子量为35.21 kD,等电点为9.13;ApNAP基因组全长1526 bp,含有2个内含子和3个外显子。多重序列比对表明,ApNAP属于NAC转录因子家族。系统进化树分析显示,ApNAP属于NAP亚组,与AtNAM的同源关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,受自然状态下衰老和黑暗处理的诱导,ApNAP基因表达量增加,这进一步说明ApNAP基因参与调控金鱼藤叶片衰老的过程。该基因的分离对利用转基因技术延缓金鱼藤叶片衰老,提高金鱼藤在园林绿化中的观赏价值具有实际意义。     

Trans-4-aminoproline, a phytotoxic metabolite with herbicidal activity produced by Ascochyta caulina

A phytotoxic metabolite, characterized through NMR techniques and synthetic methods as trans-4-aminoproline, was isolated from the culture filtrates of Ascochyta caulina, a promising mycoherbicide for biological control of Chenopodium album. The metabolite, which shows interesting phytotoxic properties, together with ascaulitoxin (recently characterized as N.2-beta-D-glucoside of the unusual bis-amino acid 2,4,7-triamino-5-hydroxyoctandioc acid) and another unidentified compound, compose an active fraction of A. caulina culture filtrates with promising herbicidal properties. When assayed on leaves of host and non host dicots, including wild and cultivated plants, the trans-4-aminoproline showed a wide range of toxicity, with leaves of C. album being the most sensitive. Other interesting aspects were its inefficacy on several monocots, both cultivated and wild, and its lack of antifungal, antibiotic and zootoxic activities. This is the first report on trans-4-aminoproline as naturally occurring compound and phytotoxic metabolite produced by A. caulina.     

Anatomical and hnctional differences and nyctinastic leaf movements in Chenopodium album L. and Chenopodium hircinum Schrad. (Chenopodiaceae)

The anatomical structure of the leaves of Chenopodium album L. and Chenopodium hircinum Schrad. has been examined. Leaf chlorophyll content (Chl), specific leaf area (SLA), specific leaf weight (SLA^-1) and nitrogen content (N₂) were estimated in both species. Ch1, SLA and N₂ were greater in C. album than in C. hircinum. SLA^-1 data showed that C. album is more efficient than C. hircinum , because the former invests smaller quantities of dry weight to achieve a square centimetre of leaf area. The possible effects of Chl, N₂ and leaf anatomy on efficient gas exchange are discussed. The presence of nyctinastic leaf nocturnal movements was detected in both species. The meaning of this is discussed in relation to the prevention of the loss of pollen grains.     

深山含笑叶过氧化物酶对双酚A清除效应研究

深山含笑是一种常绿乔木,具有较好的园林观赏价值,其叶片在每年春天新旧叶交替时,会陆续凋落而不能实现其经济价值;我们前期研究发现深山含笑成熟叶片具有较高的过氧化物酶活性,而过氧化物酶在内分泌干扰物生物酶法降解途径中发挥着重要作用。为充分开发深山含笑叶的经济价值,提高资源的利用效率,我们对深山含笑叶过氧化物酶进行了纯化并初步研究了其性质;在此基础上,进一步研究了深山含笑叶过氧化物酶在降解环境污染物双酚A上的特性。结果显示,经过非离子表面活性剂(吐温-80)抽提、双水相萃取、DEAE-Sepharose离子交换层析,首次从深山含笑叶片中快速分离提纯结合态过氧化物酶,相对可溶性过氧化物酶纯化倍数为55. 2倍,回收率为19%。该酶的比活力为18 999 U/mg蛋白,以愈创木酚为反应底物的最佳pH值为4. 5,最适温度为50℃;具有较宽的pH稳定范围,热稳定性较好,60℃以下不易失活。深山含笑叶过氧化物酶对BPA具有良好的清除能力,在pH4～7,温度30～40℃,H2O2/BPA摩尔浓度之比达0. 8条件下,经过3 h,10 000 U/L POD对0. 2 mmol/L BPA清除率达90%以上,深山含笑过氧化物酶在酚类物质生物酶法催化降解途径中具有潜在的重大利用价值。