GABA能神经元对抗束缚应激后血清淋巴细胞转化抑制因子的产生

我们以前的实验证明,大鼠或小鼠经束缚应激10h后,血清中出现一类淋巴细胞转化抑制因子。它的产生依赖于中枢神经系统的活动。本研究主要观察中枢神经系统中γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)能神经元在应激后血清淋巴细胞转化抑制因子产生中的作用。结果表明,给小鼠腹腔注射 GABA 降解酶抑制剂氨氧乙酸(AOAA,25mg/kg),升高脑内GABA 含量后,几乎完全阻断应激后血清中淋巴细胞转化抑制因子的产生。安定可增强GABA 与 GABA_A 受体的亲和性,给小鼠腹腔注射安定20mg/kg,应激后血清淋巴细胞转化抑制因子的产生也有明显降低。相反,注射 GABA 合成和释放抑制剂3-巯基丙酸(3-MP 24mg/kg),降低脑内GABA能神经元功能,可加强应激后血清淋巴细胞转化抑制因子的产生。以上实验结果从正、反两方面说明应激时脑内GABA能神经元具有对抗血清淋巴细胞转化抑制因子产生的作用。     

束缚应激动物血清中免疫抑制因子产生部位的初步研究

大鼠或小鼠经束缚应激10h后,血清中出现一类淋巴细胞转化抑制因子。本实验在上述工作的基础上对抑制因子的产生部位做了初步研究,结果表明,应激后脑脊液中不存在淋巴细胞转化抑制因子,说明这种因子不是由中枢神经系统产生。大剂量辐射与环磷酰胺均能降低脾脏有核细胞总数,但前者能降低抑制因子的产生,后者无作用,提示淋巴细胞总数的减少对血清抑制因子的产生可能不起决定性作用。细胞分类的结果表明,辐射能明显降低T、B细胞比例,而环磷酰胺反而使其比例有上升趋势。因而提示抑制因子的产生可能与T、B淋巴细胞的比例有关。当T细胞比例减少时,抑制因子的产生受到阻碍。裸鼠为先天性T细胞功能缺失动物,同样的应激条件抑制因子的产生受到明显抑制。这也说明抑制因子的产生可能与T细胞的作用有关。     

应激抑制淋巴细胞转化的时间效应

本研究吵缚方法使大鼠接受应激刺激,然后分别取大鼠应激３、６、１２、１８ｈ和解除束缚后１２、２４、４８、７２、９６ｈ的淋巴结、脾脏提取物和血清,与刀豆素Ａ同时加入正常大鼠肠系膜淋巴结细胞悬液中育７２ｈ后用噻唑蓝（ＭＴＴ）比色分析法检测肠系膜淋巴结细胞的转化,来应激抑制淋巴细胞转化作用的出现和消失过程。结果如下：（１）应激３和６ｈ大鼠的淋巴结、脾脏提取物和血清对淋巴细胞的转化都没有明显的影响;（２）应     

电针大鼠的血清中淋巴细胞转化抑制因子的作用机制分析

本室以前的工作表明:电针(2H_z,3V,30min/d)刺激 SD 大鼠双侧足三里-三阴交,5d后,大鼠血清中产生出淋巴细胞转化抑制因子,本工作对此抑制因子的作用机制进行了初步研究,主要结果如下:(1)电针大鼠的血清不仅显著抑制 Con A 刺激的小鼠淋巴结 T 淋巴细胞转化,还可显著抑制 Con A 刺激的小鼠胸腺细胞和脾脏 T 淋巴细胞转化;同时也发现电针大鼠的血清能显著抑制脂多糖(LPS)刺激的小鼠淋巴结 B 淋巴细胞转化。提示此淋巴细胞转化抑制因子对不同淋巴器官及不同类型的淋巴细胞无选择性作用。(2)将电针大鼠的血清同小鼠淋巴结细胞培养1h,电针大鼠的血清就可显著抑制 Con A 刺激的 T 淋巴细胞转化;将小鼠淋巴结细胞同 Con A 预培养30min,电针大鼠的血清的抑制作用便消失,提示电针大鼠血清中淋巴细胞转化抑制因子作用于 Con A 刺激 T 淋巴细胞活化的早期阶段,同时也排除了此抑制因子的细胞毒作用。(3)电针大鼠的血清显著抑制蛋白激酶 C(PKC)激活剂 PMA和 PMA 加 ca~(2+)通道 A23187刺激的小鼠淋巴结细胞转化,提示淋巴细胞转化抑制因子通过抑制 PKC 的活性或抑制 PKC 介导的细胞活化通路,抑制有丝分裂原刺激的淋巴细胞转化。     

人扁桃体中应激免疫抑制蛋白的初步观察

以前的实验证明,在应激条件下,外周淋巴组织中产生一种蛋白质,具有抑制某些免疫功能的作用,称为应激免疫抑制蛋白（immune suppressive protein of stress,ISPS）。本实验用人外周淋巴器官扁桃体进行了研究,证明扁桃体的提取物能抑制小鼠由Con A诱导的淋巴细胞转化,而且这种抑制作用可被ISPS单克隆抗体（2C4）部分翻转。间接ELISA法证明人扁桃体提取物能与2C4单克隆抗体相结合。以ISPS单克隆抗体（2C4）作免疫组织化学研究,证明人扁桃体中有很多染色呈阳性的细胞。这些结果从不同角度提示,人外周淋巴组织中存在一种与ISPS相类似的免疫抑制物质。     

束缚应激大鼠血清淋巴细胞转化抑制因子的研究

为研究应激对淋巴细胞转化的影响,将 SD 大鼠四肢束缚于支架上,仰卧位,室温(20℃)下维持20h,对照组留置原饲养笼中,不予惊动。然后在乙醚轻麻下穿刺心脏取血,肝素化后密度梯度离心分离淋巴细胞,或待凝后分离血清。结果表明,应激大鼠外周血淋巴细胞对刀豆素(Con A)诱导的转化反应明显下降(p<0.01,n=8,ANOVA),而且应激大鼠血清可明显抑制正常小鼠淋巴细胞转化,这提示应激大鼠血清中可能存在某种具有抑制淋巴细胞转化的活性物质。进一步的分析实验表明,这种血清经加热56℃(30min),30%甲醇或透析(透析袋孔径阻滞分子量为6000)处理,抑制活性均不受影响;但经加热100℃(3min),80%甲醇或胰蛋白酶(64/μg/ml)处理,抑制活性丧失。提示这种抑制活性物质很可能是一类蛋白质。     

玛咖醇提物对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响

本文采用小鼠碳粒廓清、植物血凝素(PHA)诱导淋巴细胞转化,以及血清溶血素和抗体生成细胞测定等实验,研究南美植物玛咖的乙醇提取物对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响。结果表明,玛咖醇提物显著提高PHA诱导的淋巴细胞转化,促进血清溶血素生成,并增加抗体生成细胞的产生,而对单核巨噬细胞的吞噬功能无显著影响。因此,玛咖醇提取物可提高正常小鼠细胞和体液免疫功能,增强机体抵抗力。     

脑室注射白细胞介素1受体拮抗剂对抗束缚应激免疫抑制因子的产生

我们以前的工作发现束缚应激小鼠血清里存在一种能抑制淋巴细胞转化的蛋白。本工作研究了脑内白细胞介素１（ＩＬ－１）对这种血清蛋白产生的作用。脑室注射白细胞介素１受体拮抗剂（ＩＬ－１Ｒａ）能抑制这种血清蛋白的产生,并呈量效关系。注射５．０μｇＩＬ－１Ｒａ时,几乎完全对抗此蛋白的产生。脑室注射１ｐｇＩＬ－１β则对比原白的产生有增强作用;腹腔注射ＩＬ－１β或ＩＬ－１Ｒａ均无影响。以上结果表明脑内ＩＬ－１在束     

维生素C多聚磷酸酯对小鼠生长、淋巴细胞转化以及血清皮质酮含量的影响

目的探讨维生素C多聚磷酸酯对小鼠生长、淋巴细胞转化及血清皮质酮含量的影响以及淋巴细胞转化和血清皮质酮含量在热应激条件下的变化。方法在4组小鼠的饲料中依次添加35%的维生素C多聚磷酸酯,添加剂量分别为0(对照组)、500(实验Ⅰ组)、2500(实验Ⅱ组)和5000mg/kg(实验Ⅲ组),在(21±1)℃下饲养4周,对照组和实验Ⅱ组各取一半小鼠经(35±1)℃热应激处理24h。用特定生长率的方法测定小鼠的生长,用噻唑蓝还原法测定淋巴细胞转化,用荧光法测定血清中皮质酮的含量。结果各组间ICR小鼠的生长、淋巴细胞转化无明显差异;实验Ⅱ组的血清皮质酮含量明显低于对照组,其他组间差异无显著性。热应激后,淋巴细胞转化无明显变化;血清皮质酮含量较应激前有显著上升,但实验Ⅱ组仍显著低于对照组。结论在饲料中添加维生素C多聚磷酸酯对小鼠的特定生长率和淋巴细胞转化均无显著影响,但会降低小鼠血清皮质酮的含量。     

人工合成胸腺肽α1对正常小鼠和免疫抑制荷瘤小鼠的免疫调节作用

目的:本研究通过对正常小鼠和免疫抑制荷瘤小鼠皮下注射人工合成胸腺肽α1 (sTα1).方法:检测各组小鼠淋巴细胞亚群比率、T淋巴细胞增殖数量和脾细胞细胞因子的表达水平三个指标,来判定sTα1对小鼠免疫功能的影响.结果:sTα1可提高小鼠外周血CD4+T细胞比率、降低CD8+T细胞比率,使CD4+/CD8+的T细胞比率增加.sTα1能明显加强正常小鼠、环丙酰胺(CTX)免疫抑制小鼠和荷瘤+CTX免疫抑制小鼠的脾淋巴细胞的增殖(P＜0.5),明显促进正常小鼠及各免疫抑制组小鼠脾细胞细胞因子mIL-2和mIFNγ释放(P＜0.5).结论:sTα1可促进T细胞的快速成熟,活化T细胞,纠正了荷瘤和化疗药物产生的免疫抑制作用,有效刺激免疫系统,促进Th1型细胞免疫反应.     

电剌大鼠的血清中淋巴细胞转化抑制因子的作用机制分析

Previous reports showed that EA stimulation (3V, 2Hz, 30 min/d, 5 d) induced the production of one or more lymphocyte proliferation-inhibitory factor(s) in the rat serum. In this paper, the mechanisms of the action for the inhibitory factor(s) to suppress lymphocyte proliferation were studied. (1) the lymphocytes from different immune organs of the mice were prepared and cultured with the rat serum stimulated by EA. The results show that the serum not only inhibited the mouse lymph node T cell proliferation induced by Con A, but also inhibited the mouse thymocyte and spleen T cell proliferation induced by Con A. When B cells were stimulated by LPS, the proliferative effect can also be inhibited significantly by the rat serum stimulated by EA. This implies that the effect of the lymphocyte proliferation-inhibitory factor(s) has no specificity. (2) Incubation of the mouse lymph node cell with serum for one hour is enough to cause an inhibitory effect on Con A stimulated lymphocyte proliferation. However, no inhibitory effect was observed if the mouse lymph node cells were incubated with Con A for 15 min or 30 min before the addition of rat serum. The results demonstrate that the lymphocyte proliferation-inhibitory factor(s) act on the early events of T lymphocyte activation induced by Con A. (3) Protein kinase C (PKC) is a key link in the activation of T and B lymphocyte proliferation by Con A and LPS respectively. So it would be interesting to learn whether the inhibitory effect of the lymphocyte proliferation-inhibitory factor(s) is caused by the inhibition of PKC activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Stress modulates calcium mobilization in immune cells

Both acute and chronic restraint stress modulated mitogen-induced increases in cytoplasmic free-calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in mouse spleen cells. Dual-color analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations demonstrated that acute (2 hour) restraint stress suppressed mitogen-stimulated increases in [Ca2+]i in CD4+ T cells, but enhanced [Ca2+]i in CD8+ T cells. Chronic restraint stress (2 hours daily for up to 21 days) resulted in a significant suppression of mitogen-stimulated increases in [Ca2+]i in CD4+ T cells at 3 and 7 days, but not at 21 days. CD8+ T cells were unaffected by chronic stress. Chronic stress (for 7 days) had a modest suppressive effect on mitogen-induced Ca2+ responses in B cells. Within T lymphocyte subpopulations, both acute and chronic stress predominantly affected CD4+ T cells, which may induce a functional reversal of the CD4/CD8 ratios in vivo. Such a reversal could result in suppression of a variety of immune responses such as lymphocyte proliferation and antigen-specific antibody production. These findings indicate that the inhibitory effects of stress on calcium mobilization in lymphocytes may be an early event mediating stress-induced immunosuppression.     

Mu-opioid receptor mediates chronic restraint stress-induced lymphocyte apoptosis

Psychological stress is associated with immunosuppression in both humans and animals. Although it was well established that psychological stressors stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in the release of various hormones and neurotransmitters, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena are poorly understood. In this study, mu-opioid receptor knockout (MORKO) mice were used to investigate whether the mu-opioid receptor mediates the immunosuppression induced by restraint stress. Our results showed that wild-type (WT) mice subjected to chronic 12-h daily restraint stress for 2 days exhibited a significant decrease in splenocyte number with a substantial increase in apoptosis and CD95 (Fas/APO-1) expression of splenocytes. The effects are essentially abolished in MORKO mice. Furthermore, inhibition of splenic lymphocyte proliferation, IL-2, and IFN-gamma production induced by restraint stress in WT mice was also significantly abolished in MORKO mice. Interestingly, both stressed WT and MORKO mice showed a significant elevation in plasma corticosterone and pituitary proopiomelanocortin mRNA expression, although the increase was significantly lower in MORKO mice. Adrenalectomy did not reverse restraint stress-induced immunosuppression in WT mice. These data clearly established that the mu-opioid receptor is involved in restraint stress-induced immune alterations via a mechanism of apoptotic cell death, and that the effect is not mediated exclusively through the glucocorticoid pathway.     

Human lymphocyte-eosinophil interactions. I. Modulation of phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte proliferation by eosinophils

Do eosinophils modulate lymphocyte function? This question was studied by examining the effect of purified eosinophils (eos) on lectin-induced human lymphocyte proliferation. Intact resting or zymosan-stimulated eos or their extracts were cocultured with phytohemagglutinin-stimulated mononuclear cells in vitro and [3H]thymidine uptake was measured at 72 hr. Zymosan-stimulated eos consistently suppressed (up to 90%) the lectin-induced proliferative response by a noncytotoxic mechanism. Freeze-thaw extracts from zymosan-stimulated eos also significantly suppressed lymphocyte proliferation to a similar degree. The amount of suppression was directly proportional to the number of eos or the amount of extract added to the lymphocyte cultures. Intact resting eos and their extracts occasionally exhibited suppressive effects (up to 40%) on lymphocyte proliferation; this suppression, however, was always less than that of activated eos or their extracts. Eos pretreated with the protein synthesis inhibitor, pactamycin, exhibited significantly less suppressive activity, suggesting that a protein was responsible in part for the reduction in proliferation. The addition of superoxide dismutase or catalase to the eos-mononuclear cell cocultures did not reduce the amount of suppression observed, thus making it unlikely that active oxygen products were involved in the mechanism of suppression. Heating extracts from stimulated eos to 80 degrees C for 30 min resulted in partial loss of suppressive activity while extensive dialysis of the extracts had no effect. The studies reported here provide evidence that a nondialyzable and heat sensitive factor(s) produced by stimulated eos may exert feedback inhibition of lymphocyte function.     

Protein A-binding immunosuppressive mouse serum factors

Summary In this study protein A of Staphylococcus aureus has been used to isolate an immunosuppressive component present in mouse serum. The suppressive effect of mouse serum on lymphocyte activation was partially abrogated by prior adsorption on protein A, and also by ammonium sulfate precipitation or specific immune precipitation with anti-IgG but not with anti-IgM. Protein A-binding material was isolated after chromatography on protein A-Sepharose and studied in spleen cell cultures. Protein A eluates from normal or NZB/NZW mice were found to suppress concanavalin A (Con A)-activated normal mouse spleen cells, and suppression was more potent with NZB/NZW serum isolates. Suppressive activity was dependent upon the dose of eluate added to cell cultures. The suppressive effect of NZB/NZW protein A-binding material was apparent in both Con A- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated normal mouse spleen cells, and required early addition to the cell cultures or preincubation with target lymphocytes. The suppressive activity was not detectably cytotoxic during a suppressive preincubation period. The possible relevance of these observations to experimental strategies in tumor immunotherapy is discussed.     

Antibody-mediated suppression of bone marrow colony formation in vitro.

Antisera to mouse brain reacts with hematopoietic stem cells in the mouse bone marrow. We have examined the effect of anti-mouse brain serum (AMBS) on the development of in vitro colonies from mouse bone marrow cells. The addition of 5% AMBS to the cultures markedly decreased the numbers of colonies formed to an average of 10% of the number obtained with normal rabbit serum. AMBS suppressed formation induced by colony stimulating factors (CSF) derived from three different sources; serum from endotoxin treated mice, mouse L-cell conditioned media, and human peripheral mononuclear cell conditioned media. The suppressive activity was quantitatively recovered in the IgG fraction of AMBS. Divalent F(ab')2 fragments were as effective as the intact IgG in decreasing colony formation. Fab fragments were not suppressive. These results suggest that colony formation is induced via a dynamic interaction between CSF and the progenitor cell membrane, and that antibody directed at cell membrane antigen(s) interferes with the generation of the induction signal.     

Successful treatment of animal models of rheumatoid arthritis with small-molecule cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors

Intraarticular gene transfer of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors to suppress synovial cell cycling has shown efficacy in treating animal models of rheumatoid arthritis. Endogenous CDK inhibitors also modulate immune function via a CDK-independent pathway. Accordingly, systemic administration of small molecules that inhibit CDK may or may not ameliorate arthritis. To address this issue, alvocidib (flavopiridol), known to be tolerated clinically for treating cancers, and a newly synthesized CDK4/6-selective inhibitor were tested for antiarthritic effects. In vitro, they inhibited proliferation of human and mouse synovial fibroblasts without inducing apoptosis. In vivo, treatment of collagen-induced arthritis mice with alvocidib suppressed synovial hyperplasia and joint destruction, whereas serum concentrations of anti-collagen type II (CII) Abs and proliferative responses to CII were maintained. Treatment was effective even when therapeutically administered. Treated mice developed arthritis after termination of treatment. Thus, immune responses to CII were unimpaired. The same treatment ameliorated arthritis induced by K/BxN serum transfer to lymphocyte-deficient mice. Similarly, the CDK4/6-selective inhibitor suppressed collagen-induced arthritis. Both small-molecule CDK inhibitors were effective in treating animal models of rheumatoid arthritis not by suppressing lymphocyte function. Thus, the two small-molecule CDK inhibitors ameliorated arthritis models in a distinctive way, compared with other immunosuppressive drugs.