四维子宫输卵管超声造影假阳性与假阴性的原因分析

目的:调查与分析四维子宫输卵管超声造影假阳性与假阴性的原因。方法:选择2015年6月到2019年8月在本院妇产科临床初步诊断为输卵管不孕症患者125例,所有患者都给予X线子宫输卵管碘油造影(Hysterosalp ingography,HSG)与四维子宫输卵管超声造影,记录诊断效果、不良反应,判断假阳性与假阴性的发生原因。结果:在125例患者中,HSG诊断输卵管通畅33例,通而不畅72例,阻塞20例;四维超声造影诊断为输卵管通畅33例,通而不畅74例,阻塞18例。将HSG检查作为金标准,四维超声造影检查输卵管阻塞准确率93.6%,Kappa值=0.929(P<0.05),出现假阳性与假阴性共8例。四维超声造影检查期间发生的阴道少量出血、造影剂过敏、恶心呕吐、腹痛等不良反应发生率为2.4%,显著低于HSG检查的13.6%(P<0.05)。单因素分析结果显示合并糖尿病、产次、初潮年龄、孕次与四维子宫输卵管超声造影的假阳性与假阴性显著相关(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示合并糖尿病、产次、初潮年龄为导致四维子宫输卵管超声造影假阳性与假阴性的主要原因(P<0.05)。结论:四维子宫输卵管超声造影可实时动态观察输卵管通畅情况,应用安全性也比较好,但是也存在假阳性与假阴性情况,合并糖尿病、产次、初潮年龄为导致四维子宫输卵管超声造影假阳性与假阴性的主要原因。     

输卵管妊娠患者术后重复性异位妊娠情况及其影响因素分析

目的:总结输卵管妊娠患者术后重复性异位妊娠情况,并分析其影响因素。方法:选取2015年1月至2017年1月于我院行输卵管妊娠手术的86例患者作为研究对象,回顾性分析所有患者的临床及随访资料,记录并总结所有患者年龄、孕次、产次、月经史、不孕史、血人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)水平、妊娠部位、手术情况、避孕方式以及疾病史等和术后重复性异位妊娠发生情况,并比较不同特征患者术后重复性异位妊娠的发生率,分析影响输卵管妊娠患者术后重复性异位妊娠情况的影响因素。结果:至随访结束,86例输卵管妊娠手术患者术后出现重复性异位妊娠者22例,发生率为25.58%;年龄越大、孕、产次越多、HCG水平越高、存在不孕史、异位妊娠史、输卵管手术史、盆腔感染史以及开腹手术、双侧输卵管粘连及闭锁和长期放置宫内节育器进行避孕的患者其输卵管妊娠术后重复性异位妊娠发生率均明显较高(P0.05);经多因素Logistic回归模型分析可得存在不孕史、盆腔感染史、异位妊娠史、输卵管手术史、输卵管双侧粘连及闭锁以及开腹手术是输卵管妊娠手术患者术后重复性异位妊娠发生的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论:输卵管妊娠患者术后重复性异位妊娠不可忽视,而对于存在不孕史、盆腔感染史、异位妊娠史、输卵管手术史、输卵管双侧粘连及闭锁以及开腹手术的输卵管妊娠手术患者则应及时治疗不孕症,尽可能选择腹腔镜手术来降低患者术后重复性异位妊娠,以此提高患者术后生育能力。     

经输卵管注药介入治疗慢性盆腔炎性疼痛及阻塞性不孕的路径探讨和疗效观察

目的为探索治疗慢性盆腔痛及不孕的理想方法,本文尝试通过输卵管注药介入治疗盆腔炎性后遗症等疼痛疾病及输卵管阻塞性不孕,观察其疗效并对输卵管这条自身路径进一步拓宽利用进行实践论证。方法应用NCI—I型数字化输卵管通液诊断治疗仪对56例盆腔炎性等疼痛、伴有不孕或计划妊娠的患者结合超声监测通液诊断,根据输卵管通畅程度分别给予盆腔注药或输卵管疏通后介入治疗。结果56例盆腔疼痛患者仅有19例输卵管通畅,37例输卵管阻塞（不全阻塞25例,11例不通）,占66．1％。治疗后通畅组盆腔疼痛消失16例,治愈率为84．2％;不全阻塞组疼痛减轻20例,好转率为76．9％,其中14例患者输卵管得以疏通;不通组45．5％（5／11）病情好转,输卵管疏通率为63。6％（7／11）;通畅组疼痛治愈率明显高于不全阻塞和不通组（P〈0．05）。盆腔炎性疼痛治愈率和输卵管疏通率分别为45．5％和82．4％,内异症等疼痛组为13．0％和65.0％,后者虽不及前者理想（P〈0．05）,但确有60．9％患者疼痛好转。本文输卵管阻塞疏通率为72．9％,慢性盆腔疼痛治疗有效率达87．5％。结论输卵管是一条与生俱来的自身生理通道,可拓宽利用诊治盆腔疾病。NCI—I型数字化输卵管通液诊断治疗仪盆腔注药介入治疗是一种准确易行、安全无创、科学有效的诊治盆腔炎性等疾病的方法。实践证明,疏通这条路径不仅在阻塞性输卵管不孕方面起到了至关重要的临床作用,对治疗盆腔炎性后遗症等慢性盆腔疼痛疾病也有较高的研究价值,值得进一步探索和应用,并有广阔的前景和发展空间。     

全氟显4D-HyCoSy与3D-HyCoSy对输卵管性不孕症患者的诊断效果评价

摘要 目的：探讨与评价全氟显子宫输卵管四维超声造影（4D-HyCoSy）与经阴道三维超声输卵管造影（3D-HyCoSy）对输卵管性不孕症患者的诊断效果。方法：选择2018年8月到2021年11月选择在本院诊治的女性不孕症患者84例作为研究对象,都给予全氟显4D-HyCoSy与3D-HyCoSy诊断,记录图像质量与不良反应发生情况。金标准为腹腔镜检查,判断诊断效果。结果：在84例患者中,全氟显4D-HyCoSy的图像质量优良率为100.0 %,高于3D-HyCoSy的92.9 %（P<0.05）。全氟显4D-HyCoSy诊断为输卵管通畅14例,输卵管通而不畅23例,输卵管阻塞47例。3D-HyCoSy诊断：22例输卵管通畅,21例输卵管通而不畅,41例输卵管阻塞。腹腔镜诊断：15例输卵管通畅,21例输卵管通而不畅,48例输卵管阻塞。全氟显4D-HyCoSy、3D-HyCoSy对输卵管性不孕症患者的诊断敏感性为100.0 %（36/36）、97.2 %（35/36）,特异性为97.9 %（47/48）、83.3 %（40/48）。84例患者在全氟显4D-HyCoSy、3D-HyCoSy检查期间发生的不良反应主要为阴道出血、恶心呕吐、腹部疼痛等,不良反应发生率对比无差异（P>0.05）。全氟显4D-HyCoSy对输卵管性不孕症患者的诊断敏感性与3D-HyCoSy对比无差异（P>0.05）,诊断特异性高于3D-HyCoSy（P<0.05）。结论：相对于3D-HyCoSy,全氟显4D-HyCoSy在输卵管性不孕症患者的应用能提高图像质量优良率,具有很好的安全性,还具有更好的诊断特异性。     

Serial analysis of gene expression reveals differential expression between endometriosis and normal endometrium. Possible roles for AXL and SHC1 in the pathogenesis of endometriosis

Background  

Endometriosis is a clinical condition that affects up to 10% of the women of reproductive age. Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of endometrial tissues outside the uterine cavity and can lead to chronic pelvic pain, infertility and, in some cases, to ovarian cancer.     

Serological evidence that chlamydiae and mycoplasmas are involved in infertility of women

Women with a history of infertility for 2 or more years were examined by hysterosalpingography (HSG) and antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis and M. genitalium were measured by a microimmunofluorescence technique in sera obtained immediately before HSG. Of 45 women with abnormal HSG findings, 15 (33%) had antibodies to C. trachomatis and 16 (35.5%) to M. hominis. In contrast, of 61 women with normal HSG findings, only 8 (13%) and 7 (11.5%) had antibodies to these micro-organisms, respectively. Antibody against M. genitalium was found in 26 of the patients (20% abnormal HSG and 28% normal HSG), indicating the need for further investigation of the significance of this mycoplasma in female infertility. The present results do confirm, however, that C. trachomatis is an important cause of infertility in women and suggest strongly that M. hominis is implicated.     

A massive ovarian mucinous cystadenoma: a case report

Background  

Infertility is defined as inability of a couple to conceive naturally after one year of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. It remains a major clinical and social problem, affecting perhaps one couple in six. Evaluation usually starts after 12 months; however it may be indicated earlier. The most common causes of infertility are: male factor such as sperm abnormalities, female factor such as ovulation dysfunction and tubal pathology, combined male and female factors and unexplained infertility.     

实时三维超声输卵管造影与X线造影诊断不孕症患者输卵管病变的价值比较

目的:比较实时三维超声输卵管造影与X线造影检查诊断女性不孕症患者输卵管病变的临床应用价值。方法:选择2014年3月至2016年12月我院诊治的不孕症患者60例作为研究对象,所有患者都于月经干净后3-7 d同时随机实施实时三维超声输卵管造影与X线造影检查,观察并记录造影图像质量与诊断结果,比较两种方法的诊断效果。结果:实时三维超声输卵管造影与X线造影的图像质量优良率分别为98.3%和86.7%,实时三维超声输卵管造影的图像质量明显高于X线造影(P0.05)。实时三维超声输卵管造影与X线造影诊断不孕症患者输卵管不通畅率分别为56.7%和46.7%,实时三维超声输卵管造影组显著高于X线造影组(P0.05)。输卵管通畅性评价金标准腹腔镜下通液术诊断发现输卵管不通畅35例,在此基础上实时三维超声输卵管造影与X线造影检查不孕症的敏感性分别为97.1%和80.0%,特异性均为100.0%,超声诊断的敏感性明显高于X线(P0.05)。结论:相对于X线造影,实时三维超声输卵管造影检查不孕症患者输卵管病变的图像质量更好,有利于疾病的判断,对输卵管通畅度判断更精确,利于后期治疗及疾病预防,还可提高诊断敏感性。     

体外受精-胚胎移植女性患者焦虑状况的影响因素分析及对妊娠结局的影响

摘要 目的：探讨体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF-ET）女性患者焦虑状况的影响因素及对妊娠结局的影响。方法：选择2019年3月~2021年4月期间南京鼓楼医院生殖医学科收治的192例IVF-ET女性患者。采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）评估所有患者焦虑状况。收集患者的临床资料,单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析IVF-ET女性患者焦虑的影响因素。观察不同焦虑状况患者的妊娠结局。结果：192例IVF-ET女性患者中,有37例（19.27%）患者出现焦虑状况。其中轻度焦虑15例（40.54%）、中度焦虑10例（27.03%）、重度焦虑12例（32.43%）。单因素分析结果显示,IVF-ET女性患者是否焦虑与家庭月收入、辅助生殖技术治疗失败史、文化程度、职业、不孕年限、年龄、社会支持、不孕类型、不孕原因有关（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：不孕类型为原发不孕、不孕原因为女方因素、年龄>34岁、家庭月收入<3000元、文化程度为高中或中专及以下是导致IVF-ET女性患者发生焦虑的危险因素（P<0.05）。无焦虑患者优胚例数、2PN受精例数、获卵例数、临床妊娠例数占比均高于焦虑患者（P<0.05）。结论：IVF-ET女性患者较易产生焦虑情绪,其焦虑状况受不孕类型、不孕原因、年龄、家庭月收入、文化程度影响,且焦虑状况还会影响患者的妊娠结局,临床工作中应对存在上述影响因素的患者进行积极心理疏导。     

Transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy for diagnosis of tubal infertility

OBJECTIVE: Infertility problem affects more than 70 million couples worldwide, 5-15% of which are couples in their reproductive age. Less and less invasive endoscopic methods like transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy have been developed by technological progress. This method enables not only precise identification, but is now increasingly used for treatment of tubal and peritoneal factor pathology, which cause approximately 35 per cent of female infertility. AIM: Evaluation of transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (HLTV) usefulness for diagnosis of tubal infertility comparing to standard laparoscopy and hysterosalpingography (HSG). Results: In evaluation of patent fallopian tubes results of HLTV and HSG examinations are coincide in 87%, while obstruction diagnosed in HSG is confirmed only in 37% during HLTV examination. Transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy and HSG have similar sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of hydrosalpinx, which is up to 100% . In comparison with HLTV histerosalpingography is less effective in evaluation of peritubal dilatations and adhesions. Both laparoscopic surgery and transvaginal laparoscopy have the same high sensitivity in diagnostics of the fallopian tubes patency and hydrosalpinx, which is up to 100%. In evaluation of peritubal adhesions and dilatations the results are very similar. Conclusions: 1. HLTV is a highly useful method in evaluation of the fallopian tubes pathologies which is significantly more sensitive than HSG in evaluation of such lesions as peritubal adhesions and obstructed fallopian tubes. 2. HLTV is as effective as laparoscopy in evaluation of patency and lesions of the fallopian tubes. 3. HLTV is a less invasive method, much better tolerated than laparoscopy and more suitable for the group of overweight patients. 4. Final assessment of HTLV technique will be possible following performance of a greater number of studies, where the foregoing conclusions present only initial observations.     

Hysterosalpingography: a technique to aid in assessment of reproductive fitness of female squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)

A hysterosalpingography method was developed to examine the uterine cavity and oviducts of potential additions to our squirrel monkey breeding colony and those animals within the colony with a history of infertility. Females to be examined were anesthetized and placed in dorsal recumbency. A needle was inserted transabdominally into the body of the uterus, the cervix was sealed with a clamp applied vaginally, and water soluble contrast media was infused into the uterine cavity with sufficient pressure to fill the oviducts. Radiographs were obtained during infusion resulting in visualization of the uterine cavity and the lumina of the oviducts. The ovaries were visualized as they were surrounded by contrast media draining from the fimbriae of the oviducts. Hysterosalpingography proved to be a useful method for clinical evaluation of reproductive potential of female squirrel monkeys. It also has provided a means to diagnose causes of infertility associated with dysfunction of the oviducts.     

Hydrotubation for diagnosing carcinoma in situ of the fallopian tube. A case report

BACKGROUND: Primary adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube is rare and not diagnosed until at an advanced stage. We present a case of carcinoma in situ of the fallopian tube in which cytologic examination obtained by hydrotubation facilitated the diagnosis. CASE: A 55-year-old woman presented to Yamaguchi Red Cross Hospital for uterine cancer screening. Endometrial brush cytology revealed adenocarcinoma cells, but endometrial curettage showed no abnormal findings. We performed hydrotubation, collecting abdominal fluid by culdocentesis for cytology. The smear test showed adenocarcinoma with cells similar to those obtained by endometrial brush cytology. Laparotomy showed no abnormalities in the abdominal cavity, and pelvic washing cytology was negative. Based on the positive cytology found by hydrotubation, we performed a hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Postsurgical histology revealed adenocarcinoma in situ of the fallopian tube. CONCLUSION: The present case suggests that cytologic examination obtained by hydrotubation may be useful in diagnosing early tubal cancer.     

Effect of menstrual cycle phase and hormonal treatments on evaluation of tubal patency in baboons

Background

We evaluated whether menstrual cycle phase influences the assessment of tubal patency by hysterosalpingography (HSG) in baboons.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of baseline tubal patency studies and serum estradiol (E₂) and progesterone (P4) values obtained from female baboons used as models for development of non‐surgical permanent contraception in women. The main outcome measure was bilateral tubal patency (BTP) in relationship with estradiol level.

Results

Female baboons (n = 110) underwent a single (n = 81), two (n = 26), or three (n = 3) HSG examinations. In 33/142 (23%) HSG examinations, one or both tubes showed functional occlusion (FO). The median E₂ in studies with BTP (49 pg/mL) was significantly higher than in those studies with FO (32 pg/mL, P = .005). Among 18 animals with repeat examinations where serum E₂ changed from <60 to ≥ 60 pg/mL, 13 results changed from FO to BTP (P = .0001). No sets showed a change from BTP to FO with an increase in estradiol.

Conclusion

In baboons, functional occlusion of the fallopian tube is associated with low estradiol levels, supporting a role for estrogen‐mediated relaxation of the utero‐tubal junction.     

Increased Serum Oxidative Stress Markers in Women with Uterine Leiomyoma

Background

Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) are the most common gynaecological benign tumors in premenopausal women. Evidences support the role of oxidative stress in the development of uterine leiomyoma. We have analysed oxidative stress markers (thiols, advanced oxidized protein products (AOPP), protein carbonyls and nitrates/nitrites) in preoperative sera from women with histologically proven uterine leiomyoma.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We conducted a laboratory study in a tertiary-care university hospital. Fifty-nine women with histologically proven uterine leiomyoma and ninety-two leiomyoma-free control women have been enrolled in this study. Complete surgical exploration of the abdominopelvic cavity was performed in each patient. Preoperative serum samples were obtained from all study participants to assay serum thiols, AOPP, protein carbonyls and nitrates/nitrites.Concentrations of serum protein carbonyl groups and AOPP were higher in leiomyoma patients than in the control group (p=0.005 and p<0.001, respectively). By contrast, serum thiol levels were lower in leiomyoma patients (p<0.001). We found positive correlations between serum AOPP concentrations and total fibroids weight (r=0.339; p=0.028), serum AOPP and serum protein carbonyls with duration of infertility (r=0.762; p=0.006 and r=0.683; p=0.021, respectively).

Conclusions/Significance

This study, for the first time, reveals a significant increase of protein oxidative stress status and reduced antioxidant capacity in sera from women with uterine leiomyoma.     

原发性子宫大B细胞淋巴瘤一例报告及文献复习

摘要 目的：总结原发性子宫恶性淋巴瘤的临床表现、影像及病理学特点,以期提高对原发性子宫恶性淋巴瘤的认识及诊治水平。方法：通过PubMed、万方、维普、中国知网数据库检索2001年1月至2019年12月报道的原发性子宫恶性淋巴瘤的文献,结合首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院收治的1例原发性子宫大B细胞淋巴瘤的病例资料,对此类患者临床表现、影像及病理学特点、治疗方案及预后进行总结。结果：患者女,64岁,发现盆腔肿物半月伴有绝经后阴道流血,盆腔CT提示：宫体与宫颈局部巨大团块状软组织密度灶,宫底及宫体上段可见内膜。宫腔镜下组织活检病理：（宫内物）符合低分化恶性肿瘤,结合免疫组化结果,诊断原发性子宫大B细胞淋巴瘤。行开腹全子宫及双侧附件、大网膜及腹膜后淋巴结清扫术,术后接受CHOP方案化疗六程,现治疗后随访17月,未发现复发。结论：原发性子宫恶性淋巴瘤极少见,组织学上以大B 细胞淋巴瘤为主,临床表现缺乏特异性。最终需要结合免疫组化确诊。该疾病恶性程度高,治疗上以根治性手术联合化疗为主,预后较差。     

宫腔镜联合腹腔镜在女性不孕症诊治中的应用

摘要目的：探讨宫腔镜联合腹腔镜在女性不孕诊断及治疗中的临床应用价值。方法：回顾性分析60 例我院收治的采用宫腔镜联 合腹腔镜进行诊断和治疗的女性不孕症患者为研究对象,对其临床资料进行分析。结果：宫腔镜联合腹腔镜检查发现,60 例不孕 症患者中,56.7 %的患者患有慢性盆腔炎,16.7 %的患者为子宫内膜异位症,11.7 %的患者为多囊卵巢综合征;单纯腹腔镜检查的 阳性检出率为60.0 %,单纯宫腔镜检查的阳性检出率为28.3 %,宫腔镜联合腹腔镜检查的阳性检出率高达91.7 %,宫腔镜联合腹 腔镜镜检阳性发现率明显高于前二者(P < 0.05)。治疗前,双侧不通、一侧通畅和双侧输卵管通畅的患者分别为38.3 %、48.3 %和 13.3 %,经宫腔镜联合腹腔镜治疗后分别为11.7 %、50.0 %和38.3 %,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。34 例原发性不孕患者,术后 13例妊娠,妊娠率38.2 %;26 例继发性不孕患者,术后15 例妊娠,妊娠率57.7 %;总妊娠率为46.7 %,其中宫外孕2例。结论：宫 腔镜联合腹腔镜检查可帮助明确女性不孕症患者明确原因及发病部位,并可针对病因进行治疗,提高女性不孕症的病因诊断准 确率及治愈率。     

宫腔镜联合腹腔镜在女性不孕症诊治中的应用

目的：探讨宫腔镜联合腹腔镜在女性不孕诊断及治疗中的临床应用价值。方法：回顾性分析60例我院收治的采用宫腔镜联合腹腔镜进行诊断和治疗的女性不孕症患者为研究对象,对其临床资料进行分析。结果：宫腔镜联合腹腔镜检查发现,60例不孕症患者中,56．7％的患者患有慢性盆腔炎,16．7％的患者为子宫内膜异位症,11．7％的患者为多囊卵巢综合征;单纯腹腔镜检查的阳性检出率为60．0％,单纯宫腔镜检查的阳性检出率为28．3％,宫腔镜联合腹腔镜检查的阳性检出率高达91．7％,宫腔镜联合腹腔镜镜栓阳性发现率明显高于前二者（P〈0．05）。治疗前,双侧不通、一侧通畅和双侧输卵管通畅的患者分别为38．3％、48．3％和13．3％,经宫腔镜联合腹腔镜治疗后分别为11．7％、50．o％和38．3％,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。34例原发性不孕患者,术后13例妊娠,妊娠率38．2％;26例继发性不孕患者,术后15例妊娠,妊娠率57．7％;总妊娠率为46．7％,其中宫外孕2例。结论：宫腔镜联合腹腔镜检查可帮助明确女性不孕症患者明确原因及发病部位,并可针对病因进行治疗,提高女性不孕症的病因诊断准确率及治愈率。     

22例子宫卒中性平滑肌瘤的临床病理特征分析

目的:探讨卒中性平滑肌瘤的临床病理特征、免疫表型及预后。方法:回顾性分析22例子宫卒中性平滑肌瘤的临床特点、病理形态学特点及免疫表型,并复习相关文献。结果:卒中性平滑肌瘤患者的临床症状主要为异常子宫出血,腹痛等。肿瘤大体常伴有以下特征,多灶性出血、坏死、囊性变、水肿变性及质地变软等,镜检可见多灶出血区,呈放射状、卵圆形或不规则形,其中央常可伴有坏死、玻璃样变或肿瘤细胞减少,周边肿瘤细胞富集。22例卒中性平滑肌瘤中,15例核分裂增加(最高达13个/10HPF),但细胞均未见病理性核分裂及显著细胞异型性;22例肿瘤组织弥漫强表达Desmin、SMA、H-caldesmon,Ki67指数范围(3%-15%);18例出血及凝固性坏死区及其周围的肿瘤组织不同程度表达CD10。22例患者均获得完整随访资料,平均随访30个月(10~110个月),均无瘤生存。结论:子宫卒中性平滑肌瘤预后较好,但由于其具有一系列异常的病理形态学特征,如多发出血灶,出血灶中央可伴有坏死,其周围富于肿瘤细胞区细胞可见轻度非典型性且核分裂不同程度增加,易被误诊为子宫恶性潜能未定的平滑肌瘤甚至是子宫平滑肌肉瘤。正确认识该类肿瘤宽广的形态学谱系,有助于临床病理医师做出正确诊断。     

A cytogenetic study of Kuwaiti couples with infertility and reproductive disorders: short arm deletion of chromosome 21 is associated with male infertility

Chromosomal anomalies may be a reason for both male and female infertility. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of chromosomal abnormalities in sterile couples from Kuwait. A total of 118 patients with clinical diagnosis of infertility was analyzed using cytogenetic banding techniques. Common chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 12 patients. We describe here one new case of an infertile male with the karyotype 46,XY, del(21)(pter;q11.2). The overall incidence of 11% abnormality indicates that routine chromosome analysis of infertile couples in Kuwait should be considered before the planning of intracytoplasmic sperm injection.