大肠杆菌rhtA缺失对血红素合成的影响

【背景】Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)是基因工程的常用宿主,以C5途径合成5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-Aminolevulinicacid,ALA),ALA是合成血红素的重要前体物质,但ALA分泌对血红素合成的影响尚不清楚。【目的】阐明参与ALA外运的RhtA在血红素合成途径中的作用。【方法】利用Red同源重组,敲除Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)的rhtA,同时构建重组质粒pEA过表达血红素合成途径中的关键酶基因hemA,检测分析血红素及其前体物质含量,以及血红素合成途径中10个关键基因的表达水平。【结果】敲除rhtA对菌体生长没有显著影响,敲除菌株BL21(DE3)Δrht A与原始菌株BL21(DE3)比较,ALA的胞外含量下降23%,血红素含量提高12%,尿卟啉III (Uroporphyrin III,UIII)、粪卟啉III (Coproporphyrin III,CIII)和原卟啉IX (Protoporphyrin IX,PPIX)的含量分别提高25%、15%和18%;敲除rhtA同时过表达hemA的菌株BL21(DE3)ΔrhtA/pEA与仅过表达hemA的菌株BL21(DE3)/pEA比较,胞外ALA减少了16%,血红素含量提高了24%,UIII和CIII含量分别提高55%和64%,PPIX含量显著增加,约为4.7倍。实时定量PCR结果表明,rhtA缺失后,hemC基因转录水平下调,其余9个基因转录水平均有不同程度的上调。【结论】rhtA敲除减少了ALA的外运,使得胞内血红素产量得到提高。     

谷氨酸代谢调控及hemA过表达促进大肠杆菌血红素合成

【背景】大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)以谷氨酸为前体经C5途径合成有限的血红素。【目的】探究胞内谷氨酸代谢及谷氨酰-tRNA还原酶基因(hem A)过表达对5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-Aminolevulinic Acid,ALA)和血红素合成的影响。【方法】通过Red同源重组敲除与谷氨酸代谢有关的mscS与aroG,构建hemA表达载体并导入基因缺失菌株中。【结果】mscS单敲除或mscS与aroG双敲除对菌体生长无显著影响。与出发菌株相比,单敲除与双敲除菌株的谷氨酸含量均有所增加,ALA含量略微下降,血红素含量分别增加了11.6%和35.7%。在双敲除菌株中进一步过表达hemA后,胞内血红素含量增至47.603μmol/L。【结论】通过调控谷氨酸代谢流量与过表达hemA可促进血红素的合成,该结果为增强C5途径的血红素合成提供了新的思路。     

芽胞形成相关基因缺失对解淀粉芽胞杆菌生物量及胞外酶表达的影响

解淀粉芽胞杆菌作为公认的安全生产宿主菌(GRAS),在高效表达异源蛋白方面具有巨大的发展潜力和应用前景。本研究以解淀粉芽胞杆菌TCCC111018为出发菌株,通过敲除芽胞形成相关基因(spo0A,sigF和sigE),构建了一系列突变菌株(BAΔspo0A,BAΔsigF,BAΔsigE),并对突变株生物量和胞外酶表达量进行分析比较。结果表明,与出发菌株BAΔupp相比,菌株BAΔspo0A的生物量及胞外酶表达量显著降低,BAΔsigE无明显变化,而菌株BAΔsigF的生产性能有显著提升,菌体生长的稳定期延长约6 h,产酶时间提前,耐酸性α-淀粉酶与碱性蛋白酶酶活分别提高了25.2%和21.3%,该菌株的成功构建为工业酶生产宿主提供了新的选择,也为异源酶的高效生产提出了一种新的策略。     

组蛋白甲基化与去乙酰化对蛇足石杉内生真菌盘长孢状刺盘孢合成石杉碱甲的影响

以蛇足石杉Huperzia serrata内生真菌盘长孢状刺盘孢Cg01菌株为研究对象,利用PEG介导的同源重组转化体系,对Cg01组蛋白甲基化酶基因（histone methyltransferases,HMT）CgClr4和组蛋白去乙酰化酶基因（histone deacetylase,HDAC）CgClr3、CgSir2进行基因敲除与回补,并通过实时荧光定量PCR（RT-qPCR）检测了回补株中对应基因表达量以及高效液相色谱HPLC检测突变体菌株中石杉碱甲huperzine A（HupA）产量。结果显示3个基因敲除突变体菌株ΔCgClr4、ΔCgClr3、ΔCgSir2的HupA产量分别为255μg/L、270μg/L、244μg/L,与野生型菌株相比分别下降了21.3%、16.6%、24.7%。在基因回补突变体菌株ΔCgClr4/CgClr4、ΔCgClr3/CgClr3、ΔCgSir2/CgSir2中,相应回补基因表达均与野生型无显著性差异,其HupA产量分别为351.9μg/L、334.7μg/L、331μg/L,回补菌株的HupA产量回复到野生型水平。结果表明这3个基因均具有调控内生真菌盘长孢状刺盘孢Cg01合成HupA的作用,为研究蛇足石杉内生真菌中石杉碱甲的合成调控机制提供了理论基础和新的思路。     

proC及putP基因的敲除对钝齿棒杆菌产L-精氨酸生理代谢的影响

为了选育精氨酸高产菌株,基于谷氨酸棒杆菌的基因组尺度代谢网络模型的指导,以钝齿棒杆菌(Corynebacterium crenatum)MT-M4为出发菌株,通过基因敲除技术构建了pro C和put P敲除菌株。摇瓶发酵结果表明,pro C敲除菌株精氨酸产量达到9.94g/L,较出发菌株提高了15.90%,葡萄糖转化率提高了26.02%。由于其生长受到明显抑制,因此在发酵液中外源添加24mmol/L的脯氨酸,结果发现其精氨酸产量达到12.22g/L,且菌株恢复生长。put P敲除菌株精氨酸产量达到12.23g/L,较出发菌株提高了42.70%,葡萄糖转化率提高了49.31%。以上结果显示,put P的敲除比pro C的敲除更有利于精氨酸的合成,put P的敲除对菌株的生理代谢基本无影响且无需外添加脯氨酸。     

基因重组与外源铁离子对大肠杆菌合成血红素的影响

【背景】大肠杆菌通过C5途径合成卟啉及血红素,5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-aminolevulinic acid,5-ALA)是C5途径中关键的前体物质,血红素由原卟啉IX (protoporphyrin IX, PPIX)螯合一个铁离子所形成,目前5-ALA与PPIX的外泌对卟啉的积累和血红素合成的影响尚不清楚。【目的】构建5-ALA外泌蛋白基因rhtA和卟啉外泌蛋白基因tolC双缺失的大肠杆菌以积累卟啉,同时外源添加铁离子,并过表达亚铁螯合酶基因hemH及参与铁摄取的基因efeB,促进卟啉向血红素的转化。【方法】通过Red同源重组敲除大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)的rhtA和tolC,并外源添加不同浓度的FeSO₄及Fe₂(SO₄)₃,同时构建重组质粒pEHE过表达hemH和efeB,检测卟啉和血红素含量,分析卟啉向血红素的转化。【结果】敲除rhtA和tolC对菌体生长无显著影响,与野生菌WT相比,敲除菌株WT-RT的卟啉含量增加,血红素合成略有提升。外源添加100μmol/L Fe²⁺     

铁和镍对光合细菌生长和产氢的影响

基于金属元素在生物体功能发挥中的作用以及它们参与光合细菌光合放氢的重要性,着重进行了铁和镍对沼泽红假单胞菌（Rhodopseudomonas palustris）Z菌株和一株红杆菌（Rhodobactersp.）细胞生长、光合放氢和光合色素合成影响的研究。结果表明,高浓度Fe3+可显著提高两菌株光放氢能力和生物合成能力,最适浓度的Fe3+可使其产氢能力分别达对照组的1.32倍和2.8倍,产氢得率分别为360.6mL/g和385.9 mL/g,生物量分别为对照组的1.42倍和1.54倍。9μmol/L Ni2+的添加可使两菌株产氢能力分别达对照组的1.48倍和1.96倍,产氢得率分别为429.7mL/g和456.3 mL/g。而当Ni2+浓度为12μmol/L时,两菌株的产氢活性受到不同程度的抑制,产氢得率分别降低46.7%和19.4%。在铁浓度相同时,添加6μmol/L Ni2+能明显促进两菌株的生长。而当Ni2+浓度大于6μmol/L时,细胞生长受到抑制。Fe3+和Ni2+对Rhodobactersp.菌株类胡萝卜色素有显著影响。研究结果显示, 426nm色素峰随铁浓度的增加和镍的添加而消失,同时,产氢活性提高。     

phbC基因敲除对土壤杆菌产可得然胶的影响

本文构建了phbC基因无痕敲除菌株ΔphbC,分析了ΔphbC菌株生长代谢情况和产生的可得然胶在产量、凝胶性质和红外结构的变化。结果显示,ΔphbC菌株在发酵过程中氨基氮消耗情况与野生型菌株一致,在蔗糖消耗方面,ΔphbC菌株与野生型菌株在18 h之后出现显著差异,蔗糖消耗比野生型菌株明显降低。ΔphbC菌株可得然胶产量约24 g/L,相对于野生型菌株降低了45%;胶凝胶强度为812.521 g/cm^2,相对于野生型菌株降低了21%;红外结构与野生型菌株一致,无明显差异。phbC基因不影响菌体生长,不影响可得然胶结构,但是影响可得然胶的合成。     

谷氨酸棒状杆菌合成5-氨基乙酰丙酸的途径构建与发酵优化

5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-amino levulinic acid,ALA)是生物体内天然存在的一种非蛋白质氨基酸,在农业和医药等领域应用广泛。为了在谷氨酸棒状杆菌中建立ALA碳四合成途径并优化其发酵体系,首先在谷氨酸棒状杆菌中过表达沼泽红假单胞菌来源的ALA合成酶(ALAS),建立高效的ALA碳四合成途径,然后从不同发酵培养基的比较、诱导剂和底物甘氨酸的浓度以及初始接种量等不同方面对ALA摇瓶发酵工艺进行了优化。结果显示,过表达Hem A的13032/p ZWA1菌株ALA产量达到1.41 g/L,是对照菌株的67.14倍。ALA的最优摇瓶发酵条件为以酵母粉为氮源的M9培养基,采用5%的接种量0.1 mmol/L IPTG进行Hem A的诱导表达,体系中甘氨酸的浓度要控制在4 g/L,摇瓶中ALA产量可达到3.28 g/L,比优化前提高了132.62%。采用发酵优化的条件,在5 L发酵罐的放大发酵中ALA产量可达10.08 g/L,这是现有报道中谷氨酸棒状杆菌一步发酵合成ALA的最高产量。     

Red同源重组敲除nagE和manX对大肠杆菌发酵生产氨基葡萄糖的影响?

氨基葡萄糖(GlcN)又称氨基葡糖或葡糖胺,是葡萄糖的一个羟基被氨基取代后的化合物,在医药和保健领域具有广泛应用。在前期研究中,我们构建了一株可高效合成GlcN和其乙酰化衍生物N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖(GlcNAc)的重组大肠肝菌Escherichia coli-glms-gna1(在下游提取过程中用弱酸进行脱乙酰化即可将GlcNAc转化为GlcN)。但研究发现,发酵过程中GlcN和GlcNAc能被转运至胞内作为碳源利用,导致胞外产量显著减少。为阻断胞外GlcN和GlcNAc向胞内的转运,利用Red同源重组技术将E.coli-glms-gna1的乙酰氨基葡萄糖磷酸转运子编码基因nagE和甘露糖磷酸转运子编码基因manX敲除,获得nagE基因敲除的工程菌E.coli-glms-gna1-nagE和nagE/manX基因双敲除的工程菌E.coli-glms-gna1-nagE-manX,并在7 L发酵罐上利用构建的工程菌进行GlcN和GlcNAc的发酵生产。实验结果表明:培养对照菌株E.coli-glms-gna1至12 h时GlcN产量达到最大值4.06 g/L,GlcNAc产量达到最大值41.46 g/L;而培养单基因敲除菌株E.coli-glms-gna1-nagE至12 h时GlcN产量达到最大值4.38 g/L(是对照菌株的1.08倍),GlcNAc产量达到最大值71.80 g/L(是对照菌株的1.7倍);培养双基因敲除菌株E.coli-glms-gna1-nagE-manX至10 h时GlcN产量达到最大值4.82 g/L(是对照菌株的1.2倍),GlcNAc产量达到最大值118.78 g/L(是对照菌株的2.86倍)。这表明nagE和manX基因的敲除可显著降低GlcN和GlcNAc向胞内的转运,进而提高其在胞外的积累。研究结果对最终实现GlcN的工业化生产具有一定的指导意义。     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) revisited

Results of molecular studies regarding the phylogenetic placement of the order Ostropales and related taxa within Lecanoromycetes were thus far inconclusive. Some analyses placed the order as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, while others inferred a position nested within Lecanoromycetes. We assembled a data set of 101 species including sequences from nuLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding RPB1 for each species to examine the cause of incongruencies in previously published phylogenies. MP, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses were performed using the combined three-region data set and the single-gene data sets. The position of Ostropales nested in Lecanoromycetes is confirmed in all single-gene and concatenated analyses, and a placement as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes is significantly rejected using two independent methods of alternative topology testing. Acarosporales and related taxa (Acarosporaceae group) are basal in Lecanoromycetes. However, if the these basal taxa are excluded from the analyses, Ostropales appear to be sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, suggesting different ingroup rooting as the cause for deviating topologies in previously published phylogenies.     

转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响

【目的】为探究转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响。【方法】以转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉与其亲本常规棉为实验材料,利用取食不同棉花品种叶片的棉铃虫饲喂异色瓢虫幼虫。【结果】与常规亲本棉相比,取食饲喂转基因棉花叶片的初孵棉铃虫幼虫的异色瓢虫幼虫从1龄发育至化蛹期时间延长0.77 d,但差异不显著;除1龄幼虫体重增加(0.0773 mg)外,其余各龄期幼虫体重均有所下降,但差异均不显著;异色瓢虫1、2、3、4龄幼虫对初孵棉铃虫捕食量均随棉铃虫密度的增加而增加,捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ圆盘方程。【结论】转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育无显著影响,饲喂取食转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花的棉铃虫对异色瓢虫捕食功能无显著差异。     

Nomenclatural changes resulting from the transfer of tropical African Sarcostemma to Cynanchum ( Apocynaceae : Asclepiadoideae )

Summary  Four species of tropical African Sarcostemma are transferred to Cynanchum together with two subspecies of S. viminale. In addition, Sarcostemma mulanjense is reduced to subspecific rank under C. viminale.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.