EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1在鼻咽癌中结合磷酸化的TRAFs

 对鼻咽癌中潜伏膜蛋白 1 (LMP1 )是否结合磷酸化的肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子 (tumornecrosis factor receptor- associated factors,TRAFs)信号分子进行探讨 .首先应用 CSA/SP双染色法在 30例鼻咽癌活检组织中发现 1 6例 (52 % ) LMP1与 TRAF1、TRAF2和 TRAF3共表达于癌细胞胞膜及胞浆同一部位 .这提示 EB病毒 LMP1在鼻咽癌中可能结合 TRAF1、TRAF2或TRAF3发挥作用 .进一步以导入载体 p SG5的鼻咽癌细胞系 HNE2 - p SG5为对照 ,建立了稳定表达 LMP1的鼻咽癌细胞系 HNE2 - LMP1 ,利用这两种细胞系 ,以免疫共沉淀 - Western印迹方法 ,证实了 LMP1可与磷酸化的 TRAF1、TRAF2或 TRAF3直接或间接作用形成免疫共沉淀复合物 .     

Epstein-Barr Virus_Encoded LMP1 Upregulates MicroRNA-21 to Promote the Resistance of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells to Cisplatin-Induced Apoptosis by Suppressing PDCD4 and Fas-L

Approximately 30% of patients with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) display chemoresistance to cisplatin-based regimens, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), a functional homologue of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, contributes substantially to the oncogenic potential of EBV through the activation of multiple signaling pathways, and it is closely associated with a poorer prognosis for NPC. Recent studies show that EBV infection can induce the expression of many cellular miRNAs, including microRNA-21, a biomarker for chemoresistance. However, neither a link between LMP1 expression and miR-21 upregulation nor their cross talk in affecting chemoresistance to cisplatin have been reported. Here, we observed that stable LMP1-transformed NPC cells were less sensitive to cisplatin treatment based on their proliferation, colony formation, the IC₅₀ value of cisplatin and the apoptosis index. Higher levels of miR-21 were found in EBV-carrying and LMP1-positive cell lines, suggesting that LMP1 may be linked to miR-21 upregulation. These data were confirmed by our results that exogenous LMP1 increased miR-21 in both transiently and stably LMP1-transfected cells, and the knock down of miR-21 substantially reversed the resistance of the NPC cells to cisplatin treatment. Moreover, the proapoptotic factors programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) and Fas ligand (Fas-L), which were negatively regulated by miR-21, were found to play an important role in the program of LMP1-dependent cisplatin resistance. Finally, we demonstrated that LMP1 induced miR-21 expression primarily by modulating the PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a signaling pathway. Taken together, we revealed for the first time that viral LMP1 triggers the PI3K/Akt/FOXO3a pathway to induce human miR-21 expression, which subsequently decreases the expression of PDCD4 and Fas-L, and results in chemoresistance in NPC cells.     

Tet调控的EB病毒LMP1基因导入鼻咽癌细胞系表达的研究

本文利用Ｔｅｔ－ｏｎ基因表达系统建立了一株可诱导ＥＢ病毒ＬＭＰ１基因表达的鼻咽癌细胞株。首先将Ｔｅｔ－ｏｎ基因调控系统的调节质粒ｐＴｅｔ－ｏｎ导入鼻咽癌细胞系ＨＮＥ２中,用ｒｔＴＡ反应性芝光素酶报道基因ｐＴＲＥ－ｌｕｃ挑选高诱导、低背景的克隆,第二轮转染将构建的反应质粒ｐＴＲＥ－ＬＭＰ１导入得到稳定转染的阳性克隆,对各克隆用Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹方法进行强力霉素诱导效应检测,其中Ｌ７对Ｄｏｘ具有良好的     

LMP1 Increases Expression of NADPH Oxidase (NOX) and Its Regulatory Subunit p22 in NP69 Nasopharyngeal Cells and Makes Them Sensitive to a Treatment by a NOX Inhibitor

Oxidative stress is thought to contribute to cancer development. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and its encoded oncoprotein, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), are closely associated with the transformation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL). In this study, we used LMP1-transformed NP cells and EBV-related malignant cell lines to assess the effects of LMP1 on reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and glycolytic activity. Using NPC tissue samples and a tissue array to address clinical implications, we report that LMP1 activates NAD(P)H oxidases to generate excessive amount of ROS in EBV-related malignant diseases. By evaluating NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX) subunit expression, we found that the expression of the NAD(P)H oxidase regulatory subunit p22^phox was significantly upregulated upon LMP1-induced transformation. Furthermore, this upregulation was mediated by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. In addition, LMP1 markedly stimulated anaerobic glycolytic activity through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Additionally, in both NPC cells and tissue samples, p22^phox expression correlated with LMP1 expression. The NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) also exerted a marked cytotoxic effect in LMP1-transformed and malignant cells, providing a novel strategy for anticancer therapy.     

Atypical BH3-domains of BNIP3 and BNIP3L lead to autophagy in hypoxia

Normal and tumor cells subjected to a hypoxic microenvironment show evidence of autophagy. We hypothesize that cells will sense hypoxia as a warning signal to upcoming drastic microenvironmental conditions and that autophagy, acting as a survival mechanism, will provide time for cells to adapt. This work demonstrates for the first time that the atypical BH3-domain of BNIP3 and BNIP3L, two HIF-target genes, can compete with Beclin1-Bcl-2 and Beclin1-Bcl-X_L complexes, releasing Beclin 1 from the complex and then enhancing autophagy. We thus revealed a new role for BH3-only proteins in the cellular response to hypoxia.     

Sequence variants of LMP1 oncogene in patients with oral cavity tumors associated and not associated with Epstein-Barr virus

The role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), ubiquitous lymphotropic human herpesvirus 4, in etiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has not been completely clarified. The mechanism of carcinogenesis in this disease (closely associated with EBV) is also unclear. The aim of the present study was to compare the structure of the LMP1 oncogene of EBV in isolates of the virus obtained from patients with two types of oral cavity tumors, including (a) associated (NPC) and (b) not associated (other tumors of the same anatomical region, OTOC) with EBV. A comparative analysis of the deductive C-terminal amino acid sequences of the LMP1 variants was carried out based on the LMP1 sequence data from samples of the tumor, blood, and oropharynx lavages from patients with NPC and OTOC. It was demonstrated that, in the compared groups of patients, all structural characteristics of LMP1 were close, and existing differences between the compared parameters were statistically insignificant. Thus, it was demonstrated for the first time that genetically related EBV strains with structurally similar LMP1 variants persist in patients with NPC and OTOC in Russia, which most likely reflects the polymorphism of EBV strains that circulate in the population. Based on the data obtained, it is possible to assume that the risk of the occurrence of NPC in NPC non-endemic world regions (including Russia) depends not so much on the EBV strain (and on the variant of the LMP1 that it contains) as on the genetic predisposition to the disease of individuals infected by this virus and the effect of other (still unknown) agents.     

In nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 interacts with galectin 9 in membrane raft elements resistant to simvastatin

Nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) are etiologically related to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and malignant NPC cells have consistent although heterogeneous expression of the EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). LMP1 trafficking and signaling require its incorporation into membrane rafts. Conversely, raft environment is likely to modulate LMP1 activity. In order to investigate NPC-specific raft partners of LMP1, rafts derived from the C15 NPC xenograft were submitted to preparative immunoprecipitation of LMP1 combined with mass spectrometry analysis of coimmunoprecipitated proteins. Through this procedure, galectin 9, a beta-galactoside binding lectin and Hodgkin tumor antigen, was identified as a novel LMP1 partner. LMP1 interaction with galectin 9 was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and Western blotting in whole-cell extracts of NPC and EBV-transformed B cells (lymphoblastoid cell lines [LCLs]). Using mutant proteins expressed in HeLa cells, LMP1 was shown to bind galectin 9 in a TRAF3-independent manner. Galectin 9 is abundant in NPC biopsies as well as in LCLs, whereas it is absent in Burkitt lymphoma cells. In subsequent experiments, NPC cells were treated with Simvastatin, a drug reported to dissociate LMP1 from membrane rafts in EBV-transformed B cells. We found no significant effects of Simvastatin on the distribution of LMP1 and galectin 9 in NPC cell rafts. However, Simvastatin was highly cytotoxic for NPC cells, regardless of the presence or absence of LMP1. This suggests that Simvastatin is a potentially useful agent for the treatment of NPCs although it has distinct mechanisms of action in NPC and LCL cells.     

Viral oncoprotein LMP1 disrupts p53-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through modulating K63-linked ubiquitination of p53

Disruption of the gatekeeper p53 tumor suppressor is involved in various virus-associated tumorigeneses, with aberrant ubiquitination as the major cause of p53 abnormalities in virus-associated tumors. Of note, wild-type p53 is accumulated in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated tumors, especially in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We have previously identified that p53 is accumulated and phosphorylated by EBV oncoprotein latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) in NPC. Here, we further found that LMP1 promoted p53 accumulation via two distinct ubiquitin modifications. LMP1 promoted p53 stability and accumulation by suppressing K48-linked ubiquitination of p53 mediated by E3 ligase MDM2, which is associated with its phosphorylation at Ser20, while increasing the levels of total cellular ubiquitinated p53. LMP1 also induced K63-linked ubiquitination of p53 by interacting with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), thus contributing to p53 accumulation. Furthermore, LMP1 rescued tumor cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest mediated by K63-linked ubiquitination of p53. Collectively, these results demonstrate aberrant ubiquitin modifications of p53 and its biological functions by viral protein LMP1, which has broad implications to the pathogenesis of multiple EBV-associated tumors.     

Tyrosylprotein Sulfotransferase-1 and Tyrosine Sulfation of Chemokine Receptor 4 Are Induced by Epstein-Barr Virus Encoded Latent Membrane Protein 1 and Associated with the Metastatic Potential of Human Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

The latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), which is encoded by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is an important oncogenic protein that is closely related to carcinogenesis and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a prevalent cancer in China. We previously reported that the expression of the functional chemokine receptor CXCR4 is associated with human NPC metastasis. In this study, we show that LMP1 induces tyrosine sulfation of CXCR4 through tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase-1 (TPST-1), an enzyme that is responsible for catalysis of tyrosine sulfation in vivo, which is likely to contribute to the highly metastatic character of NPC. LMP1 could induce tyrosine sulfation of CXCR4 and its associated cell motility and invasiveness in a NPC cell culture model. In contrast, the expression of TPST-1 small interfering RNA reversed LMP1-induced tyrosine sulfation of CXCR4. LMP1 conveys signals through the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway, and EGFR-targeted siRNA inhibited the induction of TPST-1 by LMP1. We used a ChIP assay to show that EGFR could bind to the TPST-1 promoter in vivo under the control of LMP1. A reporter gene assay indicated that the activity of the TPST-1 promoter could be suppressed by deleting the binding site between EGFR and TPST-1. Finally, in human NPC tissues, the expression of TPST-1 and LMP1 was directly correlated and clinically, the expression of TPST-1 was associated with metastasis. These results suggest the up-regulation of TPST-1 and tyrosine sulfation of CXCR4 by LMP1 might be a potential mechanism contributing to NPC metastasis.     

EB病毒BNLF—1基因研究的新进展

EB病毒广泛存在于人群中,它的潜伏感染与鼻咽癌的发生密切相关。EBV在潜伏感染的过程中表达一种潜伏膜蛋白1（LMP1）,具有致瘤性,因此编码LMP1的基因BNLF－1被认为是EBV的瘤基因。BNLF－1基因具有广泛的生物学功能,在鼻咽癌的发生发展过程中起重要作用。近年的研究表明,鼻咽癌来源的EBV与标准株EBV比较存在相当的变异,而鼻咽癌来源的LMP1在致瘤性上也明显强于标准株LMP1。本文将综述BNLF－1基因生物学功能研究方面的新进展,并简要介绍变异型LMP1研究的新成果。     

Epstein—Barr病毒基因组在鼻咽癌组织中转录的特征

对ＥＢ病毒基因在鼻咽癌活检组织细胞内的转录进行了较系统的探测。实验结果表明,ＥＢ病毒基因组在鼻咽癌活检组织中以附加体（Ｅｐｉｓｏｍｅ）形式存在,而其基因转录有如下特征：（１）ＥＢ病毒在所有鼻咽癌组织细胞中都表达ＥＢＮＡ－１,并且此基因转录产物由一个在ＢａｍＨＩ－Ｆ区的启动子（Ｆｐ）驱动;（２）潜伏感染膜蛋白（Ｌａｔｅｎｔ ｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅ ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ,ＬＭＰ）和末端蛋白（Ｔｅｒｍｉｎａｌ ｐｒ     

Down-regulation of EBV-LMP1 radio-sensitizes nasal pharyngeal carcinoma cells via NF-κB regulated ATM expression

Background

The latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) encoded by EBV is expressed in the majority of EBV-associated human malignancies and has been suggested to be one of the major oncogenic factors in EBV-mediated carcinogenesis. In previous studies we experimentally demonstrated that down-regulation of LMP1 expression by DNAzymes could increase radiosensitivity both in cells and in a xenograft NPC model in mice.

Results

In this study we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the radiosensitization caused by the down-regulation of LMP1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. It was confirmed that LMP1 could up-regulate ATM expression in NPCs. Bioinformatic analysis of the ATM ptomoter region revealed three tentative binding sites for NF-κB. By using a specific inhibitor of NF-κB signaling and the dominant negative mutant of IkappaB, it was shown that the ATM expression in CNE1-LMP1 cells could be efficiently suppressed. Inhibition of LMP1 expression by the DNAzyme led to attenuation of the NF-κB DNA binding activity. We further showed that the silence of ATM expression by ATM-targeted siRNA could enhance the radiosensitivity in LMP1 positive NPC cells.

Conclusions

Together, our results indicate that ATM expression can be regulated by LMP1 via the NF-κB pathways through direct promoter binding, which resulted in the change of radiosensitivity in NPCs.     

Repression of DERL3 via DNA methylation by Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated invasive malignancy. Increasing evidence indicates that epigenetic abnormalities, including DNA methylation, play important roles in the development of NPC. In particular, the EBV principal oncogene, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), is considered a key factor in inducing aberrant DNA methylation of several tumour suppressor genes in NPC, although the mechanism remains unclear. Herein, we comprehensively analysed the methylome data of Infinium BeadArray from 51 NPC and 52 normal nasopharyngeal tissues to identify LMP1-inducible methylation genes. Using hierarchical clustering analysis, we classified NPC into the high-methylation, low-methylation, and normal-like subgroups. We defined high-methylation genes as those that were methylated in the high-methylation subgroup only and common methylation genes as those that were methylated in both high- and low-methylation subgroups. Subsequently, we identified 715 LMP1-inducible methylation genes by observing the methylome data of the nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line with or without LMP1 expression. Because high-methylation genes were enriched with LMP1-inducible methylation genes, we extracted 95 high-methylation genes that overlapped with the LMP1-inducible methylation genes. Among them, we identified DERL3 as the most significantly methylated gene affected by LMP1 expression. DERL3 knockdown in cell lines resulted in significantly increased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Lower DERL3 expression was more frequently detected in the advanced T-stage NPC than in early T-stage NPC. These results indicate that DERL3 repression by DNA methylation contributes to NPC tumour progression.     

Nuclear accumulation of epidermal growth factor receptor and acceleration of G1/S stage by Epstein-Barr-encoded oncoprotein latent membrane protein 1

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is considered to be the major oncogenic protein of EBV-encoded proteins and has always been the core of the oncogenic mechanism of EBV. Advanced studies on nuclear translocation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family have greatly improved our knowledge of the biological function of cell surface receptors. In this study, we used the Tet-on LMP1 HNE2 cell line as a cell model, which is a dual-stable LMP1-integrated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell line and the expression of LMP1 which could be regulated by the Tet system. We found that LMP1 could regulate the nuclear accumulation of EGFR in a dose-dependent manner quantitatively and qualitatively. We also demonstrated that the nuclear localization sequence of EGFR played some roles in the location of the protein within the nucleus under LMP1 regulation and EGFR in the nucleus could bind to the promoters of cyclinD1 and cyclinE, respectively. We further demonstrated that EGFR is involved in the acceleration of the G1/S phase transition by LMP1 through binding to cyclinD1 and cyclinE directly. These findings provided a novel view that the acceleration of LMP1 on the G1/S transition via the nuclear accumulation of EGFR was critical in the process of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.     

The Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Us11 Protein Inhibits Autophagy through Its Interaction with the Protein Kinase PKR

Autophagy is now known to be an essential component of host innate and adaptive immunity. Several herpesviruses have developed various strategies to evade this antiviral host defense. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) blocks autophagy in fibroblasts and in neurons, and the ICP34.5 protein is important for the resistance of HSV-1 to autophagy because of its interaction with the autophagy machinery protein Beclin 1. ICP34.5 also counteracts the shutoff of protein synthesis mediated by the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase PKR by inhibiting phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) in the PKR/eIF2α signaling pathway. Us11 is a late gene product of HSV-1, which is also able to preclude the host shutoff by direct inhibition of PKR. In the present study, we unveil a previously uncharacterized function of Us11 by demonstrating its antiautophagic activity. We show that the expression of Us11 is able to block autophagy and autophagosome formation in both HeLa cells and fibroblasts. Furthermore, immediate-early expression of Us11 by an ICP34.5 deletion mutant virus is sufficient to render the cells resistant to PKR-induced and virus-induced autophagy. PKR expression and the PKR binding domain of Us11 are required for the antiautophagic activity of Us11. However, unlike ICP34.5, Us11 did not interact with Beclin 1. We suggest that the inhibition of autophagy observed in cells infected with HSV-1 results from the activity of not only ICP34.5 on Beclin 1 but also Us11 by direct interaction with PKR.